Adenomyosis has been described as a cousin or evil twin of endometriosis. While they are two distinct conditions, they have similarities and can also coexist at the same time. Which makes diagnosing it that much harder. And another barrier? Some women who have it, have no symptoms.

There have been calls through petitions in Australia, the UK and Canada to recognize both endometriosis and adenomyosis as disabilities.

To understand this condition more, we reached out to Dr. Mathew Leonardi, a gynaecological surgeon and sonologist at McMaster University Medical Centre in Hamilton, Canada.

Research Links:

Adenomyosis: The Common Gynecological Condition You've Never Heard Of: https://swhr.org/adenomyosis-the-common-gynecological-condition-youve-never-heard-of

Gabrielle Union On the Condition That Caused Her Infertility | SuperSoul Sunday | OWN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XJMHhd-a3E

The Evil Twins of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome and Endometriosis: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11641437

Global prevalence of adenomyosis and endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12629041

Women with adenomyosis are at higher risks of endometrial and thyroid cancers: A population-based historical cohort study: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194011

Cambridge woman's petition for better endometriosis treatment and research heads to House of Commons vote: https://www.cambridgetoday.ca/local-news/cambridge-womans-petition-for-better-endometriosis-treatment-and-research-heads-to-house-of-commons-vote-12478485

Dr. Leonardi Discusses Advancements In Imaging For Endometriosis And Diagnostic Care: https://endometriosisnetwork.com/endo-hub/imaging-for-endometriosis-an-interview-with-dr-mathew-leonardi-part-1

Adenomyosis has been described as a cousin or evil twin of endometriosis. While they are two distinct conditions, they have similarities and can also coexist at the same time. Which makes diagnosing it that much harder. And another barrier? Some women who have it, have no symptoms.
There have been calls through petitions in Australia, the UK and Canada to recognize both endometriosis and adenomyosis as disabilities.
To understand this condition more, we reached out to Dr. Mathew Leonardi, a gynaecological surgeon and sonologist at McMaster University Medical Centre in Hamilton, Canada.
Research Links:
Adenomyosis: The Common Gynecological Condition You've Never Heard Of: <a href="https://swhr.org/adenomyosis-the-common-gynecological-condition-youve-never-heard-of">https://swhr.org/adenomyosis-the-common-gynecological-condition-youve-never-heard-of</a>
Gabrielle Union On the Condition That Caused Her Infertility | SuperSoul Sunday | OWN: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XJMHhd-a3E">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XJMHhd-a3E</a>
The Evil Twins of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome and Endometriosis: <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11641437">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11641437</a>
Global prevalence of adenomyosis and endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis: <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12629041">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12629041</a>
Women with adenomyosis are at higher risks of endometrial and thyroid cancers: A population-based historical cohort study: <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194011">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194011</a>
Cambridge woman's petition for better endometriosis treatment and research heads to House of Commons vote: <a href="https://www.cambridgetoday.ca/local-news/cambridge-womans-petition-for-better-endometriosis-treatment-and-research-heads-to-house-of-commons-vote-12478485">https://www.cambridgetoday.ca/local-news/cambridge-womans-petition-for-better-endometriosis-treatment-and-research-heads-to-house-of-commons-vote-12478485</a>
Dr. Leonardi Discusses Advancements In Imaging For Endometriosis And Diagnostic Care: <a href="https://endometriosisnetwork.com/endo-hub/imaging-for-endometriosis-an-interview-with-dr-mathew-leonardi-part-1">https://endometriosisnetwork.com/endo-hub/imaging-for-endometriosis-an-interview-with-dr-mathew-leonardi-part-1</a>

Why is so Little Known About Adenomyosis?

A 2021 study shows that women make up 75% of patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Canada "continues to have one of the highest rates of MS in the world".

In October 2026, actor Christina Applegate shared that she had been misdiagnosed with MS after being diagnosed with it in 2021. Why is that? A study from 2024 shows that the frequency of an MS misdiagnosis ranges from 5% to 41%. Why is it so hard to get diagnosed with MS? 

We speak to Rebeckah Price a young Canadian woman with roots from Jamaica. After experiencing some vision loss for several months, and in the process of trying to get a diagnosis for MS, a doctor told Rebeckah that she looked "too strong" to have it. Rebeckah ended up traveling to the United States to get a definitive diagnosis.

Research Links:

What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8537319

Prevalence and incidence of MS in Canada and around the world: https://mscanada.ca/ms-research/latest-research/prevalence-and-incidence-of-ms-in-canada-and-around-the-world

Christina Applegate's Health Journey, From Early MS Symptoms to Learning She was Misdiagnosed: https://www.today.com/health/disease/christina-applegate-ms-misdiagnosis-health-journey-timeline-rcna604789

Misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13524585241274527

Diseases That Mimic MS: https://msfocus.org/Magazine/Magazine-Items/Posted/Diseases-That-Mimic-MS Embodiment of structural racism and multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes in the USA: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-025-01096-5

Unequal risk: Why MS is a growing problem in Black communities: https://artsci.washu.edu/ampersand/unequal-risk-why-ms-growing-problem-black-communities-theresa-gildner

Got a question or comment? Email us at: mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org

If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

A 2021 study shows that women make up 75% of patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Canada "continues to have one of the highest rates of MS in the world".
In October 2026, actor Christina Applegate shared that she had been misdiagnosed with MS after being diagnosed with it in 2021. Why is that? A study from 2024 shows that the frequency of an MS misdiagnosis ranges from 5% to 41%. Why is it so hard to get diagnosed with MS?&nbsp;
We speak to Rebeckah Price a young Canadian woman with roots from Jamaica. After experiencing some vision loss for several months, and in the process of trying to get a diagnosis for MS, a doctor told Rebeckah that she looked "too strong" to have it. Rebeckah ended up traveling to the United States to get a definitive diagnosis.
Research Links:
What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?: <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8537319">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8537319</a>
Prevalence and incidence of MS in Canada and around the world: <a href="https://mscanada.ca/ms-research/latest-research/prevalence-and-incidence-of-ms-in-canada-and-around-the-world">https://mscanada.ca/ms-research/latest-research/prevalence-and-incidence-of-ms-in-canada-and-around-the-world</a>
Christina Applegate's Health Journey, From Early MS Symptoms to Learning She was Misdiagnosed: <a href="https://www.today.com/health/disease/christina-applegate-ms-misdiagnosis-health-journey-timeline-rcna604789">https://www.today.com/health/disease/christina-applegate-ms-misdiagnosis-health-journey-timeline-rcna604789</a>
Misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis: <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13524585241274527">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13524585241274527</a>
Diseases That Mimic MS: https://msfocus.org/Magazine/Magazine-Items/Posted/Diseases-That-Mimic-MS Embodiment of structural racism and multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes in the USA: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-025-01096-5">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-025-01096-5</a>
Unequal risk: Why MS is a growing problem in Black communities: <a href="https://artsci.washu.edu/ampersand/unequal-risk-why-ms-growing-problem-black-communities-theresa-gildner">https://artsci.washu.edu/ampersand/unequal-risk-why-ms-growing-problem-black-communities-theresa-gildner</a>
Got a question or comment? Email us at: <a href="mailto:mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org">mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org</a>
If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

How a Diagnosis of MS became an Act of Self-love

Clara Hughes is the only athlete to win multiple medals at both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. But what the world didn't know was that as a child, she started smoking in grade 3 and by 12 years-old, she was drinking and partying. Why?

In "Learning to Breathe: A Memoir" she writes about how pain had become a badge of honour, and how as a former elite athlete, she felt menopause as "an extra betrayal".

She also shares some childhood secrets that were uncovered after she spent two years in intense and - what some could - consider as unconventional - therapy.

We spoke to her in a conversation recorded in front of a live audience at the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management. Please listen with care.

Research Links:

Inside Olympian Clara Hughes's unexpected health crisis - and how it led her down an LSD rabbit hole: https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/inside-olympian-clara-hughes-s-unexpected-health-crisis-and-how-it-led-her-down-an-lsd-rabbit-hole-edited/article_82c43a0b-3cbb-4a07-996b-c8ae16a955fc.html

Three Americans among seven to win medals at Winter and Summer Olympics: https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/three-americans-among-seven-win-medals-winter-and-summer-olympics

Clara Hughes is done being hot and bothered: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/article-clara-hughes-learning-to-breathe-memoir-menopause

Got a question or comment? Email us at: mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org

If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

Clara Hughes is the only athlete to win multiple medals at both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. But what the world didn't know was that as a child, she started smoking in grade 3 and by 12 years-old, she was drinking and partying. Why?
In "Learning to Breathe: A Memoir" she writes about how pain had become a badge of honour, and how as a former elite athlete, she felt menopause as "an extra betrayal".
She also shares some childhood secrets that were uncovered after she spent two years in intense and - what some could - consider as unconventional - therapy.
We spoke to her in a conversation recorded in front of a live audience at the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management. Please listen with care.
Research Links:
Inside Olympian Clara Hughes's unexpected health crisis - and how it led her down an LSD rabbit hole:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/inside-olympian-clara-hughes-s-unexpected-health-crisis-and-how-it-led-her-down-an-lsd-rabbit-hole-edited/article_82c43a0b-3cbb-4a07-996b-c8ae16a955fc.html">https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/inside-olympian-clara-hughes-s-unexpected-health-crisis-and-how-it-led-her-down-an-lsd-rabbit-hole-edited/article_82c43a0b-3cbb-4a07-996b-c8ae16a955fc.html</a>
Three Americans among seven to win medals at Winter and Summer Olympics: <a href="https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/three-americans-among-seven-win-medals-winter-and-summer-olympics">https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/three-americans-among-seven-win-medals-winter-and-summer-olympics</a>
Clara Hughes is done being hot and bothered: <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/article-clara-hughes-learning-to-breathe-memoir-menopause">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/article-clara-hughes-learning-to-breathe-memoir-menopause</a>
Got a question or comment? Email us at: <a href="mailto:mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org">mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org</a>
If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

Clara Hughes: How menopause "cracked me open"

When a story about one woman's search for care sparked a flood of messages, we began investigating Ontario's healthcare system and the possible obstacles facing people with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), especially those with craniocervical instability (CCI).

For patients living with EDS, getting a diagnosis can take years. And when complex spinal conditions enter the picture, some patients and their families say they have been forced to look to the United States for help because they believe there is no surgeon in Canada able to provide the care they need. In this special episode of (Mis)Treated, we meet patients whose lives have been upended, families fighting for answers, and doctors who disagree about how these conditions should be treated.

Got a question or comment? Email us at: mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org

If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

When a story about one woman's search for care sparked a flood of messages, we began investigating Ontario's healthcare system and the possible obstacles facing people with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), especially those with craniocervical instability (CCI).
For patients living with EDS, getting a diagnosis can take years. And when complex spinal conditions enter the picture, some patients and their families say they have been forced to look to the United States for help because they believe there is no surgeon in Canada able to provide the care they need. In this special episode of (Mis)Treated, we meet patients whose lives have been upended, families fighting for answers, and doctors who disagree about how these conditions should be treated.
Got a question or comment? Email us at: <a href="mailto:mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org">mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org</a>
If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

Living with EDS and the fight to be taken seriously | (MIS)Treated

According to the Canadian Cancer Society, 1 in 8 women in Canada will develop breast cancer during their lifetime and in 2010, Canadian Broadcaster Cynthia Mulligan announced her diagnosis.

In 2020, days before Christmas, she found out that she had Stage 4 breast cancer. We speak to her about why she chose to go public with her diagnosis, how she navigated treatment as a forward facing person and we reminisce about our friend and former colleague, Mark Dailey.

Got a question or comment? Email us at: mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org

If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

According to the Canadian Cancer Society, 1 in 8 women in Canada will develop breast cancer during their lifetime and in 2010, Canadian Broadcaster Cynthia Mulligan announced her diagnosis.
In 2020, days before Christmas, she found out that she had Stage 4 breast cancer. We speak to her about why she chose to go public with her diagnosis, how she navigated treatment as a forward facing person and we reminisce about our friend and former colleague, Mark Dailey.
Got a question or comment? Email us at: <a href="mailto:mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org">mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org</a>
If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

Cynthia Mulligan on living a grateful life with breast cancer | (MIS)Treated

Autoimmune disease is complicated. For one, there is no exact number of how many autoimmune conditions there are. We know that at least 80 of them exist and that globally, autoimmune impacts 1 in 10 people. While men also get autoimmune disease, women make up approximately 80% of patients. According to a 2021 study, women make up 75% of patients with MS. an autoimmune disease. And global cases of autoimmune disease are rising.

We speak to Dr. Gabor Maté who wrote more than 20 years ago about his observations on how autoimmune disease was impacting more women than men. We also speak to a neuroimmunologist on the connection of the Epstein-Barr virus and why women with some autoimmune diseases were once advised to not have children. Plus we talk to an epidemiologist who studies women's health on why autoimmune disease impacts women at such a staggering rate and we speak to a young woman with multiple sclerosis.

Got a question or comment? Email us at: mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org

If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.

Research Links:

Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00457-9/abstract

What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8537319/

Embodiment of structural racism and multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes in the USA: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-025-01096-5

How Is Céline Dion’s Health? What She’s Shared About Stiff Person Syndrome Battle: https://www.today.com/health/celine-dion-health-rcna98154

Celebrities and Medical Awareness—The Case of Celine Dion and Stiff-Person Syndrome: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914970/

National study shows Indigenous patients with autoimmune liver disease face worse symptoms and outcomes: https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2023/02/national-study-indigenous-patients-autoimmune-liver-disease.html

Indigenous people more prone to rare autoimmune liver disease, often misdiagnosed: https://globalnews.ca/video/9353047/indigenous-people-more-prone-to-rare-autoimmune-liver-disease-often-misdiagnosed-research/

Meet Dr. Dalia Rotstein, the St. Michael’s neurologist dedicated to improving care for women during pregnancy: https://unityhealth.to/2026/03/meet-the-neurologist-dedicated-to-improving-care-for-women-during-pregnancy/

Researcher studying link between pregnancy complications and autoimmune diseases with prestigious fellowship: https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/our-community/researcher-studying-link-between-pregnancy-complications-and-autoimmune-diseases

An MS Diagnosis Led This Top Yogi to Evolve Her Practice: https://www.healthcentral.com/condition/multiple-sclerosis/an-ms-diagnosis-led-this-top-yoga-instructor-to-evolve-her-practice

Autoimmune disease is complicated. For one, there is no exact number of how many autoimmune conditions there are. We know that at least 80 of them exist and that globally, autoimmune impacts 1 in 10 people. While men also get autoimmune disease, women make up approximately 80% of patients. According to a 2021 study, women make up 75% of patients with MS. an autoimmune disease. And global cases of autoimmune disease are rising.
We speak to Dr. Gabor Mat&eacute; who wrote more than 20 years ago about his observations on how autoimmune disease was impacting more women than men. We also speak to a neuroimmunologist on the connection of the Epstein-Barr virus and why women with some autoimmune diseases were once advised to not have children. Plus we talk to an epidemiologist who studies women's health on why autoimmune disease impacts women at such a staggering rate and we speak to a young woman with multiple sclerosis.
Got a question or comment? Email us at:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org">mistreatedpodcast@tvo.org</a>
If you, or someone you know, is struggling with mental health, visit any of the following resources for support: Canada.ca/mental-health Kids Help Phone Call 1-800-668-6868 (toll-free) or text CONNECT to 686868.
Research Links:
Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00457-9/abstract">https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00457-9/abstract</a>
What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?:&nbsp;<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8537319/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8537319/</a>
Embodiment of structural racism and multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes in the USA: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-025-01096-5">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-025-01096-5</a>
How Is C&eacute;line Dion&rsquo;s Health? What She&rsquo;s Shared About Stiff Person Syndrome Battle:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.today.com/health/celine-dion-health-rcna98154">https://www.today.com/health/celine-dion-health-rcna98154</a>
Celebrities and Medical Awareness&mdash;The Case of Celine Dion and Stiff-Person Syndrome:&nbsp;<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914970/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9914970/</a>
National study shows Indigenous patients with autoimmune liver disease face worse symptoms and outcomes:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2023/02/national-study-indigenous-patients-autoimmune-liver-disease.html">https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2023/02/national-study-indigenous-patients-autoimmune-liver-disease.html</a>
Indigenous people more prone to rare autoimmune liver disease, often misdiagnosed:&nbsp;<a href="https://globalnews.ca/video/9353047/indigenous-people-more-prone-to-rare-autoimmune-liver-disease-often-misdiagnosed-research/">https://globalnews.ca/video/9353047/indigenous-people-more-prone-to-rare-autoimmune-liver-disease-often-misdiagnosed-research/</a>
Meet Dr. Dalia Rotstein, the St. Michael&rsquo;s neurologist dedicated to improving care for women during pregnancy:&nbsp;<a href="https://unityhealth.to/2026/03/meet-the-neurologist-dedicated-to-improving-care-for-women-during-pregnancy/">https://unityhealth.to/2026/03/meet-the-neurologist-dedicated-to-improving-care-for-women-during-pregnancy/</a>
Researcher studying link between pregnancy complications and autoimmune diseases with prestigious fellowship: <a href="https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/our-community/researcher-studying-link-between-pregnancy-complications-and-autoimmune-diseases">https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/our-community/researcher-studying-link-between-pregnancy-complications-and-autoimmune-diseases</a>
An MS Diagnosis Led This Top Yogi to Evolve Her Practice:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.healthcentral.com/condition/multiple-sclerosis/an-ms-diagnosis-led-this-top-yoga-instructor-to-evolve-her-practice">https://www.healthcentral.com/condition/multiple-sclerosis/an-ms-diagnosis-led-this-top-yoga-instructor-to-evolve-her-practice</a>

Why do autoimmune diseases impact women more?

(MIS)Treated is back for season 2. Join host Nam Kiwanuka as she continues explores how medicine has – and still is – failing women and speaks to the people looking to make a difference.

This season we explore why women make up 80% of autoimmune patients, what it's like to access care for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and we speak to award winning journalist Cynthia Mulligan about why she chose to reveal her breast cancer diagnosis and how its impacted her career. We also have conversations with Dr. Gabor Maté, Clara Hughes and speak to Dr. Mathew Leonardi about adenomyosis and the advances being made in endometriosis awareness.

(MIS)Treated is back for season 2. Join host Nam Kiwanuka as she continues explores how medicine has &ndash; and still is &ndash; failing women and speaks to the people looking to make a difference.
This season we explore why women make up 80% of autoimmune patients, what it's like to access care for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and we speak to award winning journalist Cynthia Mulligan about why she chose to reveal her breast cancer diagnosis and how its impacted her career. We also have conversations with Dr. Gabor Mat&eacute;, Clara Hughes and speak to Dr. Mathew Leonardi about adenomyosis and the advances being made in endometriosis awareness.

(MIS)Treated: Season 2 Trailer

Intro

What Chronic Pain Is and Why It Matters

The Gender Gap in Pain Research

Jennifer's Journey: Living With Chronic Pain

Endometriosis, Period Pain & Being Dismissed

The History of Bias in Pain Treatment

What Science Is Learning About Women's Pain

Disability, Self-Advocacy & Cost of Waiting

Managing Pain: Treatment, Care & Hope

Future of Pain Research & Advocacy

Unlike a broken arm, you can't see chronic pain. This makes it complicated to treat or diagnose because it's subjective. This has led chronic pain to be called a "silent epidemic" and while 70% of chronic pain sufferers are women, historically the majority of pain studies have been done on men or male mice. Many people with conditions like endometriosis, PMOS, migraines, fibroids and painful periods, live with chronic pain. And the World Health Organization officially classified it as a disease in 2022.

On the final episode of season 1, Nam Kiwanuka take a deeper dive on the history of pain research, what it is, the implicit bias towards women in medicine, and the research that's being done to combat that right here in Canada.

Nam speaks with Dr. Tania Di Renna, the president of the Canadian Pain Society (CPS) and Medical Director of the Toronto Academic Pain Medicine Institute (TAPMI) and Jennifer Daly-Cyr who has lived with chronic pain for more than a decade and is also co-chair of the Person with Lived Experience committee at the CPS.

Research links

Being A Woman Doesn’t Have To Be A (Chronic) Pain https://www.forbes.com/sites/evaepker/2023/04/05/why-is-being-a-woman-a-chronic-pain/

Women and pain: Disparities in experience and treatment: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/women-and-pain-disparities-in-experience-and-treatment-2017100912562

Mi'kmaw nurse explains how Indigenous pain often misunderstood: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/mi-kmaw-nurse-1.5130067

Myths about physical racial differences were used to justify slavery — and are still believed by doctors today: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html

Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1516047113

Sex differences in the transition to chronic pain: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12126234/

“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2018/6358624

Yale psychologists find that adults take girls’ pain less seriously: https://news.yale.edu/2019/01/24/yale-psychologists-find-adults-take-girls-pain-less-seriously

Pain medication finally recommended in U.S. for IUD use. What about Canada?: https://globalnews.ca/news/10687785/iud-insertion-pain-management-guidance/

The science that changed how we study pain: https://www.mcgill.ca/science/channels/news/science-changed-how-we-study-pain-372651

Action On Pain podcast takes a closer look at the implementation of An Action Plan for Pain in Canada: https://redcircle.com/shows/action-on-pain

Unlike a broken arm, you can't see chronic pain. This makes it complicated to treat or diagnose because it's subjective. This has led chronic pain to be called a "silent epidemic" and while 70% of chronic pain sufferers are women, historically the majority of pain studies have been done on men or male mice. Many people with conditions like endometriosis, PMOS, migraines, fibroids and painful periods, live with chronic pain. And the World Health Organization officially classified it as a disease in 2022.
On the final episode of season 1, Nam Kiwanuka take a deeper dive on the history of pain research, what it is, the implicit bias towards women in medicine, and the research that's being done to combat that right here in Canada.
Nam speaks with Dr. Tania Di Renna, the president of the Canadian Pain Society (CPS) and Medical Director of the Toronto Academic Pain Medicine Institute (TAPMI) and Jennifer Daly-Cyr who has lived with chronic pain for more than a decade and is also co-chair of the Person with Lived Experience committee at the CPS.
Research links
Being A Woman Doesn&rsquo;t Have To Be A (Chronic) Pain <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/evaepker/2023/04/05/why-is-being-a-woman-a-chronic-pain/">https://www.forbes.com/sites/evaepker/2023/04/05/why-is-being-a-woman-a-chronic-pain/</a>
Women and pain: Disparities in experience and treatment: <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/women-and-pain-disparities-in-experience-and-treatment-2017100912562">https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/women-and-pain-disparities-in-experience-and-treatment-2017100912562</a>
Mi'kmaw nurse explains how Indigenous pain often misunderstood: <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/mi-kmaw-nurse-1.5130067">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/mi-kmaw-nurse-1.5130067</a>
Myths about physical racial differences were used to justify slavery &mdash; and are still believed by doctors today: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html</a>
Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites: <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1516047113">https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1516047113</a>
Sex differences in the transition to chronic pain: <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12126234/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12126234/</a>
&ldquo;Brave Men&rdquo; and &ldquo;Emotional Women&rdquo;: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2018/6358624">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2018/6358624</a>
Yale psychologists find that adults take girls&rsquo; pain less seriously: <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/01/24/yale-psychologists-find-adults-take-girls-pain-less-seriously">https://news.yale.edu/2019/01/24/yale-psychologists-find-adults-take-girls-pain-less-seriously</a>
Pain medication finally recommended in U.S. for IUD use. What about Canada?: <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10687785/iud-insertion-pain-management-guidance/">https://globalnews.ca/news/10687785/iud-insertion-pain-management-guidance/</a>
The science that changed how we study pain: <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/science/channels/news/science-changed-how-we-study-pain-372651">https://www.mcgill.ca/science/channels/news/science-changed-how-we-study-pain-372651</a>
Action On Pain podcast takes a closer look at the implementation of An Action Plan for Pain in Canada: <a href="https://redcircle.com/shows/action-on-pain">https://redcircle.com/shows/action-on-pain</a>

Why do women make up 70% of chronic pain cases?

Who is Julie Green & why write 'Motherness'?

What do 'motherness' & 'otherness' mean?

Raising an autistic child before awareness

How a late autism diagnosis reshapes life

Why are girls with autism misdiagnosed?

What is masking & how girls present autism

Autism myths that persist & why they matter

What to do if parents suspect autism

A recent study shows that autism is almost as prevalent in girls as it is in boys - so why have we been led to believe that autism is something that mostly impacts boys and men? The February 2026 study suggests that the difference, in part, is that girls are often diagnosed much later in life.

On today's episode, host and producer Nam Kiwanuka speaks with Julie M. Green about what it was like to be diagnosed with autism as a mother at age 44, while also raising a child on the spectrum. She documents this experience in her book, "Motherness: A Memoir of Generational Autism, Parenthood and Radical Acceptance."

Links:
Towards the equal recognition of autism in girls and women https://www.bmj.com/content/392/bmj.s120.full
Everyone thought autism mostly affected boys. This study says otherwise https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/02/260210082921.htm
“I was always on the outside, watching quietly”: Autistic women reflect on school experiences https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03632-y
Hans Asperger 'collaborated with Nazis' in WWII https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43820794
About Autism https://www.autismontario.com/about-autism
Finding the True Number of Females with Autistic Spectrum Disorder by Estimating the Biases in Initial Recognition and Clinical Diagnosis https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8870038/
From the CDC: Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8214927/
Camouflaging and suicide behavior in adults with autism spectrum condition: A mixed methods systematic review https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S3050656525000124
8 Health Conditions Commonly Linked to Autism https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/women-autism-spectrum-disorder/202108/8-health-conditions-commonly-linked-autism
10. A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Neurodiversity and Psychosexual Functioning in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10243356/ 

A recent study shows that autism is almost as prevalent in girls as it is in boys - so why have we been led to believe that autism is something that mostly impacts boys and men?&nbsp;The February 2026 study suggests that the difference, in part, is that girls are often diagnosed much later in life.
On today's episode, host and producer Nam Kiwanuka speaks with Julie M. Green about what it was like to be diagnosed with autism as a mother at age 44, while also raising a child on the spectrum. She documents this experience in her book, "Motherness: A Memoir of Generational Autism, Parenthood and Radical Acceptance."
Links:
<ol>
<li>Towards the equal recognition of autism in girls and women <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/392/bmj.s120.full">https://www.bmj.com/content/392/bmj.s120.full</a></li>
<li>Everyone thought autism mostly affected boys. This study says otherwise <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/02/260210082921.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/02/260210082921.htm</a></li>
<li>&ldquo;I was always on the outside, watching quietly&rdquo;: Autistic women reflect on school experiences <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03632-y">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03632-y</a></li>
<li>Hans Asperger 'collaborated with Nazis' in WWII <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43820794">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43820794</a></li>
<li>About Autism <a href="https://www.autismontario.com/about-autism">https://www.autismontario.com/about-autism</a></li>
<li>Finding the True Number of Females with Autistic Spectrum Disorder by Estimating the Biases in Initial Recognition and Clinical Diagnosis <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8870038/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8870038/</a></li>
<li>From the CDC: Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8214927/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8214927/</a></li>
<li>Camouflaging and suicide behavior in adults with autism spectrum condition: A mixed methods systematic review <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S3050656525000124">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S3050656525000124</a></li>
<li>8 Health Conditions Commonly Linked to Autism <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/women-autism-spectrum-disorder/202108/8-health-conditions-commonly-linked-autism">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/women-autism-spectrum-disorder/202108/8-health-conditions-commonly-linked-autism</a></li>
<li>10. A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Neurodiversity and Psychosexual Functioning in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10243356/">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10243356/</a>&nbsp;</li>
</ol>

How girls and women with autism were missed

A bill looking to establish a national framework for women's health is making its way through the Senate. What does Bill S-243 look to implement?

In Canada women represent 50% of the population, nearly half of the labour workforce, and make up 75% of health care professionals. But somehow when it comes to women's health, it's considered to be a niche topic. Not only has women's health been historically under researched, underfunded, and misunderstood, women working in healthcare also face additional barriers.

Under the leadership of Senator Danièle Henkel, a coalition of professionals in healthcare, FemTech, and research have come together to try to address gaps in women's health with this new bill.

Today, host and producer Nam Kiwanuka speaks with Dr. Jennifer Blake from the Pan-Canadian Women's Health Coalition about the bill, why Canada needs a national framework for women's health, the gaps that currently exist, and why women's health continues to be seen as niche.

Links:
‘It’s not my bill, it’s our bill’: Senator Henkel and 50 advocacy groups push for law calling for women’s health framework https://www.hilltimes.com/2026/03/01/its-not-my-bill-its-our-bill-senator-henkel-and-50-advocacy-groups-push-for-law-calling-for-womens-health-framework/493464/
New study finds female family doctors spend more time caring for patients, yet earn less https://www.oma.org/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january/new-study-finds-female-family-doctors-spend-more-time-caring-for-patients-yet-earn-less/ 
Health workforce in Canada: Overview https://www.cihi.ca/en/health-workforce-in-canada-overview 
What’s the plan? New bill before Senate aims to provide a framework for women’s health https://canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/whats-plan-new-bill-senate-aims-provide-framework-womens-health 
Federal health minister to launch strategy on men’s and boys’ health in 2026  https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/federal-health-minister-to-launch-strategy-on-mens-and-boys-health-in-2026/
Opinion: Canada’s blind spot on drug safety in pregnancy https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/op-eds/opinion-canadas-blind-spot-on-drug-safety-in-pregnancy/

A bill looking to establish a national framework for women's health is making its way through the Senate. What does Bill S-243 look to implement?
In Canada women represent 50% of the population, nearly half of the labour workforce, and make up 75% of health care professionals. But somehow when it comes to women's health, it's considered to be a niche topic. Not only has women's health been historically under researched, underfunded, and misunderstood, women working in healthcare also face additional barriers.
Under the leadership of Senator Dani&egrave;le Henkel, a coalition of professionals in healthcare, FemTech, and research have come together to try to address gaps in women's health with this new bill.
Today, host and producer Nam Kiwanuka speaks with Dr. Jennifer Blake from the Pan-Canadian Women's Health Coalition about the bill, why Canada needs a national framework for women's health, the gaps that currently exist, and why women's health continues to be seen as niche.
Links:
<ol>
<li>&lsquo;It&rsquo;s not my bill, it&rsquo;s our bill&rsquo;: Senator Henkel and 50 advocacy groups push for law calling for women&rsquo;s health framework <a href="https://www.hilltimes.com/2026/03/01/its-not-my-bill-its-our-bill-senator-henkel-and-50-advocacy-groups-push-for-law-calling-for-womens-health-framework/493464/">https://www.hilltimes.com/2026/03/01/its-not-my-bill-its-our-bill-senator-henkel-and-50-advocacy-groups-push-for-law-calling-for-womens-health-framework/493464/</a></li>
<li>New study finds female family doctors spend more time caring for patients, yet earn less&nbsp;<a href="https://www.oma.org/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january/new-study-finds-female-family-doctors-spend-more-time-caring-for-patients-yet-earn-less/">https://www.oma.org/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january/new-study-finds-female-family-doctors-spend-more-time-caring-for-patients-yet-earn-less/</a><a href="https://www.oma.org/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january/new-study-finds-female-family-doctors-spend-more-time-caring-for-patients-yet-earn-less/">&nbsp;</a></li>
<li>Health workforce in Canada: Overview <a href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/health-workforce-in-canada-overview">https://www.cihi.ca/en/health-workforce-in-canada-overview</a><a href="https://www.cihi.ca/en/health-workforce-in-canada-overview">&nbsp;</a></li>
<li>What&rsquo;s the plan? New bill before Senate aims to provide a framework for women&rsquo;s health&nbsp;<a href="https://canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/whats-plan-new-bill-senate-aims-provide-framework-womens-health">https://canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/whats-plan-new-bill-senate-aims-provide-framework-womens-health</a><a href="https://canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/whats-plan-new-bill-senate-aims-provide-framework-womens-health">&nbsp;</a></li>
<li>Federal health minister to launch strategy on men&rsquo;s and boys&rsquo; health in 2026 <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/federal-health-minister-to-launch-strategy-on-mens-and-boys-health-in-2026/">&nbsp;https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/federal-health-minister-to-launch-strategy-on-mens-and-boys-health-in-2026/</a></li>
<li>Opinion: Canada&rsquo;s blind spot on drug safety in pregnancy <a href="https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/op-eds/opinion-canadas-blind-spot-on-drug-safety-in-pregnancy/">https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/op-eds/opinion-canadas-blind-spot-on-drug-safety-in-pregnancy/</a></li>
</ol>

Why Canada needs a national framework for women's health

(MIS)Treated, a TVO podcast, explores how medicine has – and still is – failing women and speaks to the people looking to make a difference. Join host Nam Kiwanuka to hear real life stories and expert interviews on how the mistreatment and misdiagnosis of women affects us all.

(MIS)Treated, a TVO podcast, explores how medicine has &ndash; and still is &ndash; failing women and speaks to the people looking to make a difference. Join host Nam Kiwanuka to hear real life stories and expert interviews on how the mistreatment and misdiagnosis of women affects us all.

(MIS)Treated

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