John Graunt was a shopkeeper in 17th-century London who followed his own curiosity to a rather grand result. His work gave rise to the fields of demography and epidemiology.

Research:
Berke, Olaf, et al. “Celebration day: 400th birthday of John Graunt, citizen scientist of London.” Environmental Health Review. 63(3): 67-69. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5864/d2020-018
Britannica Editors. "John Graunt". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Apr. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Graunt
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir William Petty." Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/money/William-Petty
Clark, Andrew. “Aubrey’s ‘Brief Lives.’” Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1898. https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/briefliveschiefl01aubruoft/briefliveschiefl01aubruoft.pdf
Connor, Henry. “John Graunt F.R.S. (1620-74): The founding father of human demography, epidemiology and vital statistics.” Journal of medical biography 32,1 (2024): 57-69. doi:10.1177/09677720221079826
Eschner, Kat. “People Have Been Using Big Data Since the 1600s.” Smithsonian. April 24, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-using-big-data-1600s-180962949/
Glass, D.V., et al. “John Graunt and His Natural and Political Observations [and Discussion].” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 159, No. 974, A Discussion on Demography (Dec. 10, 1963), pp. 2-37 Published by: The Royal Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/90480
Graunt, John. “Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the Bills of mortality.” Oxford : Printed by William Hall, for John Martyn, and James Allestry, printers to the Royal Society MDCLXV [1665]. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2356017R
KARGON, ROBERT. “John Graunt, Francis Bacon, and the Royal Society: The Reception of Statistics.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 18, no. 4, 1963, pp. 337–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24621352
Kelsey, Holly. “Sovereign and the Sick City in 1603.” Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Aug. 23, 2016. https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/sovereign-and-sick-city-1603/
Lewin, C. G. "Graunt, John (1620–1674), statistician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  August 08, 2024. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11306
Pepys, Samuel. “The Diary of Samuel Pepys.” GEORGE BELL & SONS. London. 1893. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4200/pg4200.txt
Smith, R.M. (2008). “Graunt, John (1620–1674).” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_758-2

 

John Graunt was a shopkeeper in 17th-century London who followed his own curiosity to a rather grand result. His work gave rise to the fields of demography and epidemiology.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Berke,&nbsp;Olaf, et al. &ldquo;Celebration day: 400th birthday of John Graunt, citizen scientist of London.&rdquo;&nbsp;Environmental Health Review.&nbsp;63(3): 67-69.&nbsp;2020. https://doi.org/10.5864/d2020-018</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "John Graunt".&nbsp;Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Apr. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Graunt</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia.&nbsp;"Sir William Petty."&nbsp;Encyclopedia Britannica,&nbsp;11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/money/William-Petty</li>
<li>Clark, Andrew. &ldquo;Aubrey&rsquo;s &lsquo;Brief Lives.&rsquo;&rdquo; Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1898. https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/briefliveschiefl01aubruoft/briefliveschiefl01aubruoft.pdf</li>
<li>Connor, Henry. &ldquo;John Graunt F.R.S. (1620-74): The founding father of human demography, epidemiology and vital statistics.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of medical biography 32,1 (2024): 57-69. doi:10.1177/09677720221079826</li>
<li>Eschner, Kat. &ldquo;People Have Been Using Big Data Since the 1600s.&rdquo; Smithsonian. April 24, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-using-big-data-1600s-180962949/</li>
<li>Glass, D.V., et al. &ldquo;John Graunt and His Natural and Political Observations [and Discussion].&rdquo; Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 159, No. 974, A Discussion on Demography (Dec. 10, 1963), pp. 2-37 Published by: The Royal Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/90480</li>
<li>Graunt, John. &ldquo;Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the Bills of mortality.&rdquo; Oxford : Printed by William Hall, for John Martyn, and James Allestry, printers to the Royal Society MDCLXV [1665]. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2356017R</li>
<li>KARGON, ROBERT. &ldquo;John Graunt, Francis Bacon, and the Royal Society: The Reception of Statistics.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 18, no. 4, 1963, pp. 337&ndash;48.&nbsp;JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24621352</li>
<li>Kelsey, Holly. &ldquo;Sovereign and the Sick City in 1603.&rdquo; Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Aug. 23, 2016. https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/sovereign-and-sick-city-1603/</li>
<li>Lewin, C. G. "Graunt, John (1620&ndash;1674), statistician."&nbsp;Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.&nbsp;&nbsp;August&nbsp;08,&nbsp;2024. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11306</li>
<li>Pepys, Samuel. &ldquo;The Diary of Samuel Pepys.&rdquo; GEORGE BELL &amp; SONS. London. 1893. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4200/pg4200.txt</li>
<li>Smith, R.M. (2008). &ldquo;Graunt, John (1620&ndash;1674).&rdquo; The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_758-2</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Listen to this collection of top episodes from iHeartRadio and iHeartPodcasts. 

Listen to this collection of top episodes from iHeartRadio and iHeartPodcasts.&nbsp;

Podcasts from iHeartRadio

John Graunt was a shopkeeper in 17th-century London who followed his own curiosity to a rather grand result. His work gave rise to the fields of demography and epidemiology.

John Graunt

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/58484d99-6ab7-48fc-af78-b440003347a4/transcript

Tracy talks about how she first became interested in Casimir Pulaski's story, and how her focus changed during research. She also talks about selecting episode topics and later learning the subject is problematic.

Tracy talks about how she first became interested in Casimir Pulaski's story, and how her focus changed during research. She also talks about selecting episode topics and later learning the subject is problematic.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Unexpected Information  

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/27bd7eaa-9c64-406b-8892-b46d017a67e3/transcript

Rebecca Smith Pollard published a book of poems to mark the U.S. centennial in 1876, and also a novel with some questionable messages. She also developed a method to teach children to read that was ahead of its time.

Research:
Chetwynd, Sally Morong “Sam.” “Birth of Rebecca Smith Pollard, Education pioneer – Sept. 20, 1831.” Brass Castle Arts. 9/20/2014. https://brasscastlearts.blogspot.com/2014/09/birth-of-rebecca-smith-pollard.html
The Writer’s Almanac. “Tuesday, September 20, 2011.” https://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php%3Fdate=2011%252F09%252F20.html
History of Literacy. “Pollard Nominated to Reading Hall of Fame.” History of Reading News. Vol.XXVI No.1 (2002:Fall). Via Archive.org Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20160729031119/https://historyliteracy.org/scripts/search_display.php?Article_ID=240
Haefner, Marie. “An American Lady.” The Palimpsest. The State Historical Society of Iowa. April 1957. The Palimpsest archive 38(4), 129-176. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0031-0360.22585
Pollard, Rebecca S. “The Prayers of Eleven Hundred Children.” Our Dumb Animals. Vol. 24, No. 8. January, 1892. https://archive.org/details/sim_animals_our-dumb-animals_1892-01_24_8/
The Catholic Educational Review. “Phonetics, Their Origin and Function.” Vol. 24. May 1926. https://archive.org/details/sim_catholic-educational-review_1926-05_24/
“Pollard’s Advanced Speller.” Education. Vol. 18, Issue 1. September 1897. https://archive.org/details/sim_education-us_1897-09_18_1/
Pollard, R.S. “Educational Appliance.” U.S. Patent No. 375,095. December 20, 1887.
Heilman, Arthur W. “Principles and practices of teaching reading.” Columbus, Ohio, C. E. Merrill Books. 1961.
Huey, Edmund Burke. “The History And Pedagogy Of Reading With A Review Of The History Of Reading And Writing And Of Methods Texts And Hygiene In Reading.” The Macmillan Company. 1915.
“A New Road to Learning.” The Des Moines Register. Page 23. 12/3/1911.
Wheatley, Jeffrey. “The Wrong Feeling of Feeling Right: Fanaticism and Sentiment in Anti-Abolitionist Novels.” From Religion and Social Change. Edited by Sabrina Danielsen. Journal of Religion and Society. Supplement 26 (2025.)
Harrington, Kate and Miss M.E. Wilson. “The Moonlight Tryst.” Louisville Journal. 1/7/1854.
Pollard, Rebecca S. “Emma Bartlett: or, Prejudice and fanaticism.” Cincinnati, Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Overend. 1856.
“Emma Bartlett: or, Prejudice and Fanaticism.” Ottumwa Semi-Weekly Courier. 4/16/1857.
Pollard, Rebecca S. “Centennial and Other Poems.” Philadelphia : Lippincott. 1876.
Kirkham, Samuel. “English Grammar in Familiar Lectures.” New York. Robert B. Collins.
“Portrait and Biographical Album of Lee County, Iowa.” Chicago: Chapman Brothers, 1887. https://sites.rootsweb.com/~iabiog/lee/pbh1887/pbh1887-s.htm

Rebecca Smith Pollard published a book of poems to mark the U.S. centennial in 1876, and also a novel with some questionable messages. She also developed a method to teach children to read that was ahead of its time.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Chetwynd, Sally Morong &ldquo;Sam.&rdquo; &ldquo;Birth of Rebecca Smith Pollard, Education pioneer &ndash; Sept. 20, 1831.&rdquo; Brass Castle Arts. 9/20/2014. https://brasscastlearts.blogspot.com/2014/09/birth-of-rebecca-smith-pollard.html</li>
<li>The Writer&rsquo;s Almanac. &ldquo;Tuesday, September 20, 2011.&rdquo; https://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php%3Fdate=2011%252F09%252F20.html </li>
<li>History of Literacy. &ldquo;Pollard Nominated to Reading Hall of Fame.&rdquo; History of Reading News. Vol.XXVI No.1 (2002:Fall). Via Archive.org Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20160729031119/https://historyliteracy.org/scripts/search_display.php?Article_ID=240</li>
<li>Haefner, Marie. &ldquo;An American Lady.&rdquo; The Palimpsest. The State Historical Society of Iowa. April 1957. The Palimpsest archive 38(4), 129-176. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0031-0360.22585</li>
<li>Pollard, Rebecca S. &ldquo;The Prayers of Eleven Hundred Children.&rdquo; Our Dumb Animals. Vol. 24, No. 8. January, 1892. https://archive.org/details/sim_animals_our-dumb-animals_1892-01_24_8/</li>
<li>The Catholic Educational Review. &ldquo;Phonetics, Their Origin and Function.&rdquo; Vol. 24. May 1926. https://archive.org/details/sim_catholic-educational-review_1926-05_24/</li>
<li>&ldquo;Pollard&rsquo;s Advanced Speller.&rdquo; Education. Vol. 18, Issue 1. September 1897. https://archive.org/details/sim_education-us_1897-09_18_1/</li>
<li>Pollard, R.S. &ldquo;Educational Appliance.&rdquo; U.S. Patent No. 375,095. December 20, 1887.</li>
<li>Heilman, Arthur W. &ldquo;Principles and practices of teaching reading.&rdquo; Columbus, Ohio, C. E. Merrill Books. 1961.</li>
<li>Huey, Edmund Burke. &ldquo;The History And Pedagogy Of Reading With A Review Of The History Of Reading And Writing And Of Methods Texts And Hygiene In Reading.&rdquo; The Macmillan Company. 1915.</li>
<li>&ldquo;A New Road to Learning.&rdquo; The Des Moines Register. Page 23. 12/3/1911.</li>
<li>Wheatley, Jeffrey. &ldquo;The Wrong Feeling of Feeling Right: Fanaticism and Sentiment in Anti-Abolitionist Novels.&rdquo; From Religion and Social Change. Edited by Sabrina Danielsen. Journal of Religion and Society. Supplement 26 (2025.)</li>
<li>Harrington, Kate and Miss M.E. Wilson. &ldquo;The Moonlight Tryst.&rdquo; Louisville Journal. 1/7/1854.</li>
<li>Pollard, Rebecca S. &ldquo;Emma Bartlett: or, Prejudice and fanaticism.&rdquo; Cincinnati, Moore, Wilstach, Keys &amp; Overend. 1856.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Emma Bartlett: or, Prejudice and Fanaticism.&rdquo; Ottumwa Semi-Weekly Courier. 4/16/1857.</li>
<li>Pollard, Rebecca S. &ldquo;Centennial and Other Poems.&rdquo; Philadelphia : Lippincott. 1876.</li>
<li>Kirkham, Samuel. &ldquo;English Grammar in Familiar Lectures.&rdquo; New York. Robert B. Collins.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Portrait and Biographical Album of Lee County, Iowa.&rdquo; Chicago: Chapman Brothers, 1887. https://sites.rootsweb.com/~iabiog/lee/pbh1887/pbh1887-s.htm</li>
</ul>

Rebecca Smith Pollard published a book of poems to mark the U.S. centennial in 1876, and also a novel with some questionable messages. She also developed a method to teach children to read that was ahead of its time.

Rebecca Smith Pollard, aka Kate Harrington

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/d6fe8b0c-4b3b-4090-ad7b-b46b016c572e/transcript

Pulaski is often built up into an almost mythic figure who represents patriotism, bravery, freedom, independence, and the U.S. as a melting pot. a nation of immigrants. But there’s also a very different version of his story.

Research:
“Benjamin Franklin to George Washington, 29 May 1777,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-24-02-0072. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 24, May 1 through September 30, 1777, ed. William B. Willcox. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, p. 98.] https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-24-02-0072
“General Count Casimir Pulaski: ‘The Father of the American Cavalry’: First Commander of Washington’s Cavalry; Commander of the Independent ‘Pulaski’s Legion.’” The American Catholic Historical Researches , JANUARY, 1910, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1910). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44374799
American Battlefield Trust. “Casimir Pulaski.” https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/casimir-pulaski
Britannica Editors. "Confederation of Bar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Bar. Accessed 20 May 2026.
Britannica Editors. "Confederation of Bar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Bar. Accessed 21 May 2026.
Britannica Editors. "Kazimierz Pułaski". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Mar. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kazimierz-Pulaski. Accessed 20 May 2026.
Britannica Editors. "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Polish-Lithuanian-Commonwealth. Accessed 21 May 2026.
Britannica Editors. "Stanisław II August Poniatowski". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stanislaw-II-August-Poniatowski. Accessed 21 May 2026.
Byczkiewicz, Romuald K. “For Your Freedom and Ours: Casimir Pulaski, 1745-1779.” Sarmatian Review(Vol. 26, Issue 1).
George Washington’s Mount Vernon. “Casimir Pulaski.” https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/casimir-pulaski
Georgia Southern University. “Georgia Southern researchers solve Casimir Pulaski mysteries, subject of Smithsonian Channel’s ‘America’s Hidden Stories: The General Was Female?’” 3/28/2019. https://www.georgiasouthern.edu/2019/03/28/georgia-southern-researchers-solve-casimir-pulaski-mysteries-subject-of-smithsonian-channels-americas-hidden-stories-the-general-was-female-free-screening-on-arm
Hautzinger, Daniel. “Who Was Casimir Pulaski, the Polish Revolutionary War Hero Honored with a Holiday and Street in Chicago?” WTTW. 11/17/2025. https://www.wttw.com/playlist/2025/11/17/casimir-pulaski-revolutionary-war
Jones, Charles C. Jr. “Casimir Pulaski: An Address Before the Georgia Historical Society.” 1/13/1871. Savannah. 1873. https://polona.pl/item-view/8e95b726-b73c-4a27-9070-d7750b57cc4f
Jones, Charles Colcock. “Sepulture of Major General Nathanael Greene : and of Brig. Gen. Count Casimir Pulaski.” Augusta, Ga, 1855. https://archive.org/details/sepultureofmajor00jonerich/
Kajencki, Francis C. “Casimir Pulaski, Cavalry Commander of the American Revolution.” Southwest Polonia Press. 2002.
Kajencki, Francis C. “The Pulaski Legion in the American Revolution.” Southwest Polonia Press. 2004.
Makarewicz , Stanislaw. “The Four Birth Records of Kazimierz Pulaski.” https://www.poles.org/birth.html
Manning, Clarence A. “Casimir Pulaski, a Soldier of Liberty.” Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, January, 1944,Vol. 2, No. 2 (January, 1944). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24725053
Moyer, Del-Louise. “Rebecca Langley and the Pulaski Banner.” Pennsylvania German Blog. 11/22/2015. https://alyssumarts.com/2015/11/22/rebecca-langley-and-the-pulaski-banner/
National Archives. “Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File R. 8205, for Eleazer Phillips, South Carolina.” NAID: 196395780. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/196395780?
National Park Service. “Casimir Pulaski Memorial.” https://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/pulaski.htm
National Park Service. “Casimir Pulaski.” Fort Pulaski National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/people/casimir-pulaski.htm
Pienkos, Angela. “Bicentennial Look at Casimir Pulaski: Polish, American and Ethnic Folk Hero.” Polish American Studies , Spring, 1976, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1976). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20147942
Pinkowski, Jack. “Mysteries Surrounding Casimir Pulaski.” "Bialy Orzel," April 18, 2008, p. 26-27. https://www.poles.org/L_Kaz/E_Kaz.html
Pula, James S. “Pułaski at Savannah: A Journey through Fact and Fiction.” The Polish Review, Vol. 67, No. 4 (2022), pp. 5-33 (29 pages). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48805968
Pula, James S. “Whose Bones Are Those?: The Casimir Pulaski Burial Controversy.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly , 2016, Vol. 100, No. 1 (2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855885
Somers, Jennifer. “Who was Casimir Pulaski? Why does Illinois celebrate him?” KSDK. 3/6/2023. https://www.ksdk.com/article/news/history/casimir-pulaski-day-illinois-meaning-first-monday-in-march/63-2698e93d-1c82-4e42-ac52-4ab47903ccde
Spencer, Richard Henry. “Pulaski's Legion.” Maryland Historical Magazine. September 1918.
Ungvarsky, Janine. “Casimir Pulaski.” Ebsco. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/casimir-pulaski
United States Senate. “Ex. Doc. No. 120: Reports of the Secretaries of State, War, an d the Treasury, respecting the services of Count Pulaski.”
Wickham, Jonathan, director. “The General was Female?” Smithsonian Channel - America's Hidden Stories. 4/8/2019.
Williams, Henry. “An address delivered on laying the corner stone of a monument to Pulaski, in the city of Savannah.” Commissioners of the Monument Fund. 1855. https://archive.org/details/addressdelivered00geor/
Wizevich, Eli. “Discover the Short Life and Long Legacy of Casimir Pulaski, a Polish Cavalry Officer Who Became an American Revolutionary Hero.” Smithsonian. 3/6/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/discover-the-short-life-and-long-legacy-of-casimir-pulaski-a-polish-cavalry-officer-who-became-an-american-revolutionary-hero-180986162/

Pulaski is often built up into an almost mythic figure who represents patriotism, bravery, freedom, independence, and the U.S. as a melting pot. a nation of immigrants. But there&rsquo;s also a very different version of his story.
Research:
<ul>
<li>&ldquo;Benjamin Franklin to George Washington, 29 May 1777,&rdquo; Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-24-02-0072. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 24, May 1 through September 30, 1777, ed. William B. Willcox. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, p. 98.] https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-24-02-0072</li>
<li>&ldquo;General Count Casimir Pulaski: &lsquo;The Father of the American Cavalry&rsquo;: First Commander of Washington&rsquo;s Cavalry; Commander of the Independent &lsquo;Pulaski&rsquo;s Legion.&rsquo;&rdquo; The American Catholic Historical Researches , JANUARY, 1910, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1910). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44374799</li>
<li>American Battlefield Trust. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski.&rdquo; https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/casimir-pulaski</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Confederation of Bar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Bar. Accessed 20 May 2026.</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Confederation of Bar". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Bar. Accessed 21 May 2026.</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Kazimierz Pułaski". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Mar. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kazimierz-Pulaski. Accessed 20 May 2026.</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Polish-Lithuanian-Commonwealth. Accessed 21 May 2026.</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Stanisław II August Poniatowski". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stanislaw-II-August-Poniatowski. Accessed 21 May 2026.</li>
<li>Byczkiewicz, Romuald K. &ldquo;For Your Freedom and Ours: Casimir Pulaski, 1745-1779.&rdquo; Sarmatian Review(Vol. 26, Issue 1).</li>
<li>George Washington&rsquo;s Mount Vernon. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski.&rdquo; https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/casimir-pulaski</li>
<li>Georgia Southern University. &ldquo;Georgia Southern researchers solve Casimir Pulaski mysteries, subject of Smithsonian Channel&rsquo;s &lsquo;America&rsquo;s Hidden Stories: The General Was Female?&rsquo;&rdquo; 3/28/2019. https://www.georgiasouthern.edu/2019/03/28/georgia-southern-researchers-solve-casimir-pulaski-mysteries-subject-of-smithsonian-channels-americas-hidden-stories-the-general-was-female-free-screening-on-arm</li>
<li>Hautzinger, Daniel. &ldquo;Who Was Casimir Pulaski, the Polish Revolutionary War Hero Honored with a Holiday and Street in Chicago?&rdquo; WTTW. 11/17/2025. https://www.wttw.com/playlist/2025/11/17/casimir-pulaski-revolutionary-war</li>
<li>Jones, Charles C. Jr. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski: An Address Before the Georgia Historical Society.&rdquo; 1/13/1871. Savannah. 1873. https://polona.pl/item-view/8e95b726-b73c-4a27-9070-d7750b57cc4f</li>
<li>Jones, Charles Colcock. &ldquo;Sepulture of Major General Nathanael Greene : and of Brig. Gen. Count Casimir Pulaski.&rdquo; Augusta, Ga, 1855. https://archive.org/details/sepultureofmajor00jonerich/</li>
<li>Kajencki, Francis C. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski, Cavalry Commander of the American Revolution.&rdquo; Southwest Polonia Press. 2002.</li>
<li>Kajencki, Francis C. &ldquo;The Pulaski Legion in the American Revolution.&rdquo; Southwest Polonia Press. 2004.</li>
<li>Makarewicz , Stanislaw. &ldquo;The Four Birth Records of Kazimierz Pulaski.&rdquo; https://www.poles.org/birth.html</li>
<li>Manning, Clarence A. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski, a Soldier of Liberty.&rdquo; Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, January, 1944,Vol. 2, No. 2 (January, 1944). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24725053</li>
<li>Moyer, Del-Louise. &ldquo;Rebecca Langley and the Pulaski Banner.&rdquo; Pennsylvania German Blog. 11/22/2015. https://alyssumarts.com/2015/11/22/rebecca-langley-and-the-pulaski-banner/</li>
<li>National Archives. &ldquo;Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File R. 8205, for Eleazer Phillips, South Carolina.&rdquo; NAID: 196395780. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/196395780?</li>
<li>National Park Service. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski Memorial.&rdquo; https://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/pulaski.htm</li>
<li>National Park Service. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski.&rdquo; Fort Pulaski National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/people/casimir-pulaski.htm</li>
<li>Pienkos, Angela. &ldquo;Bicentennial Look at Casimir Pulaski: Polish, American and Ethnic Folk Hero.&rdquo; Polish American Studies , Spring, 1976, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1976). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20147942</li>
<li>Pinkowski, Jack. &ldquo;Mysteries Surrounding Casimir Pulaski.&rdquo; "Bialy Orzel," April 18, 2008, p. 26-27. https://www.poles.org/L_Kaz/E_Kaz.html</li>
<li>Pula, James S. &ldquo;Pułaski at Savannah: A Journey through Fact and Fiction.&rdquo; The Polish Review, Vol. 67, No. 4 (2022), pp. 5-33 (29 pages). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48805968</li>
<li>Pula, James S. &ldquo;Whose Bones Are Those?: The Casimir Pulaski Burial Controversy.&rdquo; The Georgia Historical Quarterly , 2016, Vol. 100, No. 1 (2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855885</li>
<li>Somers, Jennifer. &ldquo;Who was Casimir Pulaski? Why does Illinois celebrate him?&rdquo; KSDK. 3/6/2023. https://www.ksdk.com/article/news/history/casimir-pulaski-day-illinois-meaning-first-monday-in-march/63-2698e93d-1c82-4e42-ac52-4ab47903ccde</li>
<li>Spencer, Richard Henry. &ldquo;Pulaski's Legion.&rdquo; Maryland Historical Magazine. September 1918.</li>
<li>Ungvarsky, Janine. &ldquo;Casimir Pulaski.&rdquo; Ebsco. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/casimir-pulaski</li>
<li>United States Senate. &ldquo;Ex. Doc. No. 120: Reports of the Secretaries of State, War, an d the Treasury, respecting the services of Count Pulaski.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Wickham, Jonathan, director. &ldquo;The General was Female?&rdquo; Smithsonian Channel - America's Hidden Stories. 4/8/2019.</li>
<li>Williams, Henry. &ldquo;An address delivered on laying the corner stone of a monument to Pulaski, in the city of Savannah.&rdquo; Commissioners of the Monument Fund. 1855. https://archive.org/details/addressdelivered00geor/</li>
<li>Wizevich, Eli. &ldquo;Discover the Short Life and Long Legacy of Casimir Pulaski, a Polish Cavalry Officer Who Became an American Revolutionary Hero.&rdquo; Smithsonian. 3/6/2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/discover-the-short-life-and-long-legacy-of-casimir-pulaski-a-polish-cavalry-officer-who-became-an-american-revolutionary-hero-180986162/</li>
</ul>

Pulaski is often built up into an almost mythic figure who represents patriotism, bravery, freedom, independence, and the U.S. as a melting pot. a nation of immigrants. But there’s also a very different version of his story.

The Life and Afterlife of Casimir Pulaski

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/23c00b00-5a0f-48cf-a893-b468017944a7/transcript

John Graunt

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