Leeuwenhoek wasn’t REALLY a scientist -- he had no formal training. But he made dozens of scientific discoveries. He’s credited with discovering microscopic life in a variety of forms, using lenses he ground himself.

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Leeuwenhoek wasn’t REALLY a scientist -- he had no formal training. But he made dozens of scientific discoveries. He’s credited with discovering microscopic life in a variety of forms, using lenses he ground himself. Learn more about your ad-choices at <a href="https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com">https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com</a>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Leeuwenhoek wasn’t REALLY a scientist -- he had no formal training. But he made dozens of scientific discoveries. He’s credited with discovering microscopic life in a variety of forms, using lenses he ground himself.

The Minuscule Science of Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/51de8552-9a6c-4c99-80cc-ae2800500665/transcript

This 2020 episode covers Paul Cuffe, who protested taxation, built wealth for himself in whaling, became a Quaker and used his fortune for the betterment of others. He also advocated creating a colony in Africa for of African ancestry to immigrate to.

This 2020 episode covers Paul Cuffe, who protested taxation, built wealth for himself in whaling, became a Quaker and used his fortune for the betterment of others. He also advocated creating a colony in Africa for of African ancestry to immigrate to.

SYMHC Classics: Paul Cuffe

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/c19bef2a-1937-4202-91d5-b3d5003661cd/transcript

Tracy talks about the events that happened in the gap between writing the latest Unearthed episode and recording it. Holly shares thoughts about art heists.

Tracy talks about the events that happened in the gap between writing the latest Unearthed episode and recording it. Holly shares thoughts about art heists.

Behind the Scenes Minis: This Monkey’s Gone to Heaven

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/0be2476e-5b54-4cb0-9ccc-b3d4002565ca/transcript

Discussion of things literally or figuratively unearthed in the last quarter of 2025 continues. It begins with potpourri then covers tools, Neanderthals, edibles and potables, art, shipwrecks, medical finds, and repatriations.


Research:
Abdallah, Hanna. “Famous Easter Island statues were created without centralized management.” PLOS. Via EurekAlert. 11/26/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106805     
Abdallah, Hannah. “Early humans butchered elephants using small tools and made big tools from their bones.” PLOS. Via EurekAlert. 10/8/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1100481
Abdallah, Hannah. “Researchers uncover clues to mysterious origin of famous Hjortspring boat.” EurekAlert. 10/12/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108323
Archaeology Magazine. “Medieval Hoard of Silver and Pearls Discovered in Sweden.” https://archaeology.org/news/2025/10/14/medieval-hoard-of-silver-and-pearls-discovered-in-sweden/
Archaeology Magazine. “Possible Trepanation Tool  Unearthed in Poland.” 11/13/2025. https://archaeology.org/news/2025/11/13/possible-trepanation-tool-unearthed-in-poland/
Arkeologerna. “Rare 5,000-year-old dog burial unearthed in Sweden.” 12/15/2025. https://news.cision.com/se/arkeologerna/r/rare-5-000-year-old-dog-burial-unearthed-in-sweden,c4282014
Arnold, Paul. “Ancient ochre crayons from Crimea reveal Neanderthals engaged in symbolic behaviors.” Phys.org. 10/30/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-ancient-ochre-crayons-crimea-reveal.html
Arnold, Paul. “Dating a North American rock art tradition that lasted 175 generations.” Phys.org. 11/28/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dating-north-american-art-tradition.html
Bassi, Margherita. “A Single Gene Could Have Contributed to Neanderthals’ Extinction, Study Suggests.” Smithsonian. 10/30/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-neanderthal-gene-variant-related-to-red-blood-cells-may-have-contributed-to-their-extinction-180987586/
Benjamin Pohl, Chewing over the Norman Conquest: the Bayeux Tapestry as monastic mealtime reading, Historical Research, 2025;, htaf029, https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htaf029
Benzine, Vittoria. “Decoded Hieroglyphics Reveal Female Ruler of Ancient Maya City.” ArtNet. 10/27/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/foundation-stone-maya-coba-woman-ruler-2704521
Berdugo, Sophie. “Easter Island statues may have 'walked' thanks to 'pendulum dynamics' and with as few as 15 people, study finds.” LiveScience. 10/19/2025. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/easter-island-statues-may-have-walked-thanks-to-pendulum-dynamics-and-with-as-few-as-15-people-study-finds
Billing, Lotte. “Fingerprint of ancient seafarer found on Scandinavia’s oldest plank boat.” EurekAlert. 10/12/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109361
Brhel, John. “Rats played major role in Easter Island’s deforestation, study reveals.” EurekAlert. 11/17/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106361
Caldwell, Elizabeth. “9 more individuals unearthed at Oaklawn could be 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre victims.” Tulsa Public Radio. 11/6/2025. https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2025-11-06/9-more-individuals-unearthed-at-oaklawn-could-be-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-victims
Clark, Gaby. “Bayeux Tapestry could have been originally designed as mealtime reading for medieval monks.” Phys.org. 12/15/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-bayeux-tapestry-mealtime-medieval-monks.html#google_vignette
Cohen, Alina. “Ancient Olive Oil Processing Complex Unearthed in Tunisia.” Artnet. 11/21/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-olive-oil-complex-tunisia-2717795
Cohen, Alina. “MFA Boston Restores Ownership of Historic Works by Enslaved Artist.” ArtNet. 10/30/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mfa-boston-david-drake-jars-restitution-2706594
Fergusson, Rachel. “First DNA evidence of Black Death in Edinburgh discovered on teeth of excavated teenage skeleton.” The Scotsman. 11/5/2025. https://www.scotsman.com/news/first-dna-evidence-black-death-edinburgh-discovered-teeth-excavated-teenage-skeleton-5387741
Folorunso, Caleb et al. “MOWAA Archaeology Project: Enhancing Understanding of Benin City’s Historic Urban Development and Heritage through Pre-Construction Archaeology.” Antiquity (2025): 1–10. Web.
Griffith University. “Rare stone tool cache tells story of trade and ingenuity.” 12/2/2025. https://news.griffith.edu.au/2025/12/02/rare-stone-tool-cache-tells-story-of-trade-and-ingenuity/
Han, Yu et al. “The late arrival of domestic cats in China via the Silk Road after 3,500 years of human-leopard cat commensalism.” Cell Genomics, Volume 0, Issue 0, 101099. https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/fulltext/S2666-979X(25)00355-6
Hashemi, Sara. “A Volcanic Eruption in 1345 May Have Triggered a Chain of Events That Brought the Black Death to Europe.” Smithsonian. 12/8/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-volcanic-eruption-in-1345-may-have-triggered-a-chain-of-events-taht-brought-the-black-death-to-europe-180987803/
Hjortkjær, Simon Thinggaard. “Mysterious signs on Teotihuacan murals may reveal an early form of Uto-Aztecan language.” PhysOrg. 10/6/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-mysterious-teotihuacan-murals-reveal-early.html
Institut Pasteur. “Study suggests two unsuspected pathogens struck Napoleon's army during the retreat from Russia in 1812.” Via EurekAlert. 10/24/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102613
Jones, Sam. “Shells found in Spain could be among oldest known musical instruments.” The Guardian. 12/2/2025. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/dec/02/neolithic-conch-like-shell-spain-catalonia-discovery-musical-instruments
Kasal, Krystal. “Pahon Cave provides a look into 5,000 years of surprisingly stable Stone Age tool use.” Phys.org. 12/16/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-pahon-cave-years-stable-stone.html
Kristiansen, Nina. “Eight pages bound in furry seal skin may be Norway's oldest book.” Science Norway. 11/3/2025. https://www.sciencenorway.no/cultural-history-culture-history/eight-pages-bound-in-furry-seal-skin-may-be-norways-oldest-book/2571496
Kuta, Sarah. “109-Year-Old Messages in a Bottle Written by Soldiers Heading to Fight in World War I Discovered on Australian Beach.” Smithsonian. 11/6/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/109-year-old-messages-in-a-bottle-written-by-soldiers-heading-to-fight-in-world-war-i-discovered-on-australian-beach-180987649/
Kuta, Sarah. “A Storm Battered Western Alaska, Scattering Thousands of Indigenous Artifacts Across the Sand.” Smithsonian. 10/31/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-storm-battered-western-alaska-scattering-thousands-of-indigenous-artifacts-across-the-sand-180987606/
Kuta, Sarah. “Archaeologists Unearth More Than 100 Projectiles From an Iconic Battlefield in Scotland.” Smithsonian. 11/5/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-more-than-100-projectiles-from-an-iconic-battlefield-in-scotland-180987641/
Kuta, Sarah. “Hundreds of Mysterious Victorian-Era Shoes Are Washing Up on a Beach in Wales. Nobody Knows Where They Came From.” Smithsonian. 1/5/2026. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hundreds-of-mysterious-victorian-era-shoes-are-washing-up-on-a-beach-in-wales-nobody-knows-where-they-came-from-180987943/
Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “Golden ‘Tudor Heart’ Necklace Sheds New Light on Henry VIII’s First Marriage.” Artnet. 10/14/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/tudor-heart-pendant-british-museum-fundraiser-2699544
Lawson-Tancred, Jo. “Long-Overlooked Black Veteran Identified in Rare 19th-Century Portrait.” ArtNet. 10/27/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/black-veteran-thomas-phillips-portrait-identified-2704721
Lipo CP, Hunt TL, Pakarati G, Pingel T, Simmons N, Heard K, et al. (2025) Megalithic statue (moai) production on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile). PLoS One 20(11): e0336251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336251
Lipo, Carl P. and Terry L. Hunt. “The walking moai hypothesis: Archaeological evidence, experimental validation, and response to critics.” Journal of Archaeological Science. Volume 183, November 2025, 106383. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440325002328
Lock, Lisa. “Pre-construction archaeology reveals Benin City's historic urban development and heritage.” 10/29/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-pre-archaeology-reveals-benin-city.html#google_vignette
Lock, Lisa. “Pre-construction archaeology reveals Benin City's historic urban development and heritage.” Antiquity. Via PhysOrg. 10/29/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-pre-archaeology-reveals-benin-city.html#google_vignette
Lynley A. Wallis et al, An exceptional assemblage of archaeological plant fibres from Windmill Way, southeast Cape York Peninsula, Australian Archaeology (2025). DOI: 10.1080/03122417.2025.2574127
Lyon, Devyn. “Oaklawn Cemetery excavation brings investigators closer to identifying Tulsa Race Massacre victims.” Fox 23. 11/6/2025. https://www.fox23.com/news/oaklawn-cemetery-excavation-brings-investigators-closer-to-identifying-tulsa-race-massacre-victims/article_67c3a6b7-2acc-44cb-93ce-3d3d0c288eca.html
Marquard, Bryan. “Bob Shumway, last known survivor of the deadly Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire, dies at 101.” 11/12/2025. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/11/12/metro/bob-shumway-101-dies-was-last-known-cocoanut-grove-fire-survivor/?event=event12
Marta Osypińska et al, A centurion's monkey? Companion animals for the social elite in an Egyptian port on the fringes of the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd c. CE, Journal of Roman Archaeology (2025). DOI: 10.1017/s1047759425100445
Merrington, Andrew. “Extensive dog diversity millennia before modern breeding practices.” University of Exeter. 11/13/2025. https://news.exeter.ac.uk/faculty-of-humanities-arts-and-social-sciences/archaeology-and-history/extensive-dog-diversity-millennia-before-modern-breeding-practices/
Morris, Steven. “Linguists start compiling first ever complete dictionary of ancient Celtic.” The Guardian. 12/8/2025. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/dec/08/linguists-start-compiling-first-ever-complete-dictionary-of-ancient-celtic
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Resolves Ownership of Works by Enslaved Artist David Drake.” 10/29/2025. https://www.mfa.org/press-release/david-drake-ownership-resolution
Narcity. “Niagara has a 107-year-old shipwreck lodged above the Falls and it just moved.” https://www.narcity.com/niagara-falls-shipwreck-iron-scow-moved-closer-to-the-falls
Newcomb, Tim. “A 76-Year-Old Man Went On a Hike—and Stumbled Upon a 1,500-Year Old Trap.” Popular Mechanics. 11/21/2025. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/archaeology/a69441460/reindeer-trap/
Nordin, Gunilla. “Ancient wolves on remote Baltic Sea island reveal link to prehistoric humans.” Stockholm University. Via EurekAlert. 11/24/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106807
Oster, Sandee. “DNA confirms modern Bo people are descendants of ancient Hanging Coffin culture.” Phys.org. 12/6/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-dna-modern-bo-people-descendants.html
Oster, Sandee. “Rare disease possibly identified in 12th century child's skeletal remains.” PhysOrg. 10/10/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-rare-disease-possibly-12th-century.html
Osuh, Chris and Geneva Abdul. “Lost grave of daughter of Black abolitionist Olaudah Equiano found by A-level student.” The Guardian. 11/1/2025. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/nov/01/lost-grave-daughter-black-abolitionist-olaudah-equiano-found-by-a-level-student
Silvia Albizuri et al, The oldest mule in the western Mediterranean. The case of the Early Iron Age in Hort d'en Grimau (Penedès, Barcelona, Spain), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105506
Skok, Phoebe. “Ancient shipwrecks rewrite the story of Iron Age trade.” PhysOrg. 10/14/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-ancient-shipwrecks-rewrite-story-iron.html
The History Blog. “600-year-old Joseon ship recovered from seabed.” 11/15/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74652
The History Blog. “Ancient pleasure barge found off Alexandria coast.” 12/9/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74860
The History Blog. “Charred Byzantine bread loves stamped with Christian imagery found in Turkey.” 10/13/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74352
The History Blog. “Early medieval silver treasure found in Stockholm.” 10/12/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74343
The History Blog. “Roman amphora with sardines found in Switzerland.” 12/15/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74904
The Straits Times. “Wreck of ancient Malay vessel discovered on Pulau Melaka.” 10/31/2025. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/wreck-of-ancient-malay-vessel-discovered-on-pulau-melaka
Thompson, Sarah. “The forgotten daughter: Eliza Monroe Hay’s story revealed in her last letters.” W&M News. 9/30/2025. https://news.wm.edu/2025/09/30/the-forgotten-daughter-eliza-monroes-story-revealed-in-her-last-letters/
Tuhkuri, Jukka. “Why Did Endurance Sink?” Polar Record 61 (2025): e23. Web. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/why-did-endurance-sink/6CC2C2D56087035A94DEB50930B81980
Universitat de Valencia. “The victims of the Pompeii eruption wore heavy wool cloaks and tunics, suggesting different environmental conditions in summer.” 12/3/2025. https://www.uv.es/uvweb/uv-news/en/news/victims-pompeii-eruption-wore-heavy-wool-cloaks-tunics-suggesting-different-environmental-conditions-summer-1285973304159/Novetat.html?id=1286464337848&plantilla=UV_Noticies/Page/TPGDetaillNews
University of Glasgow. “Archaeologists recover hundreds of Jacobite projectiles in unexplored area of Culloden.” 10/30/2025. https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_1222736_en.html
University of Vienna. “Neanderthal DNA reveals ancient long-distance migrations.” 10/29/2025. https://www.univie.ac.at/en/news/detail/neanderthal-dna-reveals-ancient-long-distance-migrations
Zhou, H., Tao, L., Zhao, Y. et al. Exploration of hanging coffin customs and the bo people in China through comparative genomics. Nat Commun 16, 10230 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65264-3
Zinin, Andrew. “Ancient humans mastered fire-making 400,000 years ago, study shows.” Phys.org. 10/10/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-ancient-humans-mastered-years.html

Discussion of things literally or figuratively unearthed in the last quarter of 2025 continues. It begins with potpourri then covers tools, Neanderthals, edibles and potables, art, shipwrecks, medical finds, and repatriations.
 Research:
<ul>
<li>Abdallah, Hanna. &ldquo;Famous Easter Island statues were created without centralized management.&rdquo; PLOS. Via EurekAlert. 11/26/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106805 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li>Abdallah, Hannah. &ldquo;Early humans butchered elephants using small tools and made big tools from their bones.&rdquo; PLOS. Via EurekAlert. 10/8/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1100481</li>
<li>Abdallah, Hannah. &ldquo;Researchers uncover clues to mysterious origin of famous Hjortspring boat.&rdquo; EurekAlert. 10/12/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108323</li>
<li>Archaeology Magazine. &ldquo;Medieval Hoard of Silver and Pearls Discovered in Sweden.&rdquo; https://archaeology.org/news/2025/10/14/medieval-hoard-of-silver-and-pearls-discovered-in-sweden/</li>
<li>Archaeology Magazine. &ldquo;Possible Trepanation Tool&nbsp; Unearthed in Poland.&rdquo; 11/13/2025. https://archaeology.org/news/2025/11/13/possible-trepanation-tool-unearthed-in-poland/</li>
<li>Arkeologerna. &ldquo;Rare 5,000-year-old dog burial unearthed in Sweden.&rdquo; 12/15/2025. https://news.cision.com/se/arkeologerna/r/rare-5-000-year-old-dog-burial-unearthed-in-sweden,c4282014</li>
<li>Arnold, Paul. &ldquo;Ancient ochre crayons from Crimea reveal Neanderthals engaged in symbolic behaviors.&rdquo; Phys.org. 10/30/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-ancient-ochre-crayons-crimea-reveal.html</li>
<li>Arnold, Paul. &ldquo;Dating a North American rock art tradition that lasted 175 generations.&rdquo; Phys.org. 11/28/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dating-north-american-art-tradition.html</li>
<li>Bassi, Margherita. &ldquo;A Single Gene Could Have Contributed to Neanderthals&rsquo; Extinction, Study Suggests.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 10/30/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-neanderthal-gene-variant-related-to-red-blood-cells-may-have-contributed-to-their-extinction-180987586/</li>
<li>Benjamin Pohl, Chewing over the Norman Conquest: the Bayeux Tapestry as monastic mealtime reading, Historical Research, 2025;, htaf029, https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htaf029</li>
<li>Benzine, Vittoria. &ldquo;Decoded Hieroglyphics Reveal Female Ruler of Ancient Maya City.&rdquo; ArtNet. 10/27/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/foundation-stone-maya-coba-woman-ruler-2704521</li>
<li>Berdugo, Sophie. &ldquo;Easter Island statues may have 'walked' thanks to 'pendulum dynamics' and with as few as 15 people, study finds.&rdquo; LiveScience. 10/19/2025. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/easter-island-statues-may-have-walked-thanks-to-pendulum-dynamics-and-with-as-few-as-15-people-study-finds</li>
<li>Billing, Lotte. &ldquo;Fingerprint of ancient seafarer found on Scandinavia&rsquo;s oldest plank boat.&rdquo; EurekAlert. 10/12/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109361</li>
<li>Brhel, John. &ldquo;Rats played major role in Easter Island&rsquo;s deforestation, study reveals.&rdquo; EurekAlert. 11/17/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106361</li>
<li>Caldwell, Elizabeth. &ldquo;9 more individuals unearthed at Oaklawn could be 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre victims.&rdquo; Tulsa Public Radio. 11/6/2025. https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2025-11-06/9-more-individuals-unearthed-at-oaklawn-could-be-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-victims</li>
<li>Clark, Gaby. &ldquo;Bayeux Tapestry could have been originally designed as mealtime reading for medieval monks.&rdquo; Phys.org. 12/15/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-bayeux-tapestry-mealtime-medieval-monks.html#google_vignette</li>
<li>Cohen, Alina. &ldquo;Ancient Olive Oil Processing Complex Unearthed in Tunisia.&rdquo; Artnet. 11/21/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-olive-oil-complex-tunisia-2717795</li>
<li>Cohen, Alina. &ldquo;MFA Boston Restores Ownership of Historic Works by Enslaved Artist.&rdquo; ArtNet. 10/30/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mfa-boston-david-drake-jars-restitution-2706594</li>
<li>Fergusson, Rachel. &ldquo;First DNA evidence of Black Death in Edinburgh discovered on teeth of excavated teenage skeleton.&rdquo; The Scotsman. 11/5/2025. https://www.scotsman.com/news/first-dna-evidence-black-death-edinburgh-discovered-teeth-excavated-teenage-skeleton-5387741</li>
<li>Folorunso, Caleb et al. &ldquo;MOWAA Archaeology Project: Enhancing Understanding of Benin City&rsquo;s Historic Urban Development and Heritage through Pre-Construction Archaeology.&rdquo; Antiquity (2025): 1&ndash;10. Web.</li>
<li>Griffith University. &ldquo;Rare stone tool cache tells story of trade and ingenuity.&rdquo; 12/2/2025. https://news.griffith.edu.au/2025/12/02/rare-stone-tool-cache-tells-story-of-trade-and-ingenuity/</li>
<li>Han, Yu et al. &ldquo;The late arrival of domestic cats in China via the Silk Road after 3,500 years of human-leopard cat commensalism.&rdquo; Cell Genomics, Volume 0, Issue 0, 101099. https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/fulltext/S2666-979X(25)00355-6</li>
<li>Hashemi, Sara. &ldquo;A Volcanic Eruption in 1345 May Have Triggered a Chain of Events That Brought the Black Death to Europe.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 12/8/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-volcanic-eruption-in-1345-may-have-triggered-a-chain-of-events-taht-brought-the-black-death-to-europe-180987803/</li>
<li>Hjortkj&aelig;r, Simon Thinggaard. &ldquo;Mysterious signs on Teotihuacan murals may reveal an early form of Uto-Aztecan language.&rdquo; PhysOrg. 10/6/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-mysterious-teotihuacan-murals-reveal-early.html</li>
<li>Institut Pasteur. &ldquo;Study suggests two unsuspected pathogens struck Napoleon's army during the retreat from Russia in 1812.&rdquo; Via EurekAlert. 10/24/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102613</li>
<li>Jones, Sam. &ldquo;Shells found in Spain could be among oldest known musical instruments.&rdquo; The Guardian. 12/2/2025. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/dec/02/neolithic-conch-like-shell-spain-catalonia-discovery-musical-instruments</li>
<li>Kasal, Krystal. &ldquo;Pahon Cave provides a look into 5,000 years of surprisingly stable Stone Age tool use.&rdquo; Phys.org. 12/16/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-pahon-cave-years-stable-stone.html</li>
<li>Kristiansen, Nina. &ldquo;Eight pages bound in furry seal skin may be Norway's oldest book.&rdquo; Science Norway. 11/3/2025. https://www.sciencenorway.no/cultural-history-culture-history/eight-pages-bound-in-furry-seal-skin-may-be-norways-oldest-book/2571496</li>
<li>Kuta, Sarah. &ldquo;109-Year-Old Messages in a Bottle Written by Soldiers Heading to Fight in World War I Discovered on Australian Beach.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 11/6/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/109-year-old-messages-in-a-bottle-written-by-soldiers-heading-to-fight-in-world-war-i-discovered-on-australian-beach-180987649/</li>
<li>Kuta, Sarah. &ldquo;A Storm Battered Western Alaska, Scattering Thousands of Indigenous Artifacts Across the Sand.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 10/31/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-storm-battered-western-alaska-scattering-thousands-of-indigenous-artifacts-across-the-sand-180987606/</li>
<li>Kuta, Sarah. &ldquo;Archaeologists Unearth More Than 100 Projectiles From an Iconic Battlefield in Scotland.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 11/5/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-more-than-100-projectiles-from-an-iconic-battlefield-in-scotland-180987641/</li>
<li>Kuta, Sarah. &ldquo;Hundreds of Mysterious Victorian-Era Shoes Are Washing Up on a Beach in Wales. Nobody Knows Where They Came From.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 1/5/2026. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hundreds-of-mysterious-victorian-era-shoes-are-washing-up-on-a-beach-in-wales-nobody-knows-where-they-came-from-180987943/</li>
<li>Lawson-Tancred, Jo. &ldquo;Golden &lsquo;Tudor Heart&rsquo; Necklace Sheds New Light on Henry VIII&rsquo;s First Marriage.&rdquo; Artnet. 10/14/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/tudor-heart-pendant-british-museum-fundraiser-2699544</li>
<li>Lawson-Tancred, Jo. &ldquo;Long-Overlooked Black Veteran Identified in Rare 19th-Century Portrait.&rdquo; ArtNet. 10/27/2025. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/black-veteran-thomas-phillips-portrait-identified-2704721</li>
<li>Lipo CP, Hunt TL, Pakarati G, Pingel T, Simmons N, Heard K, et al. (2025) Megalithic statue (moai) production on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile). PLoS One 20(11): e0336251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336251</li>
<li>Lipo, Carl P. and Terry L. Hunt. &ldquo;The walking moai hypothesis: Archaeological evidence, experimental validation, and response to critics.&rdquo; Journal of Archaeological Science. Volume 183, November 2025, 106383. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440325002328</li>
<li>Lock, Lisa. &ldquo;Pre-construction archaeology reveals Benin City's historic urban development and heritage.&rdquo; 10/29/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-pre-archaeology-reveals-benin-city.html#google_vignette</li>
<li>Lock, Lisa. &ldquo;Pre-construction archaeology reveals Benin City's historic urban development and heritage.&rdquo; Antiquity. Via PhysOrg. 10/29/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-pre-archaeology-reveals-benin-city.html#google_vignette</li>
<li>Lynley A. Wallis et al, An exceptional assemblage of archaeological plant fibres from Windmill Way, southeast Cape York Peninsula, Australian Archaeology (2025). DOI: 10.1080/03122417.2025.2574127</li>
<li>Lyon, Devyn. &ldquo;Oaklawn Cemetery excavation brings investigators closer to identifying Tulsa Race Massacre victims.&rdquo; Fox 23. 11/6/2025. https://www.fox23.com/news/oaklawn-cemetery-excavation-brings-investigators-closer-to-identifying-tulsa-race-massacre-victims/article_67c3a6b7-2acc-44cb-93ce-3d3d0c288eca.html</li>
<li>Marquard, Bryan. &ldquo;Bob Shumway, last known survivor of the deadly Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire, dies at 101.&rdquo; 11/12/2025. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/11/12/metro/bob-shumway-101-dies-was-last-known-cocoanut-grove-fire-survivor/?event=event12</li>
<li>Marta Osypińska et al, A centurion's monkey? Companion animals for the social elite in an Egyptian port on the fringes of the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd c. CE, Journal of Roman Archaeology (2025). DOI: 10.1017/s1047759425100445</li>
<li>Merrington, Andrew. &ldquo;Extensive dog diversity millennia before modern breeding practices.&rdquo; University of Exeter. 11/13/2025. https://news.exeter.ac.uk/faculty-of-humanities-arts-and-social-sciences/archaeology-and-history/extensive-dog-diversity-millennia-before-modern-breeding-practices/</li>
<li>Morris, Steven. &ldquo;Linguists start compiling first ever complete dictionary of ancient Celtic.&rdquo; The Guardian. 12/8/2025. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/dec/08/linguists-start-compiling-first-ever-complete-dictionary-of-ancient-celtic</li>
<li>Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. &ldquo;Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Resolves Ownership of Works by Enslaved Artist David Drake.&rdquo; 10/29/2025. https://www.mfa.org/press-release/david-drake-ownership-resolution</li>
<li>Narcity. &ldquo;Niagara has a 107-year-old shipwreck lodged above the Falls and it just moved.&rdquo; https://www.narcity.com/niagara-falls-shipwreck-iron-scow-moved-closer-to-the-falls</li>
<li>Newcomb, Tim. &ldquo;A 76-Year-Old Man Went On a Hike&mdash;and Stumbled Upon a 1,500-Year Old Trap.&rdquo; Popular Mechanics. 11/21/2025. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/archaeology/a69441460/reindeer-trap/</li>
<li>Nordin, Gunilla. &ldquo;Ancient wolves on remote Baltic Sea island reveal link to prehistoric humans.&rdquo; Stockholm University. Via EurekAlert. 11/24/2025. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106807</li>
<li>Oster, Sandee. &ldquo;DNA confirms modern Bo people are descendants of ancient Hanging Coffin culture.&rdquo; Phys.org. 12/6/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-dna-modern-bo-people-descendants.html</li>
<li>Oster, Sandee. &ldquo;Rare disease possibly identified in 12th century child's skeletal remains.&rdquo; PhysOrg. 10/10/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-rare-disease-possibly-12th-century.html</li>
<li>Osuh, Chris and Geneva Abdul. &ldquo;Lost grave of daughter of Black abolitionist Olaudah Equiano found by A-level student.&rdquo; The Guardian. 11/1/2025. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/nov/01/lost-grave-daughter-black-abolitionist-olaudah-equiano-found-by-a-level-student</li>
<li>Silvia Albizuri et al, The oldest mule in the western Mediterranean. The case of the Early Iron Age in Hort d'en Grimau (Pened&egrave;s, Barcelona, Spain), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105506</li>
<li>Skok, Phoebe. &ldquo;Ancient shipwrecks rewrite the story of Iron Age trade.&rdquo; PhysOrg. 10/14/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-10-ancient-shipwrecks-rewrite-story-iron.html</li>
<li>The History Blog. &ldquo;600-year-old Joseon ship recovered from seabed.&rdquo; 11/15/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74652</li>
<li>The History Blog. &ldquo;Ancient pleasure barge found off Alexandria coast.&rdquo; 12/9/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74860</li>
<li>The History Blog. &ldquo;Charred Byzantine bread loves stamped with Christian imagery found in Turkey.&rdquo; 10/13/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74352</li>
<li>The History Blog. &ldquo;Early medieval silver treasure found in Stockholm.&rdquo; 10/12/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74343</li>
<li>The History Blog. &ldquo;Roman amphora with sardines found in Switzerland.&rdquo; 12/15/2025. https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/74904</li>
<li>The Straits Times. &ldquo;Wreck of ancient Malay vessel discovered on Pulau Melaka.&rdquo; 10/31/2025. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/wreck-of-ancient-malay-vessel-discovered-on-pulau-melaka</li>
<li>Thompson, Sarah. &ldquo;The forgotten daughter: Eliza Monroe Hay&rsquo;s story revealed in her last letters.&rdquo; W&amp;M News. 9/30/2025. https://news.wm.edu/2025/09/30/the-forgotten-daughter-eliza-monroes-story-revealed-in-her-last-letters/</li>
<li>Tuhkuri, Jukka. &ldquo;Why Did Endurance Sink?&rdquo; Polar Record 61 (2025): e23. Web. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/why-did-endurance-sink/6CC2C2D56087035A94DEB50930B81980</li>
<li>Universitat de Valencia. &ldquo;The victims of the Pompeii eruption wore heavy wool cloaks and tunics, suggesting different environmental conditions in summer.&rdquo; 12/3/2025. https://www.uv.es/uvweb/uv-news/en/news/victims-pompeii-eruption-wore-heavy-wool-cloaks-tunics-suggesting-different-environmental-conditions-summer-1285973304159/Novetat.html?id=1286464337848&amp;plantilla=UV_Noticies/Page/TPGDetaillNews</li>
<li>University of Glasgow. &ldquo;Archaeologists recover hundreds of Jacobite projectiles in unexplored area of Culloden.&rdquo; 10/30/2025. https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_1222736_en.html</li>
<li>University of Vienna. &ldquo;Neanderthal DNA reveals ancient long-distance migrations.&rdquo; 10/29/2025. https://www.univie.ac.at/en/news/detail/neanderthal-dna-reveals-ancient-long-distance-migrations</li>
<li>Zhou, H., Tao, L., Zhao, Y. et al. Exploration of hanging coffin customs and the bo people in China through comparative genomics. Nat Commun 16, 10230 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65264-3</li>
<li>Zinin, Andrew. &ldquo;Ancient humans mastered fire-making 400,000 years ago, study shows.&rdquo; Phys.org. 10/10/2025. https://phys.org/news/2025-12-ancient-humans-mastered-years.html</li>
</ul>

Discussion of things literally or figuratively unearthed in the last quarter of 2025 continues. It begins with potpourri then covers tools, Neanderthals, edibles and potables, art, shipwrecks, medical finds, and repatriations.

Unearthed Year-end 2025, Part 2

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/c2a6ad80-dcb4-45bf-a76f-b3d200a69b23/transcript

The Minuscule Science of Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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