In this episode, Paul interviews author of An End to Upside Down Thinking and senior member of the Sherpa Technology Group, Mark Gober. They discuss the upside-down thinking method approach that people have when making decisions and show you how to overcome it. Paul and Mark go on to discuss the human consciousness and how it impacts on our body and mind.  

KEY TAKEAWAYS 
The upside-down thinking. Consciousness is there and then it manifests itself in a physical form known as Paul or known as Mark, and that physical body one day will die but the consciousness lives on. The conventional view of science today and much of just mainstream thinking has a fancy term associated with it. It's called materialism. So materialism basically means the following chain of events. It says that the universe started about 14.8 billion years ago with an event that Kick-started everything. Sometimes that's called the Big Bang, and the Big Bang filled the universe with particles of matter. And when I say matter, I mean like atoms. So my table, I can touch my tables, physical, it's made of atoms. So we have this physical universe and when you have a big enough universe with enough matter, you're bound to end up with interactions between those pieces of matter and we call that chemistry when matters interacting, and in this big universe, when you have enough random chemical reactions, we are bound to end up with a molecule that can replicate itself, that like DNA on Earth. So DNA on earth leads to the evolution of living species like a human being, which evolves to develop the brain and from the brain comes consciousness. When I say consciousness, I mean our subjective inner experience. So if I say that I am speaking to you, that “I” that's what I mean by consciousness. And what materialism says is that that sense of identity, that awareness that we have that is subjective, it derives from matter, or more specifically, it comes from the brain. That is the conventional view known as materialism, and that is what my book is regarding is upside down thinking by recontextualizing where consciousness fits in the picture. So what I'm arguing in my book and that's what all the different pieces of evidence that I show point towards are the idea that consciousness doesn't come at the very end of that chain, but rather consciousness is first, consciousness is primarily existing as a more fundamental aspect of the universe, even physical matter and it exists beyond all space and time.  
Confidence. If you ever want to do something in your life and live a healthy life, you should always be confident in what you are doing or want to do. Do not fear of what other people say, do what you enjoy doing.  
Surround yourself with friends and family that cares about you. For you to enjoy life and live a life which is healthy, be around people who love you and care about your well being and always advise you on the best way to do something.  
Consciousness isn't tied to the body. This means that consciousness does not die even if the body dies.  
Impacts of consciousness not being tied to the body. This has a positive and negative impact since if you die and you were a bad person, you may come back to life being like the person you used to hurt more when you were alive and experience the pain you caused that person when you were alive. You could also be at near death and you may go to someone you cause pain and experience that and when you are back to yourself and you survive death, you might change forever.  
The threat of conversation is that the more questions that you ask, the more there is to ask. 
The power of our minds is much greater than we have been taught. We are not human beings having a spiritual experience, we are spiritual beings having a human experience. 
We are connected as part of the stream of consciousness and therefore, even though we have the appearance of separation, because that's what our eyes show us, and we interpret the world based on what we see, we see separation, if there isn't the same separation that we see, if in fact, at the level of consciousness, underlying physical reality, if that's interconnected or entangled, to use the term from quantum physics then the way we treat others, and we the way we think of ourselves as human beings, I think has to shift. I think we then have to view ourselves as being part of the same hole and therefore being much less separate than we appear to be. 
What are the implications for science, medicine, artificial intelligence, and Elon Musk neural link start-up? For science and medicine generally, the implications are massive, because the conventional view in science and medicine is that consciousness again, comes from the brain, even though scientists can't currently explain how it happens. Science magazine has even called this the number two question that remains in all science. So it's an open secret that consciousness is still a mystery and of course, what I am arguing is that all consciousness doesn't come from the brain at all. So if we if we contextualize consciousness as being the basis of reality, then effectively all of our equations in science and the way we think about medicine and healing has to shift necessarily in a big way because something has been left out. 

BEST MOMENTS 
“If consciousness isn't just a product of the brain and if it survives the death of the physical body beyond space and time, then how does it fit in with our picture of the universe.” 
“Ever wonder why you are thinking of someone, moments later they call or connect to you? Magic? Coincidence? Maybe not.” 
“General readers will find comfort in the implied worldview, which will impact their happiness and everyday decisions related to business, health and politics.” 
“Consciousness isn't tied to the body.” 
“We are not human beings having a spiritual experience, we are spiritual beings having a human experience.” 
“In truth, there is only one mind.” 
“We are our mind, our mind tells us to do something, and we do it.” 
“Our body is actually an experience of our consciousness.” 

VALUABLE RESOURCES 
www.MarkGober.com   

ABOUT THE GUEST  

Mark Gober is an author whose worldview was turned upside down in late 2016 when he was exposed to world-changing science. After researching extensively, he wrote An End to Upside Down Thinking to introduce the general public to these cutting-edge ideas – all in an effort to encourage a much-needed global shift in scientific and existential thinking.  

Mark is a senior member of Sherpa Technology Group, a firm that advises businesses on mergers & acquisitions and strategy. He previously worked as an investment banking analyst in New York. 

Mark has been quoted for his opinions on business and technology matters in Bloomberg Businessweek and elsewhere, and he has authored internationally published business articles.  

He has participated in several Summit Series events and has attended the annual TED Conference for the past 8 years.  

Mark graduated magna cum laude from Princeton University, where he was captain of the tennis team. 

CONTACT  
www.MarkGober.com   

ABOUT THE HOST 

Something that’s never been attached to Paul is the label ‘normal’ – for which he is immensely proud.  He definitely subscribes to being one of those mentioned – in the Steve Jobs quote: 

“Here's to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes... the ones who see things differently -- they're not fond of rules... You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do.” 

Paul Lowe is the founder of PaulLoweHEARTS – which has a three-fold purpose.  

Firstly, to help you make the transition from pain to the purpose; secondly, to get your inspirational messages and stories out into the world and thirdly, to support charitable organisations in their development & fund-raising. 

We achieve this by: 
Delivering our empowering Mindset For Success programmes 
Sharing your true-life inspirational messages and stories through our Mastering Life Podcast and our Speaking From Our HEARTS book series 
Utilising our significant charitable knowledge and experience. 

Find Your Purpose – Make  A Difference 

Paul is totally committed to his HEARTS brand vision (an acronym) of: 

‘Helping Everyone Achieve Results Towards Success’. 

He has a long and distinguished track record of raising significant funds for a multitude of good causes; positively changing the lives of many disadvantaged children within the UK and globally – drawing on his colourful and wide-ranging life's experiences to help others do the same and achieve success in the game of life. 

“Remember! Mastering Life Starts, By Speaking From Our HEARTS” 

CONTACT METHOD 
paul@paul-lowe.org 
http://www.paullowehearts.com/ 
https://www.facebook.com/PaulLoweHEARTS/ 
https://twitter.com/PaulLoweHEARTS 
https://www.instagram.com/paullowehearts/ 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqmznF8VCcZKEdSfE7VlwUA  

<ol>
<li>In this episode, Paul interviews author of&nbsp;An End to Upside Down Thinking&nbsp;and senior member of the Sherpa Technology Group, Mark Gober. They discuss the upside-down thinking method approach that people have when making decisions and show you how to overcome it. Paul and Mark go on to discuss the human consciousness and how it impacts on our body and mind.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ol>
KEY TAKEAWAYS&nbsp;
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">The upside-down thinking.&nbsp;Consciousness is there and then it manifests itself in a physical form known as Paul or known as Mark, and that physical body one day will die but the consciousness lives on. The conventional view of science today and much of just mainstream thinking has a fancy term associated with it. It's called materialism. So materialism basically means the following chain of events. It says that the universe started about 14.8 billion years ago with an event that Kick-started everything. Sometimes that's called the Big Bang, and the Big Bang filled the universe with particles of matter. And when I say matter, I mean like atoms. So my table, I can touch my tables, physical, it's made of atoms. So we have this physical universe and when you have a big enough universe with enough matter, you're bound to end up with interactions between those pieces of matter and we call that chemistry when matters interacting, and in this big universe, when you have enough random chemical reactions, we are bound to end up with a molecule that can replicate itself, that like DNA on Earth. So DNA on earth leads to the evolution of living species like a human being, which evolves to develop the brain and from the brain comes consciousness. When I say consciousness, I mean our subjective inner experience. So if I say that I am speaking to you, that &ldquo;I&rdquo; that's what I mean by consciousness. And what materialism says is that that sense of identity, that awareness that we have that is subjective, it derives from matter, or more specifically, it comes from the brain. That is the conventional view known as materialism, and that is what my book is regarding is upside down thinking by recontextualizing where consciousness fits in the picture. So what I'm arguing in my book and that's what all the different pieces of evidence that I show point towards are the idea that consciousness doesn't come at the very end of that chain, but rather consciousness is first, consciousness is primarily existing as a more fundamental aspect of the universe, even physical matter and it exists beyond all space and time.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Confidence.&nbsp;If you ever want to do something in your life and live a healthy life, you should always be confident in what you are doing or want to do. Do not fear of what other people say, do what you enjoy doing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Surround yourself with friends and family that cares about you.&nbsp;For you to enjoy life and live a life which is healthy, be around people who love you and care about your well being and always advise you on the best way to do something.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Consciousness isn't tied to the body.&nbsp;This means that consciousness does not die even if the body dies.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1">Impacts of consciousness not being tied to the body.&nbsp;This has a positive and negative impact since if you die and you were a bad person, you may come back to life being like the person you used to hurt more when you were alive and experience the pain you caused that person when you were alive. You could also be at near death and you may go to someone you cause pain and experience that and when you are back to yourself and you survive death, you might change forever.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">The threat of conversation is that the more questions that you ask, the more there is to ask.&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">The power of our minds is much greater than we have been taught. We are not human beings having a spiritual experience, we are spiritual beings having a human experience.&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">We are connected as part of the stream of consciousness and therefore, even though we have the appearance of separation, because that's what our eyes show us, and we interpret the world based on what we see, we see separation, if there isn't the same separation that we see, if in fact, at the level of consciousness, underlying physical reality, if that's interconnected or entangled, to use the term from quantum physics then the way we treat others, and we the way we think of ourselves as human beings, I think has to shift. I think we then have to view ourselves as being part of the same hole and therefore being much less separate than we appear to be.&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">What are the implications for science, medicine, artificial intelligence, and Elon Musk neural link start-up?&nbsp;For science and medicine generally, the implications are massive, because the conventional view in science and medicine is that consciousness again, comes from the brain, even though scientists can't currently explain how it happens. Science magazine has even called this the number two question that remains in all science. So it's an open secret that consciousness is still a mystery and of course, what I am arguing is that all consciousness doesn't come from the brain at all. So if we if we contextualize consciousness as being the basis of reality, then effectively all of our equations in science and the way we think about medicine and healing has to shift necessarily in a big way because something has been left out.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
BEST MOMENTS&nbsp;
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;If consciousness isn't just a product of the brain and if it survives the death of the physical body beyond space and time, then how does it fit in with our picture of the universe.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;Ever wonder why you are thinking of someone, moments later they call or connect to you? Magic? Coincidence? Maybe not.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;General readers will find comfort in the implied worldview, which will impact their happiness and everyday decisions related to business, health and politics.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;Consciousness isn't tied to the body.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;We are not human beings having a spiritual experience, we are spiritual beings having a human experience.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;In truth, there is only one mind.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;We are our mind, our mind tells us to do something, and we do it.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="4" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">&ldquo;Our body is actually an experience of our consciousness.&rdquo;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
VALUABLE RESOURCES&nbsp;
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1"><a href="http://www.markgober.com/">www.MarkGober.com</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
ABOUT THE GUEST&nbsp;&nbsp;
Mark Gober&nbsp;is an author whose worldview was turned upside down in late 2016 when he was exposed to world-changing science. After researching extensively, he wrote&nbsp;An End to Upside Down Thinking&nbsp;to introduce the general public to these cutting-edge ideas &ndash; all in an effort to encourage a much-needed global shift in scientific and existential thinking.&nbsp;&nbsp;
Mark is a senior member of Sherpa Technology Group, a firm that advises businesses on mergers &amp; acquisitions and strategy. He previously worked as an investment banking analyst in New York.&nbsp;
Mark has been quoted for his opinions on business and technology matters in&nbsp;Bloomberg Businessweek&nbsp;and elsewhere, and he has authored internationally published business articles.&nbsp;&nbsp;
He has participated in several&nbsp;<a href="http://email.prnewswire.com/wf/click?upn=4RGWd6n4luf5R48nxpgPJLWd6kq-2FQ92rZCzehTYVY5Q-3D_YQiqWGMOdeZTDSfZ-2FzcfOJLEv9KHRo6r6AjGriGxdoJLI5cA-2FXkTefxXeg7GWzV3n-2FAb-2FRagrx6P22MK-2FWftC5QZnQI221DsWKyrOU0KzsHQ36w8BtHeVaGuezjiLzLJVmOsCB-2BFBnkpJZNLPdJUbHbWz0v7k4rVt3tYSlNRg-2B-2FS2-2FgmRYjvZ5R4pvM-2BvW4Wlbgig1t-2ByAjNGmA27J0oo6NPI60yOcg1e0Vcr7vD1FEMhQYTRWwH6ulHHtx4EN8zQ2sLpUVMOTq4YPcSIW-2Fc46rYs9B7oBeejBvuVVW1mNVG-2B0MdxrSCmugg8PHBkmgO">Summit Series</a>&nbsp;events and has attended the annual&nbsp;<a href="http://email.prnewswire.com/wf/click?upn=ZrWzD7t39xxz74k8LtTHCIAH4ElKXz0fDhp7KlVRHZuWxv0hrARuWgqtCAOZNYRu_YQiqWGMOdeZTDSfZ-2FzcfOJLEv9KHRo6r6AjGriGxdoJLI5cA-2FXkTefxXeg7GWzV3n-2FAb-2FRagrx6P22MK-2FWftC5QZnQI221DsWKyrOU0KzsHQ36w8BtHeVaGuezjiLzLJVmOsCB-2BFBnkpJZNLPdJUbHbWz0v7k4rVt3tYSlNRg-2B9TVbT-2FWyv2rUPNEsw0dFCks6QoACZHhcWpnktgyOCp3AazgHbo7QoGno6crNK8Z8A0P2mt0xXIHMTjqjHRHvqXGf3uc1M-2Fy1elZr5D8s4P8NAxESTnd-2BlTxFGUAFYVzHcOFIa0BUdJsrC8p2vRM9xv">TED Conference</a>&nbsp;for the past 8 years.&nbsp;&nbsp;
Mark graduated&nbsp;magna cum laude&nbsp;from Princeton University, where he was captain of the tennis team.&nbsp;
CONTACT&nbsp;&nbsp;
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><a href="http://www.markgober.com/">www.MarkGober.com</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
ABOUT THE HOST&nbsp;
Something that&rsquo;s never been attached to Paul is the label &lsquo;normal&rsquo; &ndash; for which he is immensely proud.  He definitely subscribes to being one of those mentioned &ndash; in the Steve Jobs quote:&nbsp;
&ldquo;Here's to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes... the ones who see things differently -- they're not fond of rules... You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do.&rdquo;&nbsp;
Paul Lowe is the founder of PaulLoweHEARTS &ndash; which has a three-fold purpose. &nbsp;
Firstly, to help you make the transition from pain to the purpose; secondly, to get your inspirational messages and stories out into the world and thirdly, to support charitable organisations in their development &amp; fund-raising.&nbsp;
We achieve this by:&nbsp;
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="2" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Delivering our empowering Mindset For Success programmes&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="2" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Sharing your true-life inspirational messages and stories through our Mastering Life Podcast and our Speaking From Our HEARTS book series&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="2" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Utilising our significant charitable knowledge and experience.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
Find Your Purpose &ndash; Make  A Difference&nbsp;
Paul is totally committed to his HEARTS brand vision (an acronym) of:&nbsp;
&lsquo;Helping Everyone Achieve Results Towards Success&rsquo;.&nbsp;
He has a long and distinguished track record of raising significant funds for a multitude of good causes; positively changing the lives of many disadvantaged children within the UK and globally &ndash; drawing on his colourful and wide-ranging life's experiences to help others do the same and achieve success in the game of life.&nbsp;
&ldquo;Remember! Mastering Life Starts, By Speaking From Our HEARTS&rdquo;&nbsp;
CONTACT METHOD&nbsp;
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><a href="mailto:paul@paul-lowe.org">paul@paul-lowe.org</a>&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"><a href="http://www.paullowehearts.com/">http://www.paullowehearts.com/</a>&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/PaulLoweHEARTS/">https://www.facebook.com/PaulLoweHEARTS/</a>&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"><a href="https://twitter.com/PaulLoweHEARTS">https://twitter.com/PaulLoweHEARTS</a>&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/paullowehearts/">https://www.instagram.com/paullowehearts/</a>&nbsp;</li>
<li data-leveltext="●" data-font="Noto Sans Symbols" data-listid="3" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqmznF8VCcZKEdSfE7VlwUA">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqmznF8VCcZKEdSfE7VlwUA</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

One thing that’s never been attached to Paul is the label ‘normal’ – something he is totally aware of.  He definitely subscribes to being one of those mentioned the iconic ‘Think Different’ Apple commercial narrated by Steve Jobs in 1977:

“Here's to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes... the ones who see things differently -- they're not fond of rules.  You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do!”

His World Game-Changers podcast embraces a mutually-respectful conversational style, with guests that are deemed ‘Unsung Heroes’ – selfless, dedicated people that contribute to the betterment of the world, in whatever way they can…


“Remember: The World’s Changing…

How Will YOU Respond?”

 

 

One thing that&rsquo;s never been attached to Paul is the label &lsquo;normal&rsquo; &ndash; something he is totally aware of. &nbsp;He definitely subscribes to being one of those mentioned the iconic &lsquo;Think Different&rsquo; Apple commercial narrated by Steve Jobs in 1977:
&ldquo;Here's to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes... the ones who see things differently -- they're not fond of rules. &nbsp;You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do!&rdquo;
His World Game-Changers podcast embraces a mutually-respectful conversational style, with guests that are deemed &lsquo;Unsung Heroes&rsquo; &ndash; selfless, dedicated people that contribute to the betterment of the world, in whatever way they can&hellip;
 &ldquo;Remember: The World&rsquo;s Changing&hellip;
How Will YOU Respond?&rdquo;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

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