As South Africa marks Rheumatic Fever Week, cardio-thoracic surgeon Dr Moitheri Lephoi explains what rheumatic fever is, how it develops after an untreated streptococcal throat infection, and why early diagnosis and treatment are so important. The discussion explores the link between rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, the long-term impact on heart health, and why these preventable conditions continue to affect many communities. Dr Lephoi also shares practical advice for parents, caregivers, and families on recognising symptoms, seeking timely medical care, and preventing serious complications.