William Sandys was an antiquarian who published a collection of Christmas carols in the 19th century that turned out to be really influential.

Research:
Archambo, Shelley Batt. “The Development of the English Carol Through the Fifteenth Century.” The Choral Journal, OCTOBER 1986, Vol. 27, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23547224REFERENCES
Brain, Jessica. “History of Christmas Carols.” Historic UK. 12/13/2024. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/History-Christmas-Carols/
“Carol, N.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1684298837.
Carter, Michael. “The origins of Christmas carols.” English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/origins-of-christmas-carols/
Cartwright, Mark. "The History of Christmas Carols." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 05 Dec 2023, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2339/the-history-of-christmas-carols/. Web. 03 Dec 2025.
Davey, Henry, and Elizabeth Baigent. "Sandys, William (1792–1874), writer on music and antiquary." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 3 Dec. 2025, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24654
Ditchfield, Peter Hampson. “Old English customs extant at the present time; an account of local observances.” London, G. Redway. 1896. https://archive.org/details/studentshistoryo00gardrich
Dreamer, Percy R. et al. “The Oxford Book Of Carols.” Oxford University Press. 1928.
English Heritage. “A Brief History of Christmas Carols.” https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/members-area/members-magazine/podcast-extras/history-of-carols/
Sandys, William. “Christmas carols, ancient and modern; including the most popular in the west of England, and the airs to which they are sung. Also specimens of French provincial carols. With an introduction and notes.” London, R. Beckley. 1833. https://archive.org/details/christmascarolsa00sandrich/mode/1up
Sandys, William. “Christmastide: Its History, Festivities and Carols.” London: John Russell Smith. 1860. https://archive.org/details/christmastideits00sandrich/
The Law Bod Blog. “Heading towards Christmas.” 12/2/2013. https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/lawbod/2013/12/02/heading-towards-christmas/
Huxtable, Sally-Anne. “Wassailing: ritual and revelry.” National Trust. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/discover/history/art-collections/wassailing-ritual-and-revelry

William Sandys was an antiquarian who published a collection of Christmas carols in the 19th century that turned out to be really influential.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Archambo, Shelley Batt. &ldquo;The Development of the English Carol Through the Fifteenth Century.&rdquo; The Choral Journal, OCTOBER 1986, Vol. 27, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23547224REFERENCES</li>
<li>Brain, Jessica. &ldquo;History of Christmas Carols.&rdquo; Historic UK. 12/13/2024. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/History-Christmas-Carols/</li>
<li>&ldquo;Carol, N.&rdquo; Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1684298837.</li>
<li>Carter, Michael. &ldquo;The origins of Christmas carols.&rdquo; English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/origins-of-christmas-carols/</li>
<li>Cartwright, Mark. "The History of Christmas Carols." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 05 Dec 2023, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2339/the-history-of-christmas-carols/. Web. 03 Dec 2025.</li>
<li>Davey, Henry, and Elizabeth Baigent. "Sandys, William (1792&ndash;1874), writer on music and antiquary." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 3 Dec. 2025, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24654</li>
<li>Ditchfield, Peter Hampson. &ldquo;Old English customs extant at the present time; an account of local observances.&rdquo; London, G. Redway. 1896. https://archive.org/details/studentshistoryo00gardrich</li>
<li>Dreamer, Percy R. et al. &ldquo;The Oxford Book Of Carols.&rdquo; Oxford University Press. 1928.</li>
<li>English Heritage. &ldquo;A Brief History of Christmas Carols.&rdquo; https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/members-area/members-magazine/podcast-extras/history-of-carols/</li>
<li>Sandys, William. &ldquo;Christmas carols, ancient and modern; including the most popular in the west of England, and the airs to which they are sung. Also specimens of French provincial carols. With an introduction and notes.&rdquo; London, R. Beckley. 1833. https://archive.org/details/christmascarolsa00sandrich/mode/1up</li>
<li>Sandys, William. &ldquo;Christmastide: Its History, Festivities and Carols.&rdquo; London: John Russell Smith. 1860. https://archive.org/details/christmastideits00sandrich/</li>
<li>The Law Bod Blog. &ldquo;Heading towards Christmas.&rdquo; 12/2/2013. https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/lawbod/2013/12/02/heading-towards-christmas/</li>
<li>Huxtable, Sally-Anne. &ldquo;Wassailing: ritual and revelry.&rdquo; National Trust. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/discover/history/art-collections/wassailing-ritual-and-revelry</li>
</ul>

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William Sandys was an antiquarian who published a collection of Christmas carols in the 19th century that turned out to be really influential.

William Sandys & English Christmas Carols

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/b10bf1f3-48b1-4a35-8005-b3bc0169ad98/transcript

The Munich Beer Riot of 1844 was a reaction to the price of beer set by the Bavarian government. The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago in 1855, and was a response to municipal policies put in place by mayor Levi Boone that targeted the city’s Catholic and immigrant populations.

Research:
Alberts, Brian. “‘Streets as Stages’ — The Munich Beer Riots of 1844.” Good Beer Hunting. https://www.goodbeerhunting.com/blog/2020/7/13/streets-as-stages-the-munich-beer-riots-of-1844
"Bavaria." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 16 Mar. 2026. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBavaria%2F13830&ebboatid=9265928. Accessed 3 Sep. 2026. Britannica Editors. "Oktoberfest". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oktoberfest. Accessed 2 September 2026.
Carpenter, Kim Newak. “‘Sechs Kreuzer sind genug fuer ein Bier!’: The Munich beer riot of 1844: Social protest and public disorder in mid-19th century Bavaria.” A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. 1998.
Durica, Paul. “‘A Montstrous Doctrine’ - Chicago’s Lager Beer Riot.” Mash Tun. https://mashtunjournal.org/texts/lagerriot
Einhorn, Robin. “Lager Beer Riot.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/703.html
Engels, Frederick. “Beer Riots in Bavaria.” The Northern Star, No. 341, May 25, 1844, p. 6.
Grossman, Ron. “Chicago’s Lager Beer Riot proved immigrants’ power.” Chicago Tribune. 9/25/2015. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/09/25/chicagos-lager-beer-riot-proved-immigrants-power/
"Ludwig I, King of Bavaria." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 34, Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010137/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=df1b49ec. Accessed 2 Sept. 2026
Magelssen, Scott. “The 1855 Lager Beer Riot Dodgeball Reenactment and Beer Tasting.” Theatre Journal, DECEMBER 2015, Vol. 67, No. 4, Possible Worlds (DECEMBER2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24582647
New York Herald, European Edition. “1889: Beer Crisis in Bavaria.” 9/19/1889. Reprinted In the New York Times 9/18/2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/18/1889-beer-crisis-in-bavaria/
Renner, Richard Wilson. “In Perfect Ferment: Chicago, the Know-Nothings, and the Riot for Lager.” Chicago History V, no. 3 (1976): 161-170.
WBEZ Chicago. Morning Shift. “Fest looks at the history of the Lager Beer Riot.” 4/24/2015. https://www.wbez.org/morning-shift/2015/04/24/fest-looks-at-the-history-of-the-lager-beer-riot.
Weiss, Jana. “A Lager Beer Revolution: The History of Beer and German American Immigration.” Life & Letters. University of Texas at Austin. Originally published in Not Even Past. 9/19/2023. https://lifeandletters.la.utexas.edu/2023/09/a-lager-beer-revolution-the-history-of-beer-and-german-american-immigration/

The Munich Beer Riot of 1844 was a reaction to the price of beer set by the Bavarian government. The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago in 1855, and was a response to municipal policies put in place by mayor Levi Boone that targeted the city&rsquo;s Catholic and immigrant populations.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Alberts, Brian. &ldquo;&lsquo;Streets as Stages&rsquo; &mdash; The Munich Beer Riots of 1844.&rdquo; Good Beer Hunting. https://www.goodbeerhunting.com/blog/2020/7/13/streets-as-stages-the-munich-beer-riots-of-1844</li>
<li>"Bavaria." Britannica Library, Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, 16 Mar. 2026. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&amp;ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBavaria%2F13830&amp;ebboatid=9265928. Accessed 3 Sep. 2026. Britannica Editors. "Oktoberfest". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oktoberfest. Accessed 2 September 2026.</li>
<li>Carpenter, Kim Newak. &ldquo;&lsquo;Sechs Kreuzer sind genug fuer ein Bier!&rsquo;: The Munich beer riot of 1844: Social protest and public disorder in mid-19th century Bavaria.&rdquo; A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. 1998.</li>
<li>Durica, Paul. &ldquo;&lsquo;A Montstrous Doctrine&rsquo; - Chicago&rsquo;s Lager Beer Riot.&rdquo; Mash Tun. https://mashtunjournal.org/texts/lagerriot</li>
<li>Einhorn, Robin. &ldquo;Lager Beer Riot.&rdquo; Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/703.html</li>
<li>Engels, Frederick. &ldquo;Beer Riots in Bavaria.&rdquo; The Northern Star, No. 341, May 25, 1844, p. 6.</li>
<li>Grossman, Ron. &ldquo;Chicago&rsquo;s Lager Beer Riot proved immigrants&rsquo; power.&rdquo; Chicago Tribune. 9/25/2015. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/09/25/chicagos-lager-beer-riot-proved-immigrants-power/</li>
<li>"Ludwig I, King of Bavaria." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 34, Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010137/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=df1b49ec. Accessed 2 Sept. 2026</li>
<li>Magelssen, Scott. &ldquo;The 1855 Lager Beer Riot Dodgeball Reenactment and Beer Tasting.&rdquo; Theatre Journal, DECEMBER 2015, Vol. 67, No. 4, Possible Worlds (DECEMBER2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24582647</li>
<li>New York Herald, European Edition. &ldquo;1889: Beer Crisis in Bavaria.&rdquo; 9/19/1889. Reprinted In the New York Times 9/18/2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/18/1889-beer-crisis-in-bavaria/</li>
<li>Renner, Richard Wilson. &ldquo;In Perfect Ferment: Chicago, the Know-Nothings, and the Riot for Lager.&rdquo; Chicago History V, no. 3 (1976): 161-170.</li>
<li>WBEZ Chicago. Morning Shift. &ldquo;Fest looks at the history of the Lager Beer Riot.&rdquo; 4/24/2015. https://www.wbez.org/morning-shift/2015/04/24/fest-looks-at-the-history-of-the-lager-beer-riot.</li>
<li>Weiss, Jana. &ldquo;A Lager Beer Revolution: The History of Beer and German American Immigration.&rdquo; Life &amp; Letters. University of Texas at Austin. Originally published in Not Even Past. 9/19/2023. https://lifeandletters.la.utexas.edu/2023/09/a-lager-beer-revolution-the-history-of-beer-and-german-american-immigration/</li>
</ul>

The Munich Beer Riot of 1844 was a reaction to the price of beer set by the Bavarian government. The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago in 1855, and was a response to municipal policies put in place by mayor Levi Boone that targeted the city’s Catholic and immigrant populations.

Two Beer Riots

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/96945e41-32a5-43e6-8eee-b4d001808f5a/transcript

This episode from 2017 covers several moments in history when the world came perilously close to a full-scale nuclear war, due to false alarms or miscommunication.

This episode from 2017 covers several moments in history when the world came perilously close to a full-scale nuclear war, due to false alarms or miscommunication.

SYMHC Classics: Nuclear Close Calls

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/a39e5b0d-08ee-459f-bb0f-b4d00111b52e/transcript

Holly and Tracy unpack the accusation that Robert Moses purposely built overpass bridges too low for busses to drive under them as a way to keep Black New Yorkers away from Jones Beach.

Holly and Tracy unpack the accusation that Robert Moses purposely built overpass bridges too low for busses to drive under them as a way to keep Black New Yorkers away from Jones Beach.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Busses and Overpasses

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/940c4820-0c96-49e8-af91-b4cd0032bce8/transcript

William Sandys & English Christmas Carols

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