The issue of illegal mining, often referred to as "zama zama" activity, has resurfaced as a pressing concern in South Africa. This follows intensified efforts by authorities to address the problem by compelling illegal miners to come to the surface, amid ongoing and often tense stand-offs. The issue highlights broader challenges tied to abandoned and disused mines across the country. Adding to the controversy, the Benchmark Foundation-a South African-based global corporate responsibility watchdog-has raised serious questions about the management and allocation of the estimated R50 billion mine closure fund. This fund, intended to rehabilitate abandoned mining sites and ensure environmental and community safety, has come under scrutiny for its lack of transparency and apparent ineffectiveness. To talk about the state of disused mines and the implications for communities and the environment, Peter Ndoro spoke to researcher at the Benchmark Foundation, David van Wyk, who offers insights into this critical issue.