Elizabeth Fry is lauded as an early 19th century prison reformer. But she had no formal background or training in prison or social work.

Research:
BREED, ANNA. “ELIZABETH FRY.” Advocate of Peace (1847-1884), vol. 13, no. 3, 1882, pp. 21–22. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27906270 
Britannica Editors. "Elizabeth Fry". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 May. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Fry
Britannica Editors. "Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Mar. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Thomas-Fowell-Buxton-1st-Baronet
Buxton, Thomas Fowell. “An inquiry, whether crime and misery are produced or prevented, by our present system of prison discipline.” London. J. and A. Arch. 1818. https://archive.org/details/b33283333/page/14/mode/2up
Cooper, Robert Alan. “THE ENGLISH QUAKERS AND PRISON REFORM 1809-23.” Quaker History, vol. 68, no. 1, 1979, pp. 3–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41946871
Cooper, Robert Alan. “Jeremy Bentham, Elizabeth Fry, and English Prison Reform.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 42, no. 4, 1981, pp. 675–90. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2709127
Corder, Susanna. “Life of Elizabeth Fry.” Philadelphia. H. Lonstreth. 1853. https://archive.org/details/lifeofelizabethf00cordiala/page/n9/mode/2up
Craig, Russell L. “Correctional Education Historical Vignette: WOMEN IN CORRECTIONS: Elizabeth Gurney Fry.” Journal of Correctional Education, vol. 57, no. 2, 2006, pp. 141–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23282705
Crawford, William, and Whitworth Russell. “Extracts from the second report of William Crawford and Whitworth Russell, Esqs., the Inspectors of Prisons for the Home District ; addressed to the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for the Home Department.” National Library of medicine. Philadelphia : Republished by the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, 1838. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101596454-bk
Foxhall K. From convicts to colonists: the health of prisoners and the voyage to Australia, 1823-53. J Imp Commonw Hist. 2011;39(1):1-19. doi: 10.1080/03086534.2011.543793
Griffiths, Arthur. “The Chronicles of Newgate.” LONDON: CHAPMAN AND HALL
(Limited). 1884. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46746/46746-h/46746-h.htm
Kent, John. “Elizabeth Fry.” London. B. Batsford. 1962.
Rose, June. “Elizabeth Fry.” New York. St. Martin’s Press, 1981. 

Elizabeth Fry is lauded as an early 19th century prison reformer. But she had no formal background or training in prison or social work.
Research:
<ul>
<li>BREED, ANNA. &ldquo;ELIZABETH FRY.&rdquo;&nbsp;Advocate of Peace (1847-1884), vol. 13, no. 3, 1882, pp. 21&ndash;22.&nbsp;JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27906270&nbsp;</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Elizabeth Fry". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 May. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Fry</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet".&nbsp;Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Mar. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Thomas-Fowell-Buxton-1st-Baronet</li>
<li>Buxton, Thomas Fowell. &ldquo;An inquiry, whether crime and misery are produced or prevented, by our present system of prison discipline.&rdquo; London. J. and A. Arch. 1818. https://archive.org/details/b33283333/page/14/mode/2up</li>
<li>Cooper, Robert Alan. &ldquo;THE ENGLISH QUAKERS AND PRISON REFORM 1809-23.&rdquo;&nbsp;Quaker History, vol. 68, no. 1, 1979, pp. 3&ndash;19.&nbsp;JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41946871</li>
<li>Cooper, Robert Alan. &ldquo;Jeremy Bentham, Elizabeth Fry, and English Prison Reform.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 42, no. 4, 1981, pp. 675&ndash;90.&nbsp;JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2709127</li>
<li>Corder, Susanna. &ldquo;Life of Elizabeth Fry.&rdquo; Philadelphia. H. Lonstreth. 1853. https://archive.org/details/lifeofelizabethf00cordiala/page/n9/mode/2up</li>
<li>Craig, Russell L. &ldquo;Correctional Education Historical Vignette: WOMEN IN CORRECTIONS: Elizabeth Gurney Fry.&rdquo; Journal of Correctional Education, vol. 57, no. 2, 2006, pp. 141&ndash;44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23282705</li>
<li>Crawford, William, and Whitworth Russell. &ldquo;Extracts from the second report of William Crawford and Whitworth Russell, Esqs., the Inspectors of Prisons for the Home District ; addressed to the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for the Home Department.&rdquo; National Library of medicine. Philadelphia : Republished by the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, 1838. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101596454-bk</li>
<li>Foxhall K. From convicts to colonists: the health of prisoners and the voyage to Australia, 1823-53. J Imp Commonw Hist. 2011;39(1):1-19. doi: 10.1080/03086534.2011.543793</li>
<li>Griffiths, Arthur. &ldquo;The Chronicles of Newgate.&rdquo; LONDON: CHAPMAN AND HALL (Limited). 1884. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46746/46746-h/46746-h.htm</li>
<li>Kent, John.&nbsp;&ldquo;Elizabeth Fry.&rdquo; London. B. Batsford. 1962.</li>
<li>Rose, June.&nbsp;&ldquo;Elizabeth Fry.&rdquo; New York. St. Martin&rsquo;s Press, 1981.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

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Elizabeth Fry is lauded as an early 19th century prison reformer. But she had no formal background or training in prison or social work.

Elizabeth Fry

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/fe90adec-ed89-4bc3-8579-b4d4015994d0/transcript

The Munich Beer Riot of 1844 was a reaction to the price of beer set by the Bavarian government. The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago in 1855, and was a response to municipal policies put in place by mayor Levi Boone that targeted the city’s Catholic and immigrant populations.

Research:
Alberts, Brian. “‘Streets as Stages’ — The Munich Beer Riots of 1844.” Good Beer Hunting. https://www.goodbeerhunting.com/blog/2020/7/13/streets-as-stages-the-munich-beer-riots-of-1844
"Bavaria." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 16 Mar. 2026. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBavaria%2F13830&ebboatid=9265928. Accessed 3 Sep. 2026. Britannica Editors. "Oktoberfest". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oktoberfest. Accessed 2 September 2026.
Carpenter, Kim Newak. “‘Sechs Kreuzer sind genug fuer ein Bier!’: The Munich beer riot of 1844: Social protest and public disorder in mid-19th century Bavaria.” A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. 1998.
Durica, Paul. “‘A Montstrous Doctrine’ - Chicago’s Lager Beer Riot.” Mash Tun. https://mashtunjournal.org/texts/lagerriot
Einhorn, Robin. “Lager Beer Riot.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/703.html
Engels, Frederick. “Beer Riots in Bavaria.” The Northern Star, No. 341, May 25, 1844, p. 6.
Grossman, Ron. “Chicago’s Lager Beer Riot proved immigrants’ power.” Chicago Tribune. 9/25/2015. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/09/25/chicagos-lager-beer-riot-proved-immigrants-power/
"Ludwig I, King of Bavaria." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 34, Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010137/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=df1b49ec. Accessed 2 Sept. 2026
Magelssen, Scott. “The 1855 Lager Beer Riot Dodgeball Reenactment and Beer Tasting.” Theatre Journal, DECEMBER 2015, Vol. 67, No. 4, Possible Worlds (DECEMBER2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24582647
New York Herald, European Edition. “1889: Beer Crisis in Bavaria.” 9/19/1889. Reprinted In the New York Times 9/18/2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/18/1889-beer-crisis-in-bavaria/
Renner, Richard Wilson. “In Perfect Ferment: Chicago, the Know-Nothings, and the Riot for Lager.” Chicago History V, no. 3 (1976): 161-170.
WBEZ Chicago. Morning Shift. “Fest looks at the history of the Lager Beer Riot.” 4/24/2015. https://www.wbez.org/morning-shift/2015/04/24/fest-looks-at-the-history-of-the-lager-beer-riot.
Weiss, Jana. “A Lager Beer Revolution: The History of Beer and German American Immigration.” Life & Letters. University of Texas at Austin. Originally published in Not Even Past. 9/19/2023. https://lifeandletters.la.utexas.edu/2023/09/a-lager-beer-revolution-the-history-of-beer-and-german-american-immigration/

The Munich Beer Riot of 1844 was a reaction to the price of beer set by the Bavarian government. The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago in 1855, and was a response to municipal policies put in place by mayor Levi Boone that targeted the city&rsquo;s Catholic and immigrant populations.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Alberts, Brian. &ldquo;&lsquo;Streets as Stages&rsquo; &mdash; The Munich Beer Riots of 1844.&rdquo; Good Beer Hunting. https://www.goodbeerhunting.com/blog/2020/7/13/streets-as-stages-the-munich-beer-riots-of-1844</li>
<li>"Bavaria." Britannica Library, Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, 16 Mar. 2026. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&amp;ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBavaria%2F13830&amp;ebboatid=9265928. Accessed 3 Sep. 2026. Britannica Editors. "Oktoberfest". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oktoberfest. Accessed 2 September 2026.</li>
<li>Carpenter, Kim Newak. &ldquo;&lsquo;Sechs Kreuzer sind genug fuer ein Bier!&rsquo;: The Munich beer riot of 1844: Social protest and public disorder in mid-19th century Bavaria.&rdquo; A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. 1998.</li>
<li>Durica, Paul. &ldquo;&lsquo;A Montstrous Doctrine&rsquo; - Chicago&rsquo;s Lager Beer Riot.&rdquo; Mash Tun. https://mashtunjournal.org/texts/lagerriot</li>
<li>Einhorn, Robin. &ldquo;Lager Beer Riot.&rdquo; Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/703.html</li>
<li>Engels, Frederick. &ldquo;Beer Riots in Bavaria.&rdquo; The Northern Star, No. 341, May 25, 1844, p. 6.</li>
<li>Grossman, Ron. &ldquo;Chicago&rsquo;s Lager Beer Riot proved immigrants&rsquo; power.&rdquo; Chicago Tribune. 9/25/2015. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/09/25/chicagos-lager-beer-riot-proved-immigrants-power/</li>
<li>"Ludwig I, King of Bavaria." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 34, Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010137/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=df1b49ec. Accessed 2 Sept. 2026</li>
<li>Magelssen, Scott. &ldquo;The 1855 Lager Beer Riot Dodgeball Reenactment and Beer Tasting.&rdquo; Theatre Journal, DECEMBER 2015, Vol. 67, No. 4, Possible Worlds (DECEMBER2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24582647</li>
<li>New York Herald, European Edition. &ldquo;1889: Beer Crisis in Bavaria.&rdquo; 9/19/1889. Reprinted In the New York Times 9/18/2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/18/1889-beer-crisis-in-bavaria/</li>
<li>Renner, Richard Wilson. &ldquo;In Perfect Ferment: Chicago, the Know-Nothings, and the Riot for Lager.&rdquo; Chicago History V, no. 3 (1976): 161-170.</li>
<li>WBEZ Chicago. Morning Shift. &ldquo;Fest looks at the history of the Lager Beer Riot.&rdquo; 4/24/2015. https://www.wbez.org/morning-shift/2015/04/24/fest-looks-at-the-history-of-the-lager-beer-riot.</li>
<li>Weiss, Jana. &ldquo;A Lager Beer Revolution: The History of Beer and German American Immigration.&rdquo; Life &amp; Letters. University of Texas at Austin. Originally published in Not Even Past. 9/19/2023. https://lifeandletters.la.utexas.edu/2023/09/a-lager-beer-revolution-the-history-of-beer-and-german-american-immigration/</li>
</ul>

The Munich Beer Riot of 1844 was a reaction to the price of beer set by the Bavarian government. The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago in 1855, and was a response to municipal policies put in place by mayor Levi Boone that targeted the city’s Catholic and immigrant populations.

Two Beer Riots

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/96945e41-32a5-43e6-8eee-b4d001808f5a/transcript

This episode from 2017 covers several moments in history when the world came perilously close to a full-scale nuclear war, due to false alarms or miscommunication.

This episode from 2017 covers several moments in history when the world came perilously close to a full-scale nuclear war, due to false alarms or miscommunication.

SYMHC Classics: Nuclear Close Calls

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/a39e5b0d-08ee-459f-bb0f-b4d00111b52e/transcript

Holly and Tracy unpack the accusation that Robert Moses purposely built overpass bridges too low for busses to drive under them as a way to keep Black New Yorkers away from Jones Beach.

Holly and Tracy unpack the accusation that Robert Moses purposely built overpass bridges too low for busses to drive under them as a way to keep Black New Yorkers away from Jones Beach.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Busses and Overpasses

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/940c4820-0c96-49e8-af91-b4cd0032bce8/transcript

Elizabeth Fry

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