

465. Microbes in the 1600s
Deadly germs annihilated populations throughout the seventeenth century in both the Old and New Worlds. Dutch scientist and entrepreneur Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was the first to discover and describe microorganisms (protists, bacteria) in the 1670s. Check out the YouTube version of thi…

Anglo-Powhatan Wars
Discovery that Virginia was the perfect environment to cultivate tobacco led to Jamestown's success… and to a great deal of conflict between the English and the natives. Relations between the local natives and colonists became increasingly uncomfortable as more white settlers arrived in Virginia. T…

464. Plumbing in colonial America
The long history of indoor and outdoor plumbing is fascinating. The first water system on the continent was pioneered during the late 1600s in Boston, followed by the creation of a piping system for New York City firefighters. Inventor, plumber, and businessman Thomas Crapper improved the toilette …

Codex 1.39 Ben Franklin’s Autobiography (Chapter 19.3)
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) written in the form of an extended letter to his son, William Franklin (1730-1813). Ben kept good records of his life and travels, and although he was never President, he still played a crucial part in American history. The Autobiography of Benja…

Indentured Servants
Indentures are agreements between two parties about long-term work. The length of servitude might be a specified number of years or until the servant reached a certain age. Some people indentured themselves in order to gain passage to North America or to escape debt and poverty. E186. Check out t…

City on a Hill (Thanksgiving Weekend Special)
Before the group of Puritan colonists left England for the New World in 1630, John Winthrop (1588-1649) delivered an inspirational final message filled with the hope for what America could become. The sermon is titled, ‘The Model Of Christian Charity,’ but is famous for the line, "City on a Hill." …

John Winthrop (Thanksgiving Weekend Special)
John Winthrop (1588-1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony. Winthrop delivered a sermon before he led the first large wave of colonists across the Atlantic ocea…

Massachusetts Bay Colony (Thanksgiving Weekend Special)
Second major English settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony was the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691). E285: Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 Check out the YouTube version of this episode at https://youtu.be/3VtGNDDqdwA which has accompanying visuals including maps, charts, timelines,…

English Puritanism (Thanksgiving Week Special)
English Puritans were Protestants who wished to reform England’s state religion of Catholic influences. Their efforts met with stiff resistance. Escaping religious persecution, they sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to make a new life in the New World. E284. Check out the YouTube version of this ep…

Puritans (Thanksgiving Week Special)
The Pilgrims were reform-minded Protestants Puritans who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices. Who were these Pilgrims and why did they cross the Atlantic Ocean to come to America starting in 1620? Were they really escaping religious persecution to establish a new life…