Tracy mentions tracking down sources for quotes about Rebecca Crumpler during research. She and Holly also discuss measles vaccine protocols.
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio Happy Friday.
I'm Tracy V.
Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. We talked about Rebecca Crumpler this week. Sure did a topic that turned out to be.
Challenging. It a different way than I.
Expected because of all the baby discussion. Well, there is a lot of baby discussion. Thank you for bearing with the baby discussion, Holly.
I know it's not your favorite.
It's not the talking. I mean again, we know I don't need to believe it, and I don't want anybody who has and loves babies to feel weird. I just like the discussion of baby care really squiggs me out.
Not for you, No, No.
What turned out to be challenging was the amount of information was fine, uh, but I kept finding like all the sources would say the same thing, and I would just sort of go, okay, but like, where is this coming from?
Though?
Like I kept seeing the same quote about the the sort of reluctance to allow her to graduate from medical school, which you can read as like I don't think she had a ton of formal education and she definitely had to take time off to care for her husband as he was dying, and so like, I can imagine that both of those things would have been caused for concern. I can also imagine racism being prominently involved in the decision making and how she was judged. But I just kept going, okay, like this is clearly quoting from something.
What are we quoting from?
Yeah?
This led me down.
I find I found like a place that had the actual, like actual footnote of what, you know, what collection it was in. And then that was a whole other little rabbit hole because I did not write down who, like which which collection this was said to be a part of. But the university it was being held at is not there anymore. Oh, it was absorbed by Drexel University. I don't know if absorbed is the right. I did not look into like the details of like how these universities came under the same umbrella. But this is a thing that sort of led me to wish that I had a little time machine, because had things aligned differently while I was on that trip to Philadelphia to see the Marie Lawrence exhibit, I could have like extended my stay by a day and see if I could go and like get access to the actual file box of actual information, which is a collection of information that was compiled by somebody named Margaret Jaredo about I think specifically early black women doctors, like early black women in the medical profession. And I am very curious about what all else is in that collection, and you know, it could be a magic box of information and discovery. Uh, it does seem to be something that was compiled with a lot of care and attention and is now in the in the collection. Uh, you know, it's there in the finding aid at Drexel University, but not at a time that I could have gotten to such a thing. And I was very late in the research process when I finally like actually penned down where we're quoting from on stuff something that I wanted to note, but that I didn't put in the actual episode because it's not directly related to her. So she was the first black woman known to have earned an MD in the United States. That is an achievement on its own, earning a medical degree in general. But this was also sort of at a very early time in the process of things like nursing and midwiffery and medicine becoming a lot more formalized and a lot more standardized, and really most of the time overseen by like a white medical establishment. So anyone who was not white and was wanting to be a nurse or a midwife or a doctor was like increasingly funneled into a pretty racist formalized system, which in a lot of care just wound up with people not having access to work that they had already been doing and had already been trained in. Right, So like people who had who had been working as nurses for many years, who had you know, learned to be nurses before there were formal nursing programs, like no longer being able to practice nurses after this became more formalized and standardized. And I feel like a lot of this is really complicated because, on the one hand, there are a lot of things that have gone on in the world of medicine, some of which we've talked about on the show before, that were like not evidence based, were not helping people in some cases, were harming people, and evolving into a more formalized profession did not totally get rid of that by any stretch of the imagination at all, but did sort of put some guardrails around that. But then just also let to like a lot of loss of community knowledge. We did a whole episode that you researched about the Flexner Report that was a report into the status of medical education that in the aftermath that led to a lot of the schools that were training black doctors being shut down, and they're just like, weren't any anymore. So it's like simultaneously she broke a lot of ground and achieved a lot of firsts and then clearly worked in a very needed role in her community. As the world was changing in this way that kind of forced everyone who wasn't white into the margins as these institutions became more formalized and standardized that associated with like universities and colleges rather than learning doing as someone's apprentice, if that makes sense. So yeah, I feel like there are complicated things around all of that. Well, and the hard part, right is that when we're looking at I mean, it is hard enough when scenarios like that play out in the modern world to tease apart all of the moving parts that are going on, and like when there are scenarios where racism or bias is driving the bus in terms of how a decision has gotten made versus those occasions when there actually is like a problem of the knowledge that isn't maybe accurate or correct. That's hard enough if it plays out today. So when we're looking back at stuff like this, it's like you really have to have no assumptions of accuracy of almost anything you look at, because everybody who wrote a piece of paper about it had unconscious bias, right, because we all do. Yeah, but we weren't even aware of the concept of unconscious mind.
Yeah, Like it gets very very tricky.
Yeah, yeah, so much baby talk. Also, apparently I should be you know, as a woman of a certain age, I should be avoiding excitement. Yeah, I got to the So I love reading her book. There are things in it where I'm like, yeah, absolutely, we need better ventilation and buildings. That's that's certainly true. But like, for example, the parts where she was talking about basically people working themselves to death to make ends meet did kind of come off as sort of saying you should not do that, when it's like, okay, but with what resources? Right? How? How how does the family eat them? Yeah, and the advice about menopause, I was like, you're not I'm not giving up spices right, not a thing I would ever be willing to do as I approach the age of fifty.
So yeah, her.
Her book is so clearly influenced by, you know, her own experience of many years of working with babies and mothers especially, And then also occasionally I would read something a goo, oh no, that's we know today, that's not how that works. Yeah, yeah, I mean I also write like it's there's a little bit of relief, is not it, But there's a little bit of like, oh. We often talk about how things you think are very much part of the modern world have actually been playing out forever and ever and ever, and it's like, this is like, you know, more than one hundred and twenty thirty years ago, and yet there was already this idea that people work too much, which we are still constantly discussing culturally, like about how unhealthy it is to work too much. And I'm like, well, on the one hand, it stinks that we still haven't figured this biz out, and on the other hand, it's oddly reassuring that this has always been a problem and we've for the most part managed to endure at least one To look at the whole of humanity but also I think we should all not work as much. But again, oh, yes, we also all need to eat and have the necessities that enable us to live.
Yeah.
I had some similar thoughts about her feelings about children who were, in her mind, too young to be going to school because of the health effects of that, and I was like, man, this is a debate that we're still having about. Like I know so many parents of little kids who are like, yes, school starts, and it's just like continual illness. Yeah, but like the benefit of being in school, Like there's a whole different benefit involving like learning and socialization with your peers and all of that kind of stuff. And like, I don't know all of those decisions, I am not remotely qualified to weigh in on. But I was like, yeah, I still see this these conversations happening today about like kids in school and daycare and getting sick. But like, then there's a different benefit to being in school besides the illness part. Yeah. And to further complicated, there is no one right answer for all kids either, right, right, Some kids will do better going earlier, some kids will do better going later. And so when everybody's trying to make a blanket regulation set. It's like it doesn't really work the complexities of human life as mirrored throughout history. So yeah, I am glad that I finally got to do the episode on her. Do you still kind of wish the order had been magically slightly different? And I had known that there was a need to maybe go to a university library in Philadelphia while I was there. I mean we could always have a follow up.
Yeah, but then I would have to go back to Philadelphia.
Okay, it is. It was a fun trip. I've said that last time. I definitely enjoyed it. This week we talked about Measles. We've talked before about how I loved the podcast Saw Bones. Yeah, they did an episode on measles. I am pretty sure in twenty fifteen, as the Disneyland outbreak was happening. Oh yeah, but it had a very similar like there's a bunch of measles outbreaks happening kind of introductory material. Uh, I feel a little I don't feel exactly the same about Measles in terms of conversations about it recently. Is it did about scarlet fever? Because with scarlet fever, a lot of people when scarlet fever comes up, it feels like an old timey Victorian era not around any more disease, which that's not the case. We talked about that in that whole episode. Even though I don't think I personally know anyone who has had the measles, measles doesn't strike me in quite that way, just because there have been so many outbreaks, Like the number of outbreaks have increased recently, But when I was born, people were recommended to get one dose of vaccine, and then the recommendation was increased to a second dose that some time later. I didn't look up the exact but like there was a recommendation for people to have a second dose, in part because like it just increases the efficacy a little bit more, hoping to cut down on the number of outbreaks. So this recommendation for the second dose happened in nineteen eighty nine. I got that second dose when I was in my early teen years because we were going to go visit my grandmother and there was an active outbreak happening in the town where she lived. So my mom took me to the pediatrician to get dose number two of MMR vaccine, and that led to an awkward conversation because generally, again I'm not a doctor, not medical advice. It is not advised though, for people to get the MMR vaccine during pregnancy of the potential for congenital rebella syndrome. So my mom takes me to the pediatrician and I'm what fourteen or fifteen maybe, and the nurse asks me if I am on my period, and I say no, And the nurse says, then I can't give you the vaccine.
In case you're pregnant, And I was.
Like, no, unpossible, but like, what a weird jump. Well, and they I understand the motivation, and I understand that people's experiences happen at different times in their life, right, But for me, at the age of fifteen, it was not possible for me to have been pregnant. Well, I mean my jump is like, why did she go right there instead of are you sexually active? Yeah? But to me that would have been in the more suitable question. I don't know if there was like a medical like if that was the sort of guidelines for how to talk to people about it, but like, I think my mom might have even warned me that this conversation might happen but anyway, they did, though, give me my second measles other sense, I guess it was MMR at that point, after some conversation with my mom, I don't remember mine, so I'm presuming I got it when I was little.
Yeah, well it's the first dose is.
Small children, not tiny tiny babies, because people have antibodies from in utero, and I feel like it's some amount of time later that the second dose is recommended. Again, I did not look all this up. I'm not a doctor. It's more about my awkward experience at the doctor's office, as you know, an awkward fourteen or fifteen year old. Another thing, whenever I'm working on this podcast and I'm getting to read old, old documents that are scans of things that are very old, and they have the long s's in them that look like f's. That led to some hilarity with this episode because there was some stuff that I was wanting to look at that was very long that I knew there was a section of that was about measles specifically, but like, there wasn't a table of contents that could or an index, Like there wasn't a way that might guide me to that page. So I was having to use the text search function, and you know, with the long s's that looked like f's, any kind of ocr that might have gone through there to make it a machine readable document probably a little off with the s's that look like f's. And so what I discovered was that anytime I was trying to look at these old documents, I needed to look for me folsm A f l e s in case it saw that, uh that s as an F. But I also needed to look for mealies because some of them had turned U m e A s l e S into m e A l i e s. Oh yeah, And that just became my I would look for both, even though even if like even if me even if mefals brought up results right away, I'd be like, let me just check see if meales is in this one too.
Yeah, that was tricky.
I forgot my level of iron about the Lancet paper until we were talking about it, and it was like the way a sense memory will come back and you're just ready to spit nails all over again. I was just like, yeah, yeah, yeah, it wasn't just inaccurate, like the way that it was described for a long time was inaccurate and it was like fraudulent. Well, and I still see people today who don't either don't know that it was retracted or don't accept that as valid, still trying to make that case that vaccines cause autism, and I become so angry, so angry. I have layers of anger. A lot of people in my life are like, Hey, what you're telling me when you say this about vaccines and autism is that you would rather have your child die. And that is an unacceptable thing to say in a number of ways. So yeah, yeah, I was not totally like I didn't have the exact timeline in my head of like when the paper came out, when that paper got like so much traction, a lot of it being like sort of celebrity endorsements of this paper.
Almost I didn't.
Realize that that was like two years before the United States was declared measles free. And I had this moment where I like silently gave thanks that that still happened in the face of like such a big setback to vaccine campaigns. Yeah, because it did, like it led to people refusing a.
Lot of vaccines.
Yeah, a lot of vaccines, like based on this paper that was fraudulent, as we keep saying. So yeah, yeah, I am glad to be vaccinated for measles, so that when I come back from a place where there's a measles outbreak happening, I'm not like, uh oh, I did not pass through either of the airports that had the warnings, and I did not go to the daycare in Philadelphia where a lot of the cases were. You didn't go to Disneyland in the twenty teens Disneyland outbreak. I mean, look, I'm not a parent, so obviously I'm not an expert. But I often see in disney parks or even places like movie theaters people who come in with a baby that is obviously in the category of newborn. Oh yeah, and I'm always like, should you be out among the unwashed masses? Like I don't the immunity of that infant is not solidified yet. Yeah, is this really the smartest thing to do? But again, I'm not a parent, and that is also informed by my own bias of I'm afraid of babies.
So yeah, there's so.
I don't remember the age that the first dose of MMR vaccine, but.
It might be like a year.
Yeah, No, I have I recently on a trip to Disney World, saw a very tiny baby that was not a year by any means, Like I would be shocked if it was more than a couple months. And I was just like, did you book this trip not knowing that you were expecting and then you decided to go anyway? I don't, I don't know what happened. I don't.
I'm scared.
Yeah, it's it's not my business. I try not to be judging, but I'm also like, I don't know if this is safe, and I get, you know, like contact anxiety.
Right.
We had one trip to Disney in Orlando when I was a child, which was a road trip taken by my whole extended family on my dad's side and my mom's for when we were old enough to do that was we can all walk, that's smart. And there was still debate about like were we going to be old enough to remember the trip because like my mom was like, this is probably the only time we're going to do this. I don't want my children to go and be so young that they don't remember this one once in a lifetime for our family thing. So I was so I guess I was five and my brother was three and a half. We did not go in my family. No, I was in No. No, that was a vacation was for going to visit other relatives and revisit all of your grudges. That was who vacation was for in my family growing up, which is probably why I go to Dissy World all the time now because yeah, I didn't get this in my formative years that I wanted it. So yeah, yeah. So you know, if you're preparing for a vacation with your family, I hope those preparations are going great. I know a lot of folks who were about to go on the same trip in a couple of weeks and they are all having the pre vacation anxiety of getting everything done before you can go. So if that's on your life plan coming up, I hope it's going well. If you're not getting to take a vacation, I hope you at least get to have a nap. We will be back with a Saturday Classic tomorrow. We will have a brand new episode on Monday. Stuff You Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.