The Catacombs contain the bones of an estimated 6 to 7 million people. Their history is really two interconnected stories of mines and human remains, because in the 18th century, Paris was dealing with two huge problems simultaneously. 

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The Catacombs contain the bones of an estimated 6 to 7 million people. Their history is really two interconnected stories of mines and human remains, because in the 18th century, Paris was dealing with two huge problems simultaneously. Learn more about your ad-choices at <a href="https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com">https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com</a>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

The Catacombs of Paris 

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/487bcc7e-862e-4c32-887e-ae2800395f2c/transcript

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what’s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.

Research:
Blumetti, Jordan. “The First Floridians.” The Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-first-floridians-fort-mose-st-augustine
Cancio-Donlebún Ballvé, J. Á. (2021). The King of Spain’s Slaves in St. Augustine, Florida (1580–1618). Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 74, pp. 1-81. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports
curtis, Marcus. “Fort Mose: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.” 3/2/2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2f5446036d2d4e109439baade4e1f4e7
Dunlop, J.G. “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.” The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952
org. “Francisco Menéndez.” https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-92885/
Florida Frontiers. “Fort Mose: America’s First Free Black Community.” 12/11/2016. https://www.pbs.org/video/florida-frontiers-fort-mose-americas-first-free-black-community/
Florida Museum. “Fort Mose.” https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/st-augustine/fort-mose/
Fort Mose Historical Society. “The Fort Mose Story.” https://fortmose.org/about-fort-mose/
Halbirt, Carl D. “La Ciudad de San Agustín: A European Fighting Presidio in Eighteenth-Century ‘La Florida.’” Historical Archaeology , 2004, Vol. 38, No. 3, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617179
Hurston, Zora Neale and John R. Lynch. “The Journal of Negro History , Oct., 1927, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1927). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714042
Landers, Jane. “Black Frontier Settlements in Spanish Colonial Florida.” OAH Magazine of History , Spring, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2, The Frontier (Spring, 1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162596
Landers, Jane. “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.” The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952
Landers, Jane. “The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Menéndez.” From Biography and the Black Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014.
MacMahon, Darcie and Kathleen Deagan. “Legacy of Fort Mose.” Archaeology , September/October 1996, Vol. 49, No. 5 (September/October 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771187
Proenza-Coles, Christina. “Freedom Seekers.” Lapham’s Quarterly. 3/19/2019. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/freedom-seekers
Wasserman, Adam. “Forming a nation: the free black settlement at Fort Mose.” From A People’s History of Florida. Via Libcom.org.6/28/2009. https://libcom.org/article/forming-nation-free-black-settlement-fort-mose
Weiss, Daniel. “Freedom Fort.” Archaeology. Mar/Apr2024, Vol. 77 Issue 2, p36-41.

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what&rsquo;s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Blumetti, Jordan. &ldquo;The First Floridians.&rdquo; The Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-first-floridians-fort-mose-st-augustine</li>
<li>Cancio-Donleb&uacute;n Ballv&eacute;, J. &Aacute;. (2021). The King of Spain&rsquo;s Slaves in St. Augustine, Florida (1580&ndash;1618). Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 74, pp. 1-81. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports</li>
<li>curtis, Marcus. &ldquo;Fort Mose: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.&rdquo; 3/2/2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2f5446036d2d4e109439baade4e1f4e7</li>
<li>Dunlop, J.G. &ldquo;Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952</li>
<li>org. &ldquo;Francisco Men&eacute;ndez.&rdquo; https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-92885/</li>
<li>Florida Frontiers. &ldquo;Fort Mose: America&rsquo;s First Free Black Community.&rdquo; 12/11/2016. https://www.pbs.org/video/florida-frontiers-fort-mose-americas-first-free-black-community/</li>
<li>Florida Museum. &ldquo;Fort Mose.&rdquo; https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/st-augustine/fort-mose/</li>
<li>Fort Mose Historical Society. &ldquo;The Fort Mose Story.&rdquo; https://fortmose.org/about-fort-mose/</li>
<li>Halbirt, Carl D. &ldquo;La Ciudad de San Agust&iacute;n: A European Fighting Presidio in Eighteenth-Century &lsquo;La Florida.&rsquo;&rdquo; Historical Archaeology , 2004, Vol. 38, No. 3, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617179</li>
<li>Hurston, Zora Neale and John R. Lynch. &ldquo;The Journal of Negro History , Oct., 1927, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1927). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714042</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;Black Frontier Settlements in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; OAH Magazine of History , Spring, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2, The Frontier (Spring, 1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162596</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Men&eacute;ndez.&rdquo; From Biography and the Black Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014.</li>
<li>MacMahon, Darcie and Kathleen Deagan. &ldquo;Legacy of Fort Mose.&rdquo; Archaeology , September/October 1996, Vol. 49, No. 5 (September/October 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771187</li>
<li>Proenza-Coles, Christina. &ldquo;Freedom Seekers.&rdquo; Lapham&rsquo;s Quarterly. 3/19/2019. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/freedom-seekers</li>
<li>Wasserman, Adam. &ldquo;Forming a nation: the free black settlement at Fort Mose.&rdquo; From A People&rsquo;s History of Florida. Via Libcom.org.6/28/2009. https://libcom.org/article/forming-nation-free-black-settlement-fort-mose</li>
<li>Weiss, Daniel. &ldquo;Freedom Fort.&rdquo; Archaeology. Mar/Apr2024, Vol. 77 Issue 2, p36-41.</li>
</ul>

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what’s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.

Francisco Menéndez & Fort Mose 

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/5b049b08-769d-4554-bd7f-b3f7014a725b/transcript

Melitta Bentz invented the coffee filter in 1908 and changed coffee culture forever. Through the decades and after reckoning with its relationship with the Third Reich, the company she founded in her Dresden apartment endures today.

Research:
“The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - EdexcelChanges in society, 1924–29.” https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9y64j6/revision/8#:~:text=Hourly%20wages%20rose%20in%20real,crisis%2C%20such%20as%20the%20hyperinflation
DEUTSCHES REICH REICHSPATENTAMТ PATENTSCHRIFT. “Melitta-Werke Akt.-Ges. in Minden, Westf. Filterpapiereinsatz für Kaffeeaufbrühfilter u. dgl.” https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/de653796a_melitta1937.pdf
German Patent and Trademark Office. “The invention of the coffee filters.” https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/110jahrekaffeefilter/index.html
“The History of Leipziger Messe.” https://www.leipziger-messe.de/en/company/portrait/history/
KOSSACK, KRISTAN. “Betriebsalltag und Unternehmensentwicklung eines NS-Musterbetriebs im Spiegel seiner Werkzeitung.” Westfälische Zeitschrift 155. 2005. http://www.westfaelische-zeitschrift.lwl.org
“Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.” Europeana. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/melitta-bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter
“Melitta Bentz KG - coffee filter.” Deutsches-Kunststoff Museum. https://www.deutsches-kunststoff-museum.de/sammlung/virtuelles-museum/k-2002-00982/
Morris, Jonathan. “Coffee: A Global History.” Reaktion Books. 2019.
Moses, Claire. “Overlooked No More: Melitta Bentz, Who Invented the Coffee Filter.” New York Times. Sept. 5, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/obituaries/melitta-bentz-overlooked.html
“Our History.” Melitta Group. https://www.melitta-group.com/en/unternehmen/unsere-geschichte
Wierling, Dorothee. “Coffee.” International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/coffee/

Melitta Bentz invented the coffee filter in 1908 and changed coffee culture forever. Through the decades and after reckoning with its relationship with the Third Reich, the company she founded in her Dresden apartment endures today.
Research:
<ul>
<li>&ldquo;The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - EdexcelChanges in society, 1924&ndash;29.&rdquo; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9y64j6/revision/8#:~:text=Hourly%20wages%20rose%20in%20real,crisis%2C%20such%20as%20the%20hyperinflation</li>
<li>DEUTSCHES REICH REICHSPATENTAMТ PATENTSCHRIFT. &ldquo;Melitta-Werke Akt.-Ges. in Minden, Westf. Filterpapiereinsatz f&uuml;r Kaffeeaufbr&uuml;hfilter u. dgl.&rdquo; https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/de653796a_melitta1937.pdf</li>
<li>German Patent and Trademark Office. &ldquo;The invention of the coffee filters.&rdquo; https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/110jahrekaffeefilter/index.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;The History of Leipziger Messe.&rdquo; https://www.leipziger-messe.de/en/company/portrait/history/</li>
<li>KOSSACK, KRISTAN. &ldquo;Betriebsalltag und Unternehmensentwicklung eines NS-Musterbetriebs im Spiegel seiner Werkzeitung.&rdquo; Westf&auml;lische Zeitschrift 155. 2005. http://www.westfaelische-zeitschrift.lwl.org</li>
<li>&ldquo;Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.&rdquo; Europeana. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/melitta-bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter</li>
<li>&ldquo;Melitta Bentz KG - coffee filter.&rdquo; Deutsches-Kunststoff Museum. https://www.deutsches-kunststoff-museum.de/sammlung/virtuelles-museum/k-2002-00982/</li>
<li>Morris, Jonathan. &ldquo;Coffee: A Global History.&rdquo; Reaktion Books. 2019.</li>
<li>Moses, Claire. &ldquo;Overlooked No More: Melitta Bentz, Who Invented the Coffee Filter.&rdquo; New York Times. Sept. 5, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/obituaries/melitta-bentz-overlooked.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;Our History.&rdquo; Melitta Group. https://www.melitta-group.com/en/unternehmen/unsere-geschichte</li>
<li>Wierling, Dorothee. &ldquo;Coffee.&rdquo; International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/coffee/</li>
</ul>

Melitta Bentz and the Coffee Filter

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/6cdbab9a-d6e9-466d-aad6-b3f7003a76c5/transcript

Part two of this 2020 episode looks at some of the specifics of the COINTELPROs that targeted black liberation organizations and the New Left, as well as how these programs were finally exposed to the public. 

Part two of this 2020 episode looks at some of the specifics of the COINTELPROs that targeted black liberation organizations and the New Left, as well as how these programs were finally exposed to the public.&nbsp;

SYMHC Classics: COINTELPRO 2

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/57a3976a-1829-4154-a105-b3f6013fc427/transcript

The Catacombs of Paris

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