There are HEAPS of other forensic methods we haven’t been able to cover in this series.  And unfortunately, a whole bunch of them are nowhere near as reliable as you might think.   At times, they can be flat out inaccurate.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about the unreliable forensic methods, how some have sent the wrong people to jail and even sentenced innocent people to death.

DNA identification is one of the most powerful tools in forensic science.  it can pinpoint who was at a crime scene and even uncover who was behind the crime.  But how does it work? Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about the power of DNA in forensics and how profiling has cracked open cold cases more than 50 years old.

Blood – it's a pretty standard part of a crime scene.   But what can bloodstains splattered across a room actually tell us about a crime?  And how granular can that detail get? Down to the very weapon that was used?  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about bloodstain pattern analysis and reconstructing gruesome events only using little red droplets.

When a body is discovered in an unusual place, how do we determine when that person died? Can we narrow the window down to minutes and seconds?  And why is time of death important in the world of forensics?  In Part 1 of our forensic science series, Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about determining time of death, decomposing bodies and what clues these gruesome details can unlock.

News of Asteroid 2023 BU floating past planet Earth in January was a fleeting story in the global news cycle. On top of that, we typically don't find out about asteroids floating super close to Earth until a few days before. That could explain why more us didn't hear about a big space object coming this close. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about how we discovery asteroids, how big 2023 US is and whether or not it poses any threat.

It might sound a bit random, but the cricket bat – yes, literally the bat you swing in the game – is under threat because of climate change.   This could mean big changes for the sport that well over a million Australians are registered to play and the millions more watch as fans.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about the ways to save the cricket bat and how more of your favourite sports might be feeling the heat.

There's so much new scientific research coming out it's hard to keep track let alone cover it all on The Science Briefing. So here are a few stories from last month we didn't get to talk about but think are well worth mentioning. Dr Sophie Calabretto chats to Cosmos Magazine journalist Imma Perfetto about a text writing algorithm taking the world by storm, lasers being shot at lightning and booger bubbles from echidna noses. 

It might sound a bit weird, but cryptocurrencies – digital currencies that don’t have a physical form like notes or coins – have a carbon footprint. This is because crypto requires a huge number of computers and energy to power its existence.   And Bitcoin is the biggest energy sucker.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Petra Stock about how the world’s most famous cryptocurrency could be spewing out huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere.

You know when you’re watching tennis on the TV and one of the players calls a challenge, saying ‘hey! That shot was in!'  Then, an animation plays on your screen of a little virtual ball bouncing across a 3D court.   If you’ve ever wondered how they spit out this replay so fast, it’s thanks to an incredibly precise technology called Hawk-eye.  But how does this tech work exactly? And just how accurate is it?  Dr Sophie Calabretto chats to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius to find out and how Hawk-eye is even more sophisticated at this years Australian Open.

2022 was a tough year for many reasons and covid was still a big part of that.  Last year - three years into the pandemic - covid was responsible for around 12,000 deaths. Now the government is saying to truly reach the other side of the pandemic we must focus on immunity – meaning more vaccines and already having the virus will protect us.   But is this the case? Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian to find out.

Sitting down for dinner isn't so easy when you're floating around a spacecraft.  Not only is dining quite different in space but the food options for astronauts are much more limited.  Meals mostly come in tins, vacuum packs or protein pastes in squidgy tubes - but these can get boring fast, so researchers are brainstorming other options to keep astronauts and their tummies happy. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about space food and how long until we can start growing food in space.

We often think of penguins as waddling and tobogganing across the ice in Antarctica, but there are also colonies scattered across the south coast of Australia.  Some of these colonies are doing super well and despite all odds their population numbers are thriving and growing. But other colonies are really struggling, some on the brink of collapse.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about why some little penguin colonies are performing better than others and what needs to change to help the species as a whole.

If last year was mammoth for space research and exploration, 2023 is gearing up to be even bigger. We've got planet rovers, trips to icy moons, crisper images of far away galaxies and stars - and that's just to name a few. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about their five top space stories for 2023 and asks you to make a note in your diary about the next rare hybrid eclipse!

Australia is decarbonising its energy systems at a faster rate than we anticipated.  And that's thanks to more and more renewable energy projects being thought up and signed off to start construction.  So what are some of the biggest projects coming out this year? And how will they reshape we power Australia? Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian joins Dr Sophie Calabretto to discuss what's making waves in energy in 2023 and the fast-track to a decarbonised Australia.

An artificial intelligence program recently won a prestigious art prize and people were not happy.  AI are typically thought of as virtual assistants, like Siri and Alexa, or for doing basic admin jobs and feeding your social media algorithms.   But some are programming AI to get creative and churn out artworks – some of the results rival human art, others not so much.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about whether a machine can be an artist and the shortfalls of promising a Picasso from a program.

While chances you’ll be hit by falling space junk were thought to be astronomically low - new estimates say the risks are much higher and they’re only getting worse.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about the odds you, or someone you know, will be hit by falling space junk and who is responsible for the damage caused.

At least for Cosmos Magazine! Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about their most clicked on science stories for the year and what's so special about this science that it attracted the most eyeballs.

What made waves in scientific research this year? What grand discoveries were made? Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about the biggest stories in science for 2022 (at least according to him!).

Why does alcohol get you drunk? What's actually in alcohol? And why does it give you a god awful hangover? Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine science journalist Ellen Phiddian about the science of alcohol and if there's any basis to the claims a glass of wine each night with dinner is actually good for you.

Are zoos and aquariums good or bad? The answer isn't so black and white but people are often very passionate when it comes to why they're for or against keeping animals in enclosures.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Imma Perfetto about the government guidelines that try to enforce best practice but also how some exhibits could be doing much more to improve the quality of life of their animals.

Artemis 1 - the first stage of NASA's mission to put humans back on the moon - was a success. The Orion crew module tumbled through the Earth's atmosphere at speeds of over 40,000 km/h on Sunday before landing safely in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Mexico.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about what the Artemis 1 spacecraft did while it was up there, what we've learnt so far and what comes next for NASA's boldest lunar mission to date.

A typical interaction you might have with artificial intelligence would be an algorithm feeding you a social media post or suggesting a pair of shoes to buy online.  But perhaps the most promising – and potentially life-changing – field AI is set to expand in is the world of medicine. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about some of the incredible AI innovations in the clinical environment, how they work and the concerns around its growing role in medicine.

As more states across Australia roll out e-scooter schemes, unsurprisingly, more people are getting into accidents. Australian media reports have linked 7 deaths to e-scooters, including the recent death of a 15-year-old boy in Queensland. But some experts say the reporting on e-scooter injuries and accident rates don’t give the full picture. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Petra Stock about what’s really happening on roads with e-scooters and how ditching the car and hopping on an electric two-wheeler can help the environment.

Buried under more than 2 kilometres of ice in Antarctica is an observatory unlike any other in the world. It’s called the Icecube Neutrino Observatory – and no, it’s not measuring melting icecaps or numbers of Antarctic wildlife. In fact, this observatory is making major discoveries about celestial bodies and space objects in our solar system and far beyond that. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about what makes the Icecube Neutrino Observatory so unique, what it’s looking for and what space discoveries are on the horizon.

Kathleen Folbigg has been in prison for nearly 20 years, charged with murdering 3 of her children and one charge of manslaughter.  But while she’s been behind bars, genetics research has made exponential leaps. And new evidence uncovered by two Danish researchers could prove critical to her case.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about the Kathleen Folbigg case, what these new findings are and if this game-changing science could rewrite the Folbigg story.

Genetically modified organisms – or GMO – often get a bad rap with claims they’re bad for your health and can cause things like allergies. But science says otherwise, proving many of these claims are untrue. So, what are the benefits of GMO? Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler runs Dr Sophie Calabretto through the GMO foods already available on some supermarket shelves and why we genetically modify food in the first place.

Science and music aren’t typically thought of as two peas in a pod, but the two worlds overlap more than you think.  There’s plenty of scientific research on music – like how certain chords are favoured over others in some cultures and why people might prefer death metal over pop music.   A recent research project on arguably one of the most complex music genres – jazz – has unlocked some answers as to why it sounds and feels so different to other types of music. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about the science of jazz and take a closer and more scientific look at one of the genre’s defining features – swing. 

The world is slowly cleaning up electricity by rolling out more solar panels, wind turbines and batteries.  While the transition to greener energy is critical, these technologies don’t last forever.   And the waste from dead renewables tech is piling up fast.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about how we recycle old renewables technology and how the transition to cleaner energy is in desperate need of a green waste solution.

Emissions reductions are back in the global spotlight with the latest Conference of the Parties - COP27 - underway in Egypt.   Every year the climate summit brings the world together to set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.  But when everyone heads back home, how do countries actually report their performance?  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about how we count greenhouse gas emissions and how some are wildly underreporting what they emit.

Death is a hard enough to think about, let alone thinking about the toll your body has on the environment when you die.  Most of the methods we use to dispose of bodies – like cremation and burials – are incredibly carbon unfriendly.   But the number of environmentally friendly alternatives is on the rise.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about how your body could be harming the planet and some of the greener – yet slightly queasier – methods for end of life.

NASA is heading back to the moon in the hopes of setting up a colony there.   But this endeavour – called Artemis - has been plagued by delays and the spacecraft remains firmly on the ground.   So, what’s going on? Why hasn’t it launched yet?  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about the Artemis missions, what's gone wrong so far and when we’re likely to a moon colony become reality.

A lot of people are freaked out by spiders – no explanation needed – but fear often breeds contempt and spiders get an especially bad rap.   Misinformation about spiders – or spider ‘fake news’ - spreads like wildfire online.  So how much of what we read about our crawly friends is actually true? Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about where spider misinformation comes from and how many news stories are spun like a web of lies.

The relaxing of rules around mask-wearing, venue sign-ins and vaccination requirements has got a lot of people thinking we’re out of the woods when it comes to covid.   But the arrival of new covid subvariants shows that's not the case.  Dubbed the ‘scrabble’ variants - named after high scoring letters from the boardgame like B, Q and X - they’re spreading fast across Europe, Asia, the US and have now landed on Australian shores.   Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius gives Dr Sophie Calabretto a covid update and looks at whether Australia is equipped to deal with another potential outbreak.

A mysterious substance was brought to a pill testing clinic in Canberra, and they couldn’t figure out what it was. Pill testing is for people who choose to take illegal drugs and want a better idea of what they’re taking, but it’s not always easy to figure that out.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about where this mystery substance could have come from and the lengthy chemical processes to uncover what it is.

In many parts of the world, a mosquito bite can be deadly, as it could be carrying malaria.  But mosquitoes are just vessels, it’s actually an infectious parasite that’s at the root of transmitting the disease to humans.  While treatments and prevention programs have eradicated the disease in many countries around the world, malaria is still an incredibly scary reality for many.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about the defences we have against malaria and whether or not we can globally eradicate the disease. 

How many more fossils are we yet to discover?  You might not be aware, but there’s a stretch of land in outback Queensland that’s a hotspot for some really old dinosaur remains. And it’s keeping paleontologists busy!  Every living thing that’s ever existed could leave a fossil and advances in technology mean we’re starting to discover a whole lot more of them.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about uncovering fossils in 2022 and the farmers, to this day, stumbling over dinosaur bones in outback Australia. 

Keen to spend a few hours in a spa bath and catch some ultraviolet rays?  No, we're not talking about a spa day... but rather, volunteering to test a new sunscreen mixture to see if it’s ready to hit the supermarket shelves.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about sunscreen testing and why getting sunburnt for science is the best way to ensure it'll keep us safe from the sun.

Nearly two decades of Alzheimer’s research could be based on a paper that lied about its findings.   A six-month investigation doubts the legitimacy of a pivotal Alzheimer’s study and has called into question the process of making sure published science is credible and reliable.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Clare Kenyon about how serious these allegations are and exactly where in the scientific process things may have fallen apart.

They're not just furry and lovable companions, but dogs have an incredible sense of smell – far superior to our own.   Incredibly, dogs can smell in parts per trillion and even sniff out a single dirty sock in a pile of 2 million clean ones.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Imma Perfetto about the power in dogs nostrils and how they can potentially smell when you’re sick or even stressed.

One in five fish caught every year is fished illegally or comes from unregulated sources.   If those numbers are hard to swallow, determining just how much illicit seafood enters Australian markets and winds up on your plate is even harder.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about tackling seafood fraud and why there’s no guarantee that what’s on your plate is what the label says it is.

For every drug or treatment out there, someone has had it tested on them to get it approved.  So what actually happens in clinical trials? Some clinical drug trials can go on for months with participants receiving hundreds, or even thousands of dollars. But they don’t all end well.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about why clinical trials are still the best process we have, how they can go wrong and why so many drugs fail to make it to market.

The Sun is spitting out more and more solar flares and it’s starting to get dangerous.   Satellites fell from the sky in February after flares caused a geomagnetic storm and last month, they knocked out communications technology in Africa and the Middle East for over an hour.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about the hazards of increasing solar flares and why the Sun’s temper is flaring up.

An artificial intelligence program recently won a prestigious art prize and people were not happy.  AI are typically thought of as virtual assistants, like Siri and Alexa, or for doing basic admin jobs and feeding your social media algorithms.   But some are programming AI to get creative and churn out artworks – some of the results rival human art, others not so much.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin about whether a machine can be an artist and the shortfalls of promising a Picasso from a program.

Poliovirus has turned up in wastewater in the United States, the UK and Israel.  Authorities are concerned as the incredibly debilitating disease was thought to be fully eradicated in these countries.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about the re-emergence of polio, how it’s back and if we’re in store for an Australian outbreak.

If the Nobel Prize is the grandparent prestigious prizes in science, the Ig Nobel prize is the funny uncle.  Every year the Ig Nobel’s recognise the whacky and wonderful science you might not hear of anywhere else. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Jacinta Bowler about the kooky Ig Nobel award ceremony and which scientists came out on top in 2022.

PFAS – often called the ‘forever chemicals’ - refers to a range of incredibly durable and long-lasting chemicals.  They’re found in a bunch of everyday products including tupperware, cookware and fabrics.   Concern is growing over how widespread they’ve become and the impact they could have on the environment and human health.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian about the far reach of PFAS and methods to potentially break down these ‘forever chemicals’. 

NASA is about to crash a spacecraft into an asteroid at a speed of 24,000 kilometres per hour – and yes, they’re doing it on purpose.  They’re attempting to nudge an asteroid called Dimorphos out of its orbit.  Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about how they’re planning to do this and whether Dimorphos poses any threat to planet Earth and humankind.

Planet Earth could be 2.7 degrees warmer by the end of the century according to some estimates. This is leagues above the globally agreed Paris target of well below 2 degrees Celsius or preferably 1.5. Many big emitters are saying we can reach this target through something called renewable energy certificates, but recent research has found these certificates have low integrity across the board. Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Ellen Phiddian how renewable energy certificates work and why in some cases they aren’t reducing emissions at all.

Frogs are wacky and wonderful creatures, and sadly, they’re in serious crisis.   A killer disease is decimating frog populations across the globe with scientists racing to find ways to save them.   Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Imma Perfetto about the amphibian apocalypse and some of the efforts underway to stop it.

Small arms, big head and even sharper teeth: the trifecta of what made the t-rex one of the most iconic dinosaurs to roam planet Earth.   Scientists continue to uncover more about why the t-rex was such a force of nature and what made its bite so powerful.   Dr Sophie Calabretto gushes over her love for dinosaurs with Cosmos Magazine journalist Evrim Yazgin talking the science behind the t-rex bite and what other dinosaur discoveries are still on the horizon. 

Australia has some of the most critically endangered species on the planet, many vulnerable to a blink extinction.  The latest State of the Environment Report says Australian biodiversity is decreasing while threatened species are on the rise.  Ahead of Threatened Species Day, Dr Sophie Calabretto talks to Cosmos Magazine journalist Matthew Agius about how animals and plants make it onto the threatened species list and why, in some cases, they receive little protection once they’re listed.