Pompeii's story is usually told through the lens of catastrophe—perfectly preserved bodies frozen in ash, a civilization erased in hours, sort of like a Roman version of the Chicxulub impactor that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago —but the real tragedy isn't just that Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD. Worse is that we've forgotten the thousands of ordinary people who lived full, ambitious lives before that final day. These stories include a slave named Petrinus hoped to buy his freedom with earnings from side work, fish sauce merchant Aulus Umbricius Scaurus (who shipped garum bottles as far as Gaul while planning his next business expansion), and wealthy entrepreneur Julia Felix prepared her rental apartments to host the mysterious Cult of Isis. The mortality rate was only 9-11 percent because residents had eighteen hours to evacuate before superheated ash clouds arrived—this wasn't the extinction of the dinosaurs, yet we've reduced these vibrant lives to silent ruins and plaster casts.

Today's guest is Jess Venner, author of The Lost Voices of Pompeii: A Gripping History of Seven Lives on the Last Day in Pompeii. We discuss how she reconstructed the life of slave Petrinus from a single loan contract listing him as collateral between two women, the condiment tycoon Scaurus sold his famous fermented fish sauce throughout the Roman Empire, and how politician Gaius Cuspius Pansa's campaign advertisements still cover the city walls two millennia later. We also see why nearly 20% of Pompeii remains unexcavated and how new X-ray phase-contrast tomography is finally allowing researchers to virtually unroll carbonized Herculaneum papyri, potentially recovering lost Epicurean philosophy once thought destroyed forever.