Nebuchadnezzar was the ruler of the Babylonian Empire (Daniel 4). God warned him in a dream about his pride. But one day he praised himself for the splendor of his empire, crediting it all to his own “mighty power” and “the glory of my majesty.” Immediately God took away his reason, and Nebuchadnezzar behaved as an animal for seven years before God restored his sanity. He learned his lesson: “[God] does as he pleases with the powers of heaven and the peoples of the earth…And those who walk in pride he is able to humble.”

In the same spirit, an angel in today’s reading proclaims the fall of Babylon (vv. 1–3). The “maddening wine” of her spiritual adulteries and her “excessive luxuries” have brought about her devastation under God’s just judgment.

Verses 4–8 are an exhortation to believers. We are to “come out of [Babylon].” Her pride and idolatry are her doom. Though she considered herself exempt from consequences, thinking she would “never mourn” (see Isaiah 47), the bottom line is, “mighty is the Lord God who judges her.” The New Testament agrees with this exhortation. For example, Paul wrote, “Do not be yoked together with unbelievers” (2 Cor. 6:14–17).

A threefold woe follows, delivered by Babylon’s former political allies and economic trade partners (vv. 9–19). These woes emphasize the quickness and completeness of her judgment and destruction. For the redeemed, this is cause for rejoicing (v. 20)! Finally, a “mighty angel” casts a boulder into the sea, illustrating the finality of Babylon’s destruction (vv. 21–24). She will never be rebuilt. Interestingly, in the days following Babylon’s conquest of Judah, a messenger of the prophet Jeremiah used a similar object lesson to warn that empire (Jer. 51:63–64).