Hello, everyone, It's Saturday, and it's Chuck, and that means it's time for another Stuff you Should Know. Select we go all the way back to July to two to discuss pollen. I'm not sure when this is gonna come out, but if I'm timing it right, it should be sometime during pollen season. And that's why I picked it, because understanding the enemy is the first step toward defeating it. And so many people have bad problems with allergies and pollen, and UH, to understand how that really works in your body, it's kind of cool and it really helps. So I hope you don't have any problems with pollen. I hope you're doing okay, but learn all about how pollen works right here, right now. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know Fromhouse Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and that means it's time for Stuff you Should Know. But itchy screezy skiez scratchy addition, not scheezy. No, that's not itchy scratchy sneezy edition. That's what I meant. There you go. It's funny how you can mix words together come up with other words. You didn't mean to say, Jerry's eyes are at Itchen, Yeah, well we should say. We were just talking about the pollen count here in Atlanta. That's pretty much all we ever talked about. Ever when the cameras not on or the mics aren't recording that in Coca Cola. Oh you know how everyone comes to Atlanta and they're like, oh, every street's named peach Tree. Let's go drink a coke because so it's the only two things we've ever had. Alright, sorry, that's fine. So you want to talk about Pollentin Moore, Yeah, it's low right now in Atlanta. Thirty nine that's moderate, Yeah, well low for us, right, but like according to the pollen scale they scale that they used to count pollen and then designated somewhere along the pollen spectrum, thirty nine is considered moderate, not even low moderate. When it's really bad here in Georgia, it gets to about nine thousand. Those are the few weeks that the the streets run yellow with when it rains with yellow water. Yeah, it looks like p yep. Your car is totally covered in it. You're covered in it. It's just everywhere, everywhere. Yeah, but now we're about to tell everybody we're basically going to turn everybody into a palenologist. Yeah, to an extent, should be a big fan after this an amateur palenologists. I think about a third of all the plants and vegetables and fruits and vegetables we eat are you know here thanks to pollen. So if you like eating food doesn't come in a box, thank you pollen. Is it just a third that pollinate or a third that are just angiosperms or gymnosperms, a third that that pollinate? Wow, what's up with the other two thirds? I don't know. Well, you know, bananas, they are clones of one another. There you go, there's like there's there's some one. There's like I think a thousand varieties of bananas. And thanks by the way to Dama interesting for this information him. But there's like a thousand varieties or species of bananas, but each one like if you eat like a type of just one of those species of bananas, you're eating an exact clone of every other banana in that species. Because many thousands of years ago, humans just stumbled upon the banana, which is the hybrid of two basically inedible fruits that came together to form the delicious banana, but made um sterile. All banana plants are sterile, and the only way that they're allowed to propagate is by human hand. Theous I did a don't be dumb about that? Yeah, well you just did it again. Yeah, you can check out Don't be dumbs on our website Stuff you should know dot com. Wow. All right, anyway, Pollen, Yes, it's been around for a while. Um. I know in our b podcast we talked about how bees and and paulling kind of emerged side by side a hundred million years ago, but pollen actually goes further back than that. In this article, it says about three seventy five million years ago is when the plants started getting clever and spreading their seed literally using pollen different techniques. And I think that, um, the gymnot sperms were first, you think so, I believe so. Uh yeah, And the author of the article here points out that the reason why it evolved was so plants didn't have to be dumb and rely on water to carry their junk to fertilize other junk. You know, they're like, how about wind or how about that bat? Or about that beetle? Yeah, or how about that bird pooping it out? That's right? Yeah? Um, And like I said, I think pollen grains or plants spread their seed. Literally, plant pollen is what amounts to plant sperm. Yeah, it's like I always go to the kids science pages to research. First off, I mean they're good, they're they're colorful. Uh yeah, if we want to pollination very simply, you know, people reproduce. Animals reproduce. They need male and female parts. Plants and flower you are no different. They need male parts to connect with the female parts to make an egg. And in this case, pollination is how it's done. So basically, how that sperm the pollen reaches that egg, which is the ovule, right, and once they get together, magic happens. That's right. But let's talk about the way it looks first of all. Yeah, there's like there's a lot of different looks to pollen depending on the plant um and all of these variations. What it can be like a cone literally a pine cone. Yeah, and look at you know, just look up microscope pollen on Google images and you'll see all sorts of weird, colorful shapes and sizes. Yeah. Some look like blowfish. Yeah, others look like sputnick really yeah, I didn't see the spot. Some have ribbed edges for and all of these adaptations are um or mutations. I guess they became adaptations allow that pollen to kind of better ensure that it's going to be carried to where it needs to go. Yeah, it's it has a purpose. It's not just like, hey, this one would look neat if it looks like a starfish exactly. In the end. Some have wings kind of what amount of basically wings because they're carried on the wind. Oh yeah, yeah, like dandelion paulin, it's carried on the wind. True will dandelions self palling night too. We'll get to that though. Yeah. They're slippery little guys. Yeah they are. They're also high and phytonutrients as well. Dandelion greens are of the stems, No, the leaves, oh, the little leaves, the yellow part. So here here's the rule of thumb. There's a New York Times article that came out very recently about phyto nutrients and how we basically bred them out of our food and um. The rule of thumb is the the bitter, the bitterer or more bitter the plant, the higher it is in phytoonutrients. Phyto nutrients have kind of the bitterest, stringent taste, and we tend to don't really like that, so we stopped eating those things over time, replace them with sweet things that aren't necessarily good for us, like you know, potatoes and other starches. Yeah, well, bitter things can also kill you, that's probably why. So you know, that's that's a pretty good point. But bitter stuff that you know won't kill you. Dandelion leaves God and needs them right now. But back in the day, I bet people are like that tastes bad and it killed tuk tuk, So let's just not eat it right exactly alright, So should we talk about pollination. Talked a little bit about pollen. Now we need to talk about how plants make little baby plants, right, And it's it's pretty simple, Like I said, the male part and have you uh, It really helps to follow along if you go to a handy dandy little visual aid I found, because they really break down the male parts and the female parts. The female is the has the pistol and that's p I S T I l and within that you have the over, which you know sits down low in the plant, and the style, which is a long, ah thin h appendage. I guess that contains pollen tubes. And then at the top you have your stigma, which is going to catch the pollen. Yeah, and that's the female part, right, that's the lady. Don't be confused because it is phallic in nature. Yeah, true, but it's still the female part. And the male has to filament, which is a long stem, and then the anther at the top which holds all the pollen. And that's pretty much the long and short of the parts. And is that just angiosperms that you're describing or is that all all pollinating? I think these are just the angiosperms. Well, we should say quite explicitly that there's basically two ways that plants compollinate. There's gymnas sperms and angiosperms. And the big difference between the two is that gymnasperms literally that means naked seed, which, by the way, gymnasium is means place to be naked canasium and German did you know that, Yeah, this so gymnasperms naked seed. There's nothing protecting the seed once it's once it's produced, and a seed is just a germ, a fertilized ovum or ovule, right yeah, um, and just sperms produce something to protect that seed, whether it's a shell like a nut or fruit like an apple with the seeds inside, right, because an apple is just a an enlarged ovule ovary and the seeds are the fertilized though. Yes, Well, you can also pollinate, across pollinate or self pollinate, right, those are the other two differences. So you were saying, what what dandelions self pollinate, Well, they can do both, um, But they do have a little a cool little feature. They basically grow up. You know, this is when there's still the little yellow flower. They have these little florets that grow up and if you look, well you probably can't see if you look really really close. So these little florets that grow up, and as it grows, it carries uh the pollen on its little stem and then eventually gets to a point where it doesn't start grow growing up anymore, and it splits and then starts curling back on itself to uh, you know, no way. It picks up its own pollen from its own style. But it's self pollination. It's not gross or like perverted. There's a there's a lot of them. There's a lot of plants out there, though, that have mechanisms to prevent them from self pollinating. It couldn't can't be good or bad. That's what I couldn't figure out. Well, the plants somewhere along the way figured out like, hey, the wider the gene pool, the better off we are, because the more room there is for adaptation, mutations and than adaptations. Right. Yeah, But in here the author said ideally it cross pollinates, But I don't think that's the case always. Well, it's not ideal, it's just some doing some don't write. I mean, if you look at it like from just an animalistic or an organism viewpoint, right, like with us, if you just get a bunch of Mennonites together and they just reproduce with one other, there's going to be defects that just are propagated throughout this this little gene pool. But if the Mennonites spread out into the you know, larger country as a whole, those defects are going to you know, I guess be kind of watered down by the size of the gene pool. I think it's the same thing with self pollinating and cross pollinating. Yeah, because it's interesting because things like peanuts or self pollinators and that's why they thrive. But corn has a mechanism to not allow itself to self pollinate. Like there, I think the sperm is ready at a different time than the ovule is ready to accept it, So it's it's a timing thing. The thing is, peanuts would probably be able to talk if they didn't self pollinate, and they sound like Jimmy carter um. So there's a lot of mechanisms that plants have to prevent themselves from self pollinating. UM. Some or some might have either just male plants and just female ants. UM some maybe uh where the male part if the plant has both male and female flowers, for example, yes, they they the the male flower might come out before the female flower on the same plant, so that they're not the timing is off a little bit. Um. And then there's some they're just like they'll they'll signal a biochemical marker. If pollen from the same plant gets near the ovule, it'll just basically turn barren. So it just is incapable of fertilizing itself, or like corn where the timing is thrown off, so they rely on cross pollination, right, which is pretty cool. So let's let's get explicit again here, gymnasperms naked seed. How does the happened? Like, We'll use the example of a pine, a lob lolly pine. It's fun to say, um, but that's a conifer kind of furs are ancient. I believe they were the first pollinating plant. Yeah, I think so. Nice. So let's talk about it. Well, the pine cones, they're they're little male pine cones, a little female pine cones. You might not realize that you've got quite a show going on in your backyard at certain times of the year, right, Um. And basically, if once you get the two together, you get a male pine cone and a female pine cone together. The male pine cone fertilized, well, the pollen comes in contact with an ovule, and the pollen starts to go to town. It absorbs a bunch of water. Well, the female pine comes little sticky too. That helps, by the way, it does, helps collect the pollen. Um. So the female or the the pollen, the male, the male part of the pine cone germinates and it starts growing. It's called a pollen tube, which basically allows this pollen to directly for lies the ovule. Once that happens, the ovule basically becomes a seed and the seed is released from the pine cone. They go everywhere and then they're eaten by birds and pooped out elsewhere, carried along in the there trampled by a rhinoceros who knows which just got loose from the zoo. But then that seed is carried along, but it's not protected by anything. It's just a seed and hence a naked seed. Hence gymnasperms. So angiosperms they have kind of like a similar process whereas there's a pollen tube that's grown and the male pollen has to come in contact with the female pollen and all that. And we're talking about flowers in most cases here with andrew sperms, they're the only ones that flower and produce fruit. So when you think about your garden with the honey bee and all, that's angiosperm, right, So that's a non naked seed and that's the that's where the fruit comes in or the shell comes and there's area sperms have developed a met achanism to protect the seed, to better ensure its survival, and if you think about it, to entice the things that transport these seeds to go ahead and do their thing. Yeah, there's like every flower has some sort of cool shape or scent or color or something that matches with some little insect or bird or bat that's gonna be enticed. Like the bumble bee in the fox glove, they go hand in hand because it fits up there just perfect, and it has a little colorful landing strip on the bottom pedal to guide the bumble bee in and it's just like nature's it's just like harmonious. Yes, there's that one orchid that I believe Darwin predicted the existence of a type of hummingbird that had a very long curled beak right that it co evolves with it and he was absolutely correct. Remembers in that movie adaptation. Yeah, that's a great movie. Um, and then, uh, you can learn a lot from that movie. Yeah, yeah, anything that what's his name, Charlie Kaufman writes, Yeah, well researched agreed. Um. The fruit is another thing too. Animals love to eat fruit. The fruit is basically once the fruit piece of fruit drops to the ground. That means those seeds are ready to go. They're ready to become seedlings. But first they need a fox to eat the apple carried in its stomach over you know, several meters or miles or whatever, and then poop it out. And then you have seeds that are basically just planted. That's amazing. They take purchase and a new tree begins where his seed her insides where a rocky place where seed you could find no purchase. So pollen grains um are actually created. I guess we should step back a second and talk about myosis. That's the cells are dividing and growing. Eventually you get a little pollen. Uh. It looks like a little dust speck to our eyeball, but it's contains the sperm is not actually the sperm. It contains into the sperm therein and uh, the pollen is in pollen sacks at the end of the stamen, which we talked about, and that little two loabed ant uh almost aid antler antherer. And then eventually it'll find its way to the stigma and travel down to the ovary. And and in the case of angiosperms, there are two sperm that are used. I don't think we said in the case of gymnosperms, it's only one of the sperm is used, right, Yeah, in a in a pollen sect, there's two sperm, but you just need one for the gymna sperm for the antio sperm unit to Yeah, because one is actually fertilizing the egg and the other is developing into endo sperm together alongside and what will eventually be the seed. And if you think that sounds gross, like the gymnos sperm, I'm sorry. The endosperm is like a protein basically to keep it all alive. Yeah, that keeps the seedling happy. So when you're eating corn, you're actually eating the endo sperm. Each corn kernel is actually you know, it's like that starchy indos form, which the seed loves to eat itself. And that's true. Um. So we talked about bees, we talked about birds, foxes, mentioned poopa a couple of times. Yeah, and you were saying that like basically every every flowering plant, especially has some sort of mechanism to attract at least one kind of um bug or animal that's been proven to help pollinate, transport this pollen and so I mean for the most part, we enjoy them, like you like the scent of you know, a good flower, right, sure, but you might not like the Devil's Tongue, yeah, which is a sumatran plant that apparently reaks so badly it smells like a decomposing flash. Basically, basically, did you see this thing? I've seen it before. You actually remarkable like two feet and it's like it it basically um flowers or blooms like once every like ten years or twenty years something like that. Right, I'm not sure if it's the same one. I'm thinking of things. But it's stinky, right, And the reason why it's stinky is because it pollinates with the help of a type of carrion beetle that's attracted to decomposing flesh. So the plant attracts this beetle that likes to eat decomposing flesh by putting out the smell of decomposing flesh. That's so gross, yeah, but it's pretty spectacular, it is, you know. Yeah, in the philodendron, something you might have in your house. It actually does the same thing, but it doesn't stink always. Um. There's actual chemical reaction that takes place and heats it up to omit this odor that the beetle is attracted to, which sounds pretty gross too, but it all works, and I would google that um the sumatra and devil's tongue. It's pretty cool looking. Like the flower itself is two feet It's not like, oh, what a long stem, It's just this huge flower. It's amazing. And then you're also saying like, was it fox glove that provided a landing strip for bumblebees? Yeah, So flowers in general typically have certain types of um like their color will be based on the kind of creature that um that that helps pollinate it, whether it's diurnal meaning it it's awake during the day or nocturnal meaning it's awake at night. Right, right, I guess that's in case of like bats and stuff like that. Yeah, and then our old friend nectar is a big lure and basically nectar is around right, just because it tastes delicious and is enticing from what. Yeah, it's basically like a little enticement like you said, for like a bee or something or a bird. Yeah, come get it. Because it's placed by the stamen that's right, or the way that the the anthers are situated just the way they're placed in the flower. If it gave it an advantage to bump up against that bee, then it's gonna be successful in the long run and live out as a species as nice stuff that is pretty good. So, chuck, we've reached a point where, um, I mean, ever since we started selectively breeding plants, domesticating crops like hey, that's pretty right, or hey I like this banana um or that's hardy and it grows in my awful hot area that I live in, many reasons to do so, right, Um, you know, we we wanted to keep plants, we wanted to keep the bad stuff out, keep the good ones we wanted in. But it never became more crucial, um until we started genetically modifying crops. And now all of a sudden, not only are the corporations saying like, hey man, you can't cross pollinate with our stuff for else that's patent infringement, and nearby farmers says, I'm not using your seeds as the bees, you can't blame me, and the farmers who don't want GMO stuff in their crops say, hey man, you need to keep your crops over there because I don't want your GMO creud in here. I have an organic farm exactly, and you're just blowing by the wind. It's a touchy subject. We should do that as the GMOs. I agree. The idea of like patenting jeans in general and alone like crops is it's really interesting. Um, but there's been some pretty clever, simple ways of getting around this problem. It's posed by pollination of GMO crops with non GMO crops. Yeah. Well, distance is obviously one thing. Don't put my farm near your farm. But they have to do all kinds of studies to see how the wind reacts and how like how far does that be fly? Yeah, and they found in uh, in certain parts of Africa, these will go about four miles three kilometers. That's their range for food. That's you know, that's a lot. Yeah. But I mean just using that kind of thinking with all process though, like okay, well this you know, there's this guy's growing this over here, so I can't grow this here, right, That will prevent that kind of pollination though. Yeah. Another thing they can do is uh, sort of like with the corn, they can time their crop rotation to time out so where they're flowering at different times and not interfering with one another. But um, it's a touchy subject. Like from what I understand, there's a lot a lot more going on then you know, is preferred by like the organic farmers of the world, and in't the GMOs. They can then say that you're infringing just because they cross pollinated to their crop, even though you didn't buy their seeds or even want their seeds. If a bee carries there, it's there's seeds, there's crops falling over to your crops. And you start to develop plants that have the GMO characteristics that's patented. According to the corporations, you're infringing on their pat It's very tricky ground, there isn't it. I don't think it's tricky ground. If you ask me, you should not be allowed to have a patent on any living organism. Oh well, yeah, you know what I mean, though, that's my opinion. It gets tricky, uh in courts and studies and corporations and the course to tend to side on the corporation's side. Typically. Let's do that one though soon g MS. Yeah all right, Um, so let's say for Paullen, if you're interested in how pollen causes allergies and you should listen to our how Allergies Work episode That was pretty good. Yeah, I was gonna recommend that. Nice work. Um, thanks man. So, uh, if you want to learn more about pollen in the meantime, you can type that word in the search bar how stuff works dot com. Since I said search bar, it's time, of course for a message break. And now how about some listener mail. Yeah, we have correction. It's been blowing up lately. Oh man, I'm sorry. You know it's crazy. Is that's the second time I've done that and a podcast on that same same thing. I don't remember what the other podcast was, but I've mentioned it before and we've gotten tons of corrections about it and I didn't learn my lesson. Well, this guy was really nice about it, so I'm gonna read his. And it's an important correction because anytime you're talking about drugs, so to recap in the PTSD podcast, we got the two drugs beta blocker called propan and all which helps with PTSD, confused with propofol, which is what killed Michael Jackson. And so this is from Chris. He's a big fan. He's listened to every episode on his commute in southern California, which we know stinks. So he said what we just said about the getting the drugs confused, He seconds, see how you guys can mix it up because the names are very similar, but they're significantly different. Obviously, propan and all is relatively mild and um, I'm only prescribed and very little potential for overdose, while a propofile is a very powerful drug, extremely high potential for overdose, and rarely administrated outside of strictly monitored medical settings. It is actually a hypnotic agent that must be administered intravenously because we talked about Michael Jackson's drip, and is often used in conjunction with general anesthetics. Like most general anesthetics, it's steep dose response curve significantly increases the risk of overdose, where the effective dose is only slightly below a lethal dose. That's kind of scary, Yeah, it really is. I mean, like when you're when you're on that, like you're right along the border. Yeah. Well, he says, Michael Jackson's case is extremely rare, as he was essentially exposing himself to risk similar to those associated with general anesthetics used during surgery with a higher potential for overdose and death on a daily basis for a relatively trivial purposes, which were in this case is insomnia. Yeah, but from what I understand, he had like years long insomnia. Like this guy was not sleeping at all, Like they would they wouldn't, They would give him everything first, and then they try that last resort and like sometimes it's still wouldn't work. Really, Yeah, he was really in bad shape at the end. Well, he probably had a resistance to certain ship things like that. So Chris goes on to say, I'm not certain about the exact amount of risk posed by propofile administration, but I believe the risk of death is something on the order of tenths of a percent, meaning he would have died according to the statistical model, within a couple of years of daily use, like British guaranteed. Frankly, he would have been better off using heroin that whole time, in spite of his ironically strict yet poorly informed anti drug stance. So that's from Chris. Thanks Chris. I was a genuinely awesome email. That was good, um, and I'm sorry everybody freaking so wrong. Well, I mean the names are just confusing. Yeah, but I mean one's like a blood pressure medicine. The other one's like pretty much a general anesthetic. I know. But what gets me is that half of the emails were like, well, yeah, they just sound alike, so you goofed it in. Half of them were like those drugs couldn't be anymore different, like you really thought of it, you know. It's just it's like a verbal TYPEO. Thank you, chuck. Yeah, thanks for letting me off anyway. Uh, if you have a correction for us, we really do like to get those. We like to know what we're talking about. Sometimes we get we get things wrong. Sometimes I get things wrong, but we do want to be corrected. Happens in the nicest way possible, because that's usually who gets their letter read right exactly. Yeah. You can tweet to us at s Y s K podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot com, slash Stuff you Should Know if you can send us an email to Stuff Podcasts at how Stuff Works dot com, and you can join us at our home on the web, the greatest website in the history of humanity, Stuff you Should Know All One word dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics. Visit how stuff Works dot com, m

Hello, everyone, It's Saturday, and it's Chuck, and that means it's time for another Stuff you Should Know. Select we go all the way back to July to two to discuss pollen. I'm not sure when this is gonna come out, but if I'm timing it right, it should be sometime during pollen season. And that's why I picked it, because understanding the enemy is the first step toward defeating it. And so many people have bad problems with allergies and pollen, and UH, to understand how that really works in your body, it's kind of cool and it really helps. So I hope you don't have any problems with pollen. I hope you're doing okay, but learn all about how pollen works right here, right now. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know Fromhouse Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and that means it's time for Stuff you Should Know. But itchy screezy skiez scratchy addition, not scheezy. No, that's not itchy scratchy sneezy edition. That's what I meant. There you go. It's funny how you can mix words together come up with other words. You didn't mean to say, Jerry's eyes are at Itchen, Yeah, well we should say. We were just talking about the pollen count here in Atlanta. That's pretty much all we ever talked about. Ever when the cameras not on or the mics aren't recording that in Coca Cola. Oh you know how everyone comes to Atlanta and they're like, oh, every street's named peach Tree. Let's go drink a coke because so it's the only two things we've ever had. Alright, sorry, that's fine. So you want to talk about Pollentin Moore, Yeah, it's low right now in Atlanta. Thirty nine that's moderate, Yeah, well low for us, right, but like according to the pollen scale they scale that they used to count pollen and then designated somewhere along the pollen spectrum, thirty nine is considered moderate, not even low moderate. When it's really bad here in Georgia, it gets to about nine thousand. Those are the few weeks that the the streets run yellow with when it rains with yellow water. Yeah, it looks like p yep. Your car is totally covered in it. You're covered in it. It's just everywhere, everywhere. Yeah, but now we're about to tell everybody we're basically going to turn everybody into a palenologist. Yeah, to an extent, should be a big fan after this an amateur palenologists. I think about a third of all the plants and vegetables and fruits and vegetables we eat are you know here thanks to pollen. So if you like eating food doesn't come in a box, thank you pollen. Is it just a third that pollinate or a third that are just angiosperms or gymnosperms, a third that that pollinate? Wow, what's up with the other two thirds? I don't know. Well, you know, bananas, they are clones of one another. There you go, there's like there's there's some one. There's like I think a thousand varieties of bananas. And thanks by the way to Dama interesting for this information him. But there's like a thousand varieties or species of bananas, but each one like if you eat like a type of just one of those species of bananas, you're eating an exact clone of every other banana in that species. Because many thousands of years ago, humans just stumbled upon the banana, which is the hybrid of two basically inedible fruits that came together to form the delicious banana, but made um sterile. All banana plants are sterile, and the only way that they're allowed to propagate is by human hand. Theous I did a don't be dumb about that? Yeah, well you just did it again. Yeah, you can check out Don't be dumbs on our website Stuff you should know dot com. Wow. All right, anyway, Pollen, Yes, it's been around for a while. Um. I know in our b podcast we talked about how bees and and paulling kind of emerged side by side a hundred million years ago, but pollen actually goes further back than that. In this article, it says about three seventy five million years ago is when the plants started getting clever and spreading their seed literally using pollen different techniques. And I think that, um, the gymnot sperms were first, you think so, I believe so. Uh yeah, And the author of the article here points out that the reason why it evolved was so plants didn't have to be dumb and rely on water to carry their junk to fertilize other junk. You know, they're like, how about wind or how about that bat? Or about that beetle? Yeah, or how about that bird pooping it out? That's right? Yeah? Um, And like I said, I think pollen grains or plants spread their seed. Literally, plant pollen is what amounts to plant sperm. Yeah, it's like I always go to the kids science pages to research. First off, I mean they're good, they're they're colorful. Uh yeah, if we want to pollination very simply, you know, people reproduce. Animals reproduce. They need male and female parts. Plants and flower you are no different. They need male parts to connect with the female parts to make an egg. And in this case, pollination is how it's done. So basically, how that sperm the pollen reaches that egg, which is the ovule, right, and once they get together, magic happens. That's right. But let's talk about the way it looks first of all. Yeah, there's like there's a lot of different looks to pollen depending on the plant um and all of these variations. What it can be like a cone literally a pine cone. Yeah, and look at you know, just look up microscope pollen on Google images and you'll see all sorts of weird, colorful shapes and sizes. Yeah. Some look like blowfish. Yeah, others look like sputnick really yeah, I didn't see the spot. Some have ribbed edges for and all of these adaptations are um or mutations. I guess they became adaptations allow that pollen to kind of better ensure that it's going to be carried to where it needs to go. Yeah, it's it has a purpose. It's not just like, hey, this one would look neat if it looks like a starfish exactly. In the end. Some have wings kind of what amount of basically wings because they're carried on the wind. Oh yeah, yeah, like dandelion paulin, it's carried on the wind. True will dandelions self palling night too. We'll get to that though. Yeah. They're slippery little guys. Yeah they are. They're also high and phytonutrients as well. Dandelion greens are of the stems, No, the leaves, oh, the little leaves, the yellow part. So here here's the rule of thumb. There's a New York Times article that came out very recently about phyto nutrients and how we basically bred them out of our food and um. The rule of thumb is the the bitter, the bitterer or more bitter the plant, the higher it is in phytoonutrients. Phyto nutrients have kind of the bitterest, stringent taste, and we tend to don't really like that, so we stopped eating those things over time, replace them with sweet things that aren't necessarily good for us, like you know, potatoes and other starches. Yeah, well, bitter things can also kill you, that's probably why. So you know, that's that's a pretty good point. But bitter stuff that you know won't kill you. Dandelion leaves God and needs them right now. But back in the day, I bet people are like that tastes bad and it killed tuk tuk, So let's just not eat it right exactly alright, So should we talk about pollination. Talked a little bit about pollen. Now we need to talk about how plants make little baby plants, right, And it's it's pretty simple, Like I said, the male part and have you uh, It really helps to follow along if you go to a handy dandy little visual aid I found, because they really break down the male parts and the female parts. The female is the has the pistol and that's p I S T I l and within that you have the over, which you know sits down low in the plant, and the style, which is a long, ah thin h appendage. I guess that contains pollen tubes. And then at the top you have your stigma, which is going to catch the pollen. Yeah, and that's the female part, right, that's the lady. Don't be confused because it is phallic in nature. Yeah, true, but it's still the female part. And the male has to filament, which is a long stem, and then the anther at the top which holds all the pollen. And that's pretty much the long and short of the parts. And is that just angiosperms that you're describing or is that all all pollinating? I think these are just the angiosperms. Well, we should say quite explicitly that there's basically two ways that plants compollinate. There's gymnas sperms and angiosperms. And the big difference between the two is that gymnasperms literally that means naked seed, which, by the way, gymnasium is means place to be naked canasium and German did you know that, Yeah, this so gymnasperms naked seed. There's nothing protecting the seed once it's once it's produced, and a seed is just a germ, a fertilized ovum or ovule, right yeah, um, and just sperms produce something to protect that seed, whether it's a shell like a nut or fruit like an apple with the seeds inside, right, because an apple is just a an enlarged ovule ovary and the seeds are the fertilized though. Yes, Well, you can also pollinate, across pollinate or self pollinate, right, those are the other two differences. So you were saying, what what dandelions self pollinate, Well, they can do both, um, But they do have a little a cool little feature. They basically grow up. You know, this is when there's still the little yellow flower. They have these little florets that grow up and if you look, well you probably can't see if you look really really close. So these little florets that grow up, and as it grows, it carries uh the pollen on its little stem and then eventually gets to a point where it doesn't start grow growing up anymore, and it splits and then starts curling back on itself to uh, you know, no way. It picks up its own pollen from its own style. But it's self pollination. It's not gross or like perverted. There's a there's a lot of them. There's a lot of plants out there, though, that have mechanisms to prevent them from self pollinating. It couldn't can't be good or bad. That's what I couldn't figure out. Well, the plants somewhere along the way figured out like, hey, the wider the gene pool, the better off we are, because the more room there is for adaptation, mutations and than adaptations. Right. Yeah, But in here the author said ideally it cross pollinates, But I don't think that's the case always. Well, it's not ideal, it's just some doing some don't write. I mean, if you look at it like from just an animalistic or an organism viewpoint, right, like with us, if you just get a bunch of Mennonites together and they just reproduce with one other, there's going to be defects that just are propagated throughout this this little gene pool. But if the Mennonites spread out into the you know, larger country as a whole, those defects are going to you know, I guess be kind of watered down by the size of the gene pool. I think it's the same thing with self pollinating and cross pollinating. Yeah, because it's interesting because things like peanuts or self pollinators and that's why they thrive. But corn has a mechanism to not allow itself to self pollinate. Like there, I think the sperm is ready at a different time than the ovule is ready to accept it, So it's it's a timing thing. The thing is, peanuts would probably be able to talk if they didn't self pollinate, and they sound like Jimmy carter um. So there's a lot of mechanisms that plants have to prevent themselves from self pollinating. UM. Some or some might have either just male plants and just female ants. UM some maybe uh where the male part if the plant has both male and female flowers, for example, yes, they they the the male flower might come out before the female flower on the same plant, so that they're not the timing is off a little bit. Um. And then there's some they're just like they'll they'll signal a biochemical marker. If pollen from the same plant gets near the ovule, it'll just basically turn barren. So it just is incapable of fertilizing itself, or like corn where the timing is thrown off, so they rely on cross pollination, right, which is pretty cool. So let's let's get explicit again here, gymnasperms naked seed. How does the happened? Like, We'll use the example of a pine, a lob lolly pine. It's fun to say, um, but that's a conifer kind of furs are ancient. I believe they were the first pollinating plant. Yeah, I think so. Nice. So let's talk about it. Well, the pine cones, they're they're little male pine cones, a little female pine cones. You might not realize that you've got quite a show going on in your backyard at certain times of the year, right, Um. And basically, if once you get the two together, you get a male pine cone and a female pine cone together. The male pine cone fertilized, well, the pollen comes in contact with an ovule, and the pollen starts to go to town. It absorbs a bunch of water. Well, the female pine comes little sticky too. That helps, by the way, it does, helps collect the pollen. Um. So the female or the the pollen, the male, the male part of the pine cone germinates and it starts growing. It's called a pollen tube, which basically allows this pollen to directly for lies the ovule. Once that happens, the ovule basically becomes a seed and the seed is released from the pine cone. They go everywhere and then they're eaten by birds and pooped out elsewhere, carried along in the there trampled by a rhinoceros who knows which just got loose from the zoo. But then that seed is carried along, but it's not protected by anything. It's just a seed and hence a naked seed. Hence gymnasperms. So angiosperms they have kind of like a similar process whereas there's a pollen tube that's grown and the male pollen has to come in contact with the female pollen and all that. And we're talking about flowers in most cases here with andrew sperms, they're the only ones that flower and produce fruit. So when you think about your garden with the honey bee and all, that's angiosperm, right, So that's a non naked seed and that's the that's where the fruit comes in or the shell comes and there's area sperms have developed a met achanism to protect the seed, to better ensure its survival, and if you think about it, to entice the things that transport these seeds to go ahead and do their thing. Yeah, there's like every flower has some sort of cool shape or scent or color or something that matches with some little insect or bird or bat that's gonna be enticed. Like the bumble bee in the fox glove, they go hand in hand because it fits up there just perfect, and it has a little colorful landing strip on the bottom pedal to guide the bumble bee in and it's just like nature's it's just like harmonious. Yes, there's that one orchid that I believe Darwin predicted the existence of a type of hummingbird that had a very long curled beak right that it co evolves with it and he was absolutely correct. Remembers in that movie adaptation. Yeah, that's a great movie. Um, and then, uh, you can learn a lot from that movie. Yeah, yeah, anything that what's his name, Charlie Kaufman writes, Yeah, well researched agreed. Um. The fruit is another thing too. Animals love to eat fruit. The fruit is basically once the fruit piece of fruit drops to the ground. That means those seeds are ready to go. They're ready to become seedlings. But first they need a fox to eat the apple carried in its stomach over you know, several meters or miles or whatever, and then poop it out. And then you have seeds that are basically just planted. That's amazing. They take purchase and a new tree begins where his seed her insides where a rocky place where seed you could find no purchase. So pollen grains um are actually created. I guess we should step back a second and talk about myosis. That's the cells are dividing and growing. Eventually you get a little pollen. Uh. It looks like a little dust speck to our eyeball, but it's contains the sperm is not actually the sperm. It contains into the sperm therein and uh, the pollen is in pollen sacks at the end of the stamen, which we talked about, and that little two loabed ant uh almost aid antler antherer. And then eventually it'll find its way to the stigma and travel down to the ovary. And and in the case of angiosperms, there are two sperm that are used. I don't think we said in the case of gymnosperms, it's only one of the sperm is used, right, Yeah, in a in a pollen sect, there's two sperm, but you just need one for the gymna sperm for the antio sperm unit to Yeah, because one is actually fertilizing the egg and the other is developing into endo sperm together alongside and what will eventually be the seed. And if you think that sounds gross, like the gymnos sperm, I'm sorry. The endosperm is like a protein basically to keep it all alive. Yeah, that keeps the seedling happy. So when you're eating corn, you're actually eating the endo sperm. Each corn kernel is actually you know, it's like that starchy indos form, which the seed loves to eat itself. And that's true. Um. So we talked about bees, we talked about birds, foxes, mentioned poopa a couple of times. Yeah, and you were saying that like basically every every flowering plant, especially has some sort of mechanism to attract at least one kind of um bug or animal that's been proven to help pollinate, transport this pollen and so I mean for the most part, we enjoy them, like you like the scent of you know, a good flower, right, sure, but you might not like the Devil's Tongue, yeah, which is a sumatran plant that apparently reaks so badly it smells like a decomposing flash. Basically, basically, did you see this thing? I've seen it before. You actually remarkable like two feet and it's like it it basically um flowers or blooms like once every like ten years or twenty years something like that. Right, I'm not sure if it's the same one. I'm thinking of things. But it's stinky, right, And the reason why it's stinky is because it pollinates with the help of a type of carrion beetle that's attracted to decomposing flesh. So the plant attracts this beetle that likes to eat decomposing flesh by putting out the smell of decomposing flesh. That's so gross, yeah, but it's pretty spectacular, it is, you know. Yeah, in the philodendron, something you might have in your house. It actually does the same thing, but it doesn't stink always. Um. There's actual chemical reaction that takes place and heats it up to omit this odor that the beetle is attracted to, which sounds pretty gross too, but it all works, and I would google that um the sumatra and devil's tongue. It's pretty cool looking. Like the flower itself is two feet It's not like, oh, what a long stem, It's just this huge flower. It's amazing. And then you're also saying like, was it fox glove that provided a landing strip for bumblebees? Yeah, So flowers in general typically have certain types of um like their color will be based on the kind of creature that um that that helps pollinate it, whether it's diurnal meaning it it's awake during the day or nocturnal meaning it's awake at night. Right, right, I guess that's in case of like bats and stuff like that. Yeah, and then our old friend nectar is a big lure and basically nectar is around right, just because it tastes delicious and is enticing from what. Yeah, it's basically like a little enticement like you said, for like a bee or something or a bird. Yeah, come get it. Because it's placed by the stamen that's right, or the way that the the anthers are situated just the way they're placed in the flower. If it gave it an advantage to bump up against that bee, then it's gonna be successful in the long run and live out as a species as nice stuff that is pretty good. So, chuck, we've reached a point where, um, I mean, ever since we started selectively breeding plants, domesticating crops like hey, that's pretty right, or hey I like this banana um or that's hardy and it grows in my awful hot area that I live in, many reasons to do so, right, Um, you know, we we wanted to keep plants, we wanted to keep the bad stuff out, keep the good ones we wanted in. But it never became more crucial, um until we started genetically modifying crops. And now all of a sudden, not only are the corporations saying like, hey man, you can't cross pollinate with our stuff for else that's patent infringement, and nearby farmers says, I'm not using your seeds as the bees, you can't blame me, and the farmers who don't want GMO stuff in their crops say, hey man, you need to keep your crops over there because I don't want your GMO creud in here. I have an organic farm exactly, and you're just blowing by the wind. It's a touchy subject. We should do that as the GMOs. I agree. The idea of like patenting jeans in general and alone like crops is it's really interesting. Um, but there's been some pretty clever, simple ways of getting around this problem. It's posed by pollination of GMO crops with non GMO crops. Yeah. Well, distance is obviously one thing. Don't put my farm near your farm. But they have to do all kinds of studies to see how the wind reacts and how like how far does that be fly? Yeah, and they found in uh, in certain parts of Africa, these will go about four miles three kilometers. That's their range for food. That's you know, that's a lot. Yeah. But I mean just using that kind of thinking with all process though, like okay, well this you know, there's this guy's growing this over here, so I can't grow this here, right, That will prevent that kind of pollination though. Yeah. Another thing they can do is uh, sort of like with the corn, they can time their crop rotation to time out so where they're flowering at different times and not interfering with one another. But um, it's a touchy subject. Like from what I understand, there's a lot a lot more going on then you know, is preferred by like the organic farmers of the world, and in't the GMOs. They can then say that you're infringing just because they cross pollinated to their crop, even though you didn't buy their seeds or even want their seeds. If a bee carries there, it's there's seeds, there's crops falling over to your crops. And you start to develop plants that have the GMO characteristics that's patented. According to the corporations, you're infringing on their pat It's very tricky ground, there isn't it. I don't think it's tricky ground. If you ask me, you should not be allowed to have a patent on any living organism. Oh well, yeah, you know what I mean, though, that's my opinion. It gets tricky, uh in courts and studies and corporations and the course to tend to side on the corporation's side. Typically. Let's do that one though soon g MS. Yeah all right, Um, so let's say for Paullen, if you're interested in how pollen causes allergies and you should listen to our how Allergies Work episode That was pretty good. Yeah, I was gonna recommend that. Nice work. Um, thanks man. So, uh, if you want to learn more about pollen in the meantime, you can type that word in the search bar how stuff works dot com. Since I said search bar, it's time, of course for a message break. And now how about some listener mail. Yeah, we have correction. It's been blowing up lately. Oh man, I'm sorry. You know it's crazy. Is that's the second time I've done that and a podcast on that same same thing. I don't remember what the other podcast was, but I've mentioned it before and we've gotten tons of corrections about it and I didn't learn my lesson. Well, this guy was really nice about it, so I'm gonna read his. And it's an important correction because anytime you're talking about drugs, so to recap in the PTSD podcast, we got the two drugs beta blocker called propan and all which helps with PTSD, confused with propofol, which is what killed Michael Jackson. And so this is from Chris. He's a big fan. He's listened to every episode on his commute in southern California, which we know stinks. So he said what we just said about the getting the drugs confused, He seconds, see how you guys can mix it up because the names are very similar, but they're significantly different. Obviously, propan and all is relatively mild and um, I'm only prescribed and very little potential for overdose, while a propofile is a very powerful drug, extremely high potential for overdose, and rarely administrated outside of strictly monitored medical settings. It is actually a hypnotic agent that must be administered intravenously because we talked about Michael Jackson's drip, and is often used in conjunction with general anesthetics. Like most general anesthetics, it's steep dose response curve significantly increases the risk of overdose, where the effective dose is only slightly below a lethal dose. That's kind of scary, Yeah, it really is. I mean, like when you're when you're on that, like you're right along the border. Yeah. Well, he says, Michael Jackson's case is extremely rare, as he was essentially exposing himself to risk similar to those associated with general anesthetics used during surgery with a higher potential for overdose and death on a daily basis for a relatively trivial purposes, which were in this case is insomnia. Yeah, but from what I understand, he had like years long insomnia. Like this guy was not sleeping at all, Like they would they wouldn't, They would give him everything first, and then they try that last resort and like sometimes it's still wouldn't work. Really, Yeah, he was really in bad shape at the end. Well, he probably had a resistance to certain ship things like that. So Chris goes on to say, I'm not certain about the exact amount of risk posed by propofile administration, but I believe the risk of death is something on the order of tenths of a percent, meaning he would have died according to the statistical model, within a couple of years of daily use, like British guaranteed. Frankly, he would have been better off using heroin that whole time, in spite of his ironically strict yet poorly informed anti drug stance. So that's from Chris. Thanks Chris. I was a genuinely awesome email. That was good, um, and I'm sorry everybody freaking so wrong. Well, I mean the names are just confusing. Yeah, but I mean one's like a blood pressure medicine. The other one's like pretty much a general anesthetic. I know. But what gets me is that half of the emails were like, well, yeah, they just sound alike, so you goofed it in. Half of them were like those drugs couldn't be anymore different, like you really thought of it, you know. It's just it's like a verbal TYPEO. Thank you, chuck. Yeah, thanks for letting me off anyway. Uh, if you have a correction for us, we really do like to get those. We like to know what we're talking about. Sometimes we get we get things wrong. Sometimes I get things wrong, but we do want to be corrected. Happens in the nicest way possible, because that's usually who gets their letter read right exactly. Yeah. You can tweet to us at s Y s K podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot com, slash Stuff you Should Know if you can send us an email to Stuff Podcasts at how Stuff Works dot com, and you can join us at our home on the web, the greatest website in the history of humanity, Stuff you Should Know All One word dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics. Visit how stuff Works dot com, m