William of Ockham is best known today for the model of problem solving known as Ockham’s (or Occam’s) Razor. But the event that defined his life was an argument with Pope John XXII.

Research:
Lieberich, Heinz. "Louis IV". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor
Kilcullen, John. “Ockham’s Political Writings.” “The Cambridge Companion to Ockham. Cambridge University Press. 1999. Republished online: http://publications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/polth.html
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Peter Lombard". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Aug. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Lombard
Gál, Gedeon, O.F.M. "William of Ockham Died "impenitent" in April 1347." Franciscan Studies, vol. 42, 1982, p. 90-95. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/frc.1982.0011
Lambert, M. D. “THE FRANCISCAN CRISIS UNDER JOHN XXII.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 32, 1972, pp. 123–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44000287
Donovan, Stephen M. “Bonagratia of Bergamo.” Catholic Encyclopedia. https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/bonagratia-of-bergamo
Nold, Patrick. “Pope John XXII’s Annotations on the Franciscan Rule: Content and Contexts.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 65, 2007, pp. 295–324. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975430
Knysh, George. “BIOGRAPHICAL RECTIFICATIONS CONCERNING OCKHAM’S AVIGNON PERIOD.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 46, 1986, pp. 61–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975065
Spade, Paul Vincent. “William of Ockham.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. March 5, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/
Vignaux, Paul D.. "William of Ockham". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-of-Ockham

William of Ockham is best known today for the model of problem solving known as Ockham’s (or Occam’s) Razor. But the event that defined his life was an argument with Pope John XXII.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Lieberich, Heinz. "Louis IV". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor</li>
<li>Kilcullen, John. “Ockham’s Political Writings.” “The Cambridge Companion to Ockham. Cambridge University Press. 1999. Republished online: http://publications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/polth.html</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Peter Lombard". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Aug. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Lombard</li>
<li>Gál, Gedeon, O.F.M. "William of Ockham Died "impenitent" in April 1347." Franciscan Studies, vol. 42, 1982, p. 90-95. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/frc.1982.0011</li>
<li>Lambert, M. D. “THE FRANCISCAN CRISIS UNDER JOHN XXII.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 32, 1972, pp. 123–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44000287</li>
<li>Donovan, Stephen M. “Bonagratia of Bergamo.” Catholic Encyclopedia. https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/bonagratia-of-bergamo</li>
<li>Nold, Patrick. “Pope John XXII’s Annotations on the Franciscan Rule: Content and Contexts.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 65, 2007, pp. 295–324. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975430</li>
<li>Knysh, George. “BIOGRAPHICAL RECTIFICATIONS CONCERNING OCKHAM’S AVIGNON PERIOD.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 46, 1986, pp. 61–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975065</li>
<li>Spade, Paul Vincent. “William of Ockham.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. March 5, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/</li>
<li>Vignaux, Paul D.. "William of Ockham". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-of-Ockham</li>
</ul>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

William of Ockham is best known today for the model of problem solving known as Ockham’s (or Occam’s) Razor. But the event that defined his life was an argument with Pope John XXII.

William of Ockham

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/5814fd55-f6d1-44ad-b170-afe1016d7674/transcript

On November 1, 1755, a massive earthquake took place on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Lisbon, Portugal. The destruction in Portugal led to one of the first coordinated government responses to a natural disaster.

Research:
Algarve History Association. “The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and the Algarve.” https://www.algarvehistoryassociation.com/en/portuguese-history/algarve-history/194-the-1755-lisbon-earthquake-and-the-algarve
Blanc, P.-L.: Earthquakes and tsunami in November 1755 in Morocco: a different reading of contemporaneous documentary sources, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 725–738, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-725-2009, 2009.
Borlase, William. “The Natural History of Cornwall.” Oxford : printed for the author; by W. Jackson: sold by W. Sandby, London; and the booksellers of Oxford. 1758.
Cavendish, Richard. “Pombal and the Inquisition in Portugal.” History Today. 5/5/2001. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/pombal-and-inquisition-portugal
Dynes, Russell R. “The Lisbon Earthquake in 1755: The First Modern Disaster.” University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. Preliminary Paper #333.
Joel, Lucas. “November 1, 1755: Earthquake Destroys Lisbon.” EARTH. November/December 2015.
Lai, Dria. “The Great Lisbon Earthquake: A Journey through the First Modern Disaster.” https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e30a2ea6401e4f2e8805dfbcfa604dc5
Lisbon Earthquake Museum. “Inquérito.” https://lisbonquake.com/en-GB/blog/inquerito
Lisbon Earthquake Museum. “Providências.” https://lisbonquake.com/en-GB/blog/providencias
Martínez-Loriente, S., Sallarès, V. & Gràcia, E. The Horseshoe Abyssal plain Thrust could be the source of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami. Commun Earth Environ 2, 145 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00216-5
Mascarenhas, J., Belgas, L., Branco, F.G., Vieira, E. (2024). The Pombaline Cage (“Gaiola Pombalina”): An European Anti-seismic System Based on Enlightenment Era of Experimentation. In: Endo, Y., Hanazato, T. (eds) Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. SAHC 2023. RILEM Bookseries, vol 47. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39603-8_5
Molesky, Mark. “The Vicar and the Earthquake: Conflict, Controversy, and a Christening during the Great Lisbon Disaster of 1755.” e-JPH, Vol. 10, number 2, Winter 2012.
Penwith Local History Group. “The Mounts Bay Tsunami.” https://www.penwithlocalhistorygroup.co.uk/on-this-day/?id=269

Pereira, Alvaro S. “The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake.” The Journal of Economic History , Jun. 2009. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40263964

On November 1, 1755, a massive earthquake took place on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Lisbon, Portugal. The destruction in Portugal led to one of the first coordinated government responses to a natural disaster.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Algarve History Association. &ldquo;The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and the Algarve.&rdquo; https://www.algarvehistoryassociation.com/en/portuguese-history/algarve-history/194-the-1755-lisbon-earthquake-and-the-algarve</li>
<li>Blanc, P.-L.: Earthquakes and tsunami in November 1755 in Morocco: a different reading of contemporaneous documentary sources, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 725&ndash;738, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-725-2009, 2009.</li>
<li>Borlase, William. &ldquo;The Natural History of Cornwall.&rdquo; Oxford : printed for the author; by W. Jackson: sold by W. Sandby, London; and the booksellers of Oxford. 1758.</li>
<li>Cavendish, Richard. &ldquo;Pombal and the Inquisition in Portugal.&rdquo; History Today. 5/5/2001. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/pombal-and-inquisition-portugal</li>
<li>Dynes, Russell R. &ldquo;The Lisbon Earthquake in 1755: The First Modern Disaster.&rdquo; University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. Preliminary Paper #333.</li>
<li>Joel, Lucas. &ldquo;November 1, 1755: Earthquake Destroys Lisbon.&rdquo; EARTH. November/December 2015.</li>
<li>Lai, Dria. &ldquo;The Great Lisbon Earthquake: A Journey through the First Modern Disaster.&rdquo; https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e30a2ea6401e4f2e8805dfbcfa604dc5</li>
<li>Lisbon Earthquake Museum. &ldquo;Inqu&eacute;rito.&rdquo; https://lisbonquake.com/en-GB/blog/inquerito</li>
<li>Lisbon Earthquake Museum. &ldquo;Provid&ecirc;ncias.&rdquo; https://lisbonquake.com/en-GB/blog/providencias</li>
<li>Mart&iacute;nez-Loriente, S., Sallar&egrave;s, V. &amp; Gr&agrave;cia, E. The Horseshoe Abyssal plain Thrust could be the source of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami. Commun Earth Environ 2, 145 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00216-5</li>
<li>Mascarenhas, J., Belgas, L., Branco, F.G., Vieira, E. (2024). The Pombaline Cage (&ldquo;Gaiola Pombalina&rdquo;): An European Anti-seismic System Based on Enlightenment Era of Experimentation. In: Endo, Y., Hanazato, T. (eds) Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. SAHC 2023. RILEM Bookseries, vol 47. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39603-8_5</li>
<li>Molesky, Mark. &ldquo;The Vicar and the Earthquake: Conflict, Controversy, and a Christening during the Great Lisbon Disaster of 1755.&rdquo; e-JPH, Vol. 10, number 2, Winter 2012.</li>
<li>Penwith Local History Group. &ldquo;The Mounts Bay Tsunami.&rdquo; https://www.penwithlocalhistorygroup.co.uk/on-this-day/?id=269</li>
</ul>
Pereira, Alvaro S. &ldquo;The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake.&rdquo; The Journal of Economic History , Jun. 2009. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40263964

On November 1, 1755, a massive earthquake took place on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Lisbon, Portugal. The destruction in Portugal led to one of the first coordinated government responses to a natural disaster.

Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/e53bc444-d6cd-4ad1-9ee7-b3f300241cd1/transcript

The use of stimulants during WWII is no secret, but in the last decade, there has been a lot of discussion and analysis of it. Just how significant was drug use in Nazi Germany, and how did the Allies compare?

Research:
Ackermann, Paul. “Les soldats nazis dopés à la méthamphétamine pour rester concentrés.” HuffPost France. June 4, 2013. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/les-soldats-nazis-dopes-a-la-methamphetamine-pour-rester-concentres_19714.html
Andreas, Peter. “How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy.” Time. Jan. 7, 2020. https://time.com/5752114/nazi-military-drugs/
Blakemore, Erin. “A Speedy History of America’s Addiction to Amphetamine.” Smithsonian. Oct. 27, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/speedy-history-americas-addiction-amphetamine-180966989/
Boeck, Gisela, and Vera Koester. “Who Was the First to Synthesize Methamphetamine?” Chemistry Views. https://www.chemistryviews.org/9-who-first-synthesized-methamphetamine/ “Ephedra.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.” https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra
Eghigian, Greg, PhD. “A Methamphetamine Dictatorship? Hitler, Nazi Germany, and Drug Abuse.” Psychiatric Times. June 23, 2016. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/methamphetamine-dictatorship-hitler-nazi-germany-and-drug-abuse
Garber, Megan, “‘Pilot’s Salt’: The Third Reich Kept Its Soldiers Alert With Meth.” The Atlantic. May 31, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/pilots-salt-the-third-reich-kept-its-soldiers-alert-with-meth/276429/
Gifford, Bill. “The Scientific AmericanGuide to Cheating in the Olympics.” Scientific American. August 5, 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-scientific-american-guide-to-cheating-in-the-olympics/
Gorvett, Zaria. “The Drug Pilots Take to Stay Awake.” BBC. March 14, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240314-the-drug-pilots-take-to-stay-awake
Grinspoon, Lester. “The speed culture : amphetamine use and abuse in America.” Harvard University Press. 1975. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/speedcultureamph0000grin_n3i0/mode/1up
Gupta, Raghav et al. “Understanding the Influence of Parkinson Disease on Adolf Hitler's Decision-Making during World War II.” World Neurosurgery. Volume 84, Issue 5. 2015. Pages 1447-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.06.014.
Hurst, Fabienne. “The German Granddaddy of Crystal Meth.” Spiegel. Dec. 23, 2013. https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/crystal-meth-origins-link-back-to-nazi-germany-and-world-war-ii-a-901755.html
Isenberg, Madison. “Volksdrogen: The Third Reich Powered by Methamphetamine.” The Macksey Journal. University of Texas at Tyler. Volume 4, Article 21. 2023. https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=senior_projects
Laskow, Sarah. “Brewing Bad: The All-Natural Origins of Meth.” The Atlantic. Oct. 3, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/brewing-bad-the-all-natural-origins-of-meth/381045/
Lee, Ella. “Fact check: Cocaine in Coke? Soda once contained drug but likely much less than post claims.” USA Today. July 25, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/07/25/fact-check-coke-once-contained-cocaine-but-likely-less-than-claimed/8008325002/
Leite, Fagner Carvalho et al. “Curine, an alkaloid isolated from Chondrodendron platyphyllum inhibits prostaglandin E2 in experimental models of inflammation and pain.” Planta medica 80,13 (2014): 1072-8. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1382997
Meyer, Ulrich. “Fritz hauschild (1908-1974) and drug research in the 'German Democratic Republic' (GDR).” Die Pharmazie 60 6 (2005): 468-72.
Natale, Fabian. “Pervitin: how drugs transformed warfare in 1939-45.” Security Distillery. May 6, 2020. https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/pervitin-how-drugs-transformed-warfare-in-1939-45
Ohler, Norman. “Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich.” Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2017.
Rasmussen, Nicolas. “Medical Science and the Military: The Allies’ Use of Amphetamine during World War II.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 42, no. 2, 2011, pp. 205–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41291190
“Reich Minister of Health Dr. Leonardo Conti Speaks with Hitler’s Personal Physician, Dr. Karl Brandt (August 1, 1942).” German History in Documents and Images. https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/nazi-germany-1933-1945/reich-minister-of-health-dr-leonardo-conti-speaks-with-hitler-s-personal-physician-dr-karl-brandt-august-1-1942
Schwarcz, Joe. “The Right Chemistry: Once a weapon, methamphetamine is now a target.” Oct. 1, 2021. https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/the-right-chemistry-once-a-weapon-methamphetamine-is-now-a-target
Snelders, Stephen and Toine Pieters. “Speed in the Third Reich: Metamphetamine (Pervitin) Use and a Drug History From Below.” Social History of Medicine. Volume 24, Issue 3. December 2011. Pages 686–699. https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkq101
“Stimulant Pervitin.” Deutschland Museum. https://www.deutschlandmuseum.de/en/collection/stimulant-pervitin/
Tinsley, Grant. “Ephedra (Ma Huang): Weight Loss, Dangers, and Legal Status.” Helthline. March 14, 2019. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ephedra-sinica

The use of stimulants during WWII is no secret, but in the last decade, there has been a lot of discussion and analysis of it. Just how significant was drug use in Nazi Germany, and how did the Allies compare?
Research:
<ul>
<li>Ackermann, Paul. &ldquo;Les soldats nazis dop&eacute;s &agrave; la m&eacute;thamph&eacute;tamine pour rester concentr&eacute;s.&rdquo; HuffPost France. June 4, 2013. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/les-soldats-nazis-dopes-a-la-methamphetamine-pour-rester-concentres_19714.html</li>
<li>Andreas, Peter. &ldquo;How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy.&rdquo; Time. Jan. 7, 2020. https://time.com/5752114/nazi-military-drugs/</li>
<li>Blakemore, Erin. &ldquo;A Speedy History of America&rsquo;s Addiction to Amphetamine.&rdquo; Smithsonian. Oct. 27, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/speedy-history-americas-addiction-amphetamine-180966989/</li>
<li>Boeck, Gisela, and Vera Koester. &ldquo;Who Was the First to Synthesize Methamphetamine?&rdquo; Chemistry Views. https://www.chemistryviews.org/9-who-first-synthesized-methamphetamine/ &ldquo;Ephedra.&rdquo; National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.&rdquo; https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra</li>
<li>Eghigian, Greg, PhD. &ldquo;A Methamphetamine Dictatorship? Hitler, Nazi Germany, and Drug Abuse.&rdquo; Psychiatric Times. June 23, 2016. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/methamphetamine-dictatorship-hitler-nazi-germany-and-drug-abuse</li>
<li>Garber, Megan, &ldquo;&lsquo;Pilot&rsquo;s Salt&rsquo;: The Third Reich Kept Its Soldiers Alert With Meth.&rdquo; The Atlantic. May 31, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/pilots-salt-the-third-reich-kept-its-soldiers-alert-with-meth/276429/</li>
<li>Gifford, Bill. &ldquo;The&nbsp;Scientific AmericanGuide to Cheating in the Olympics.&rdquo; Scientific American. August 5, 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-scientific-american-guide-to-cheating-in-the-olympics/</li>
<li>Gorvett, Zaria. &ldquo;The Drug Pilots Take to Stay Awake.&rdquo; BBC. March 14, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240314-the-drug-pilots-take-to-stay-awake</li>
<li>Grinspoon, Lester. &ldquo;The speed culture : amphetamine use and abuse in America.&rdquo; Harvard University Press. 1975. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/speedcultureamph0000grin_n3i0/mode/1up</li>
<li>Gupta, Raghav et al. &ldquo;Understanding the Influence of Parkinson Disease on Adolf Hitler's Decision-Making during World War II.&rdquo; World Neurosurgery. Volume 84, Issue 5. 2015. Pages 1447-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.06.014.</li>
<li>Hurst, Fabienne. &ldquo;The German Granddaddy of Crystal Meth.&rdquo; Spiegel. Dec. 23, 2013. https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/crystal-meth-origins-link-back-to-nazi-germany-and-world-war-ii-a-901755.html</li>
<li>Isenberg, Madison. &ldquo;Volksdrogen: The Third Reich Powered by Methamphetamine.&rdquo; The Macksey Journal. University of Texas at Tyler. Volume 4, Article 21. 2023. https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&amp;context=senior_projects</li>
<li>Laskow, Sarah. &ldquo;Brewing Bad: The All-Natural Origins of Meth.&rdquo; The Atlantic. Oct. 3, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/brewing-bad-the-all-natural-origins-of-meth/381045/</li>
<li>Lee, Ella. &ldquo;Fact check: Cocaine in Coke? Soda once contained drug but likely much less than post claims.&rdquo; USA Today. July 25, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/07/25/fact-check-coke-once-contained-cocaine-but-likely-less-than-claimed/8008325002/</li>
<li>Leite, Fagner Carvalho et al. &ldquo;Curine, an alkaloid isolated from Chondrodendron platyphyllum inhibits prostaglandin E2 in experimental models of inflammation and pain.&rdquo;&nbsp;Planta medica 80,13 (2014): 1072-8. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1382997</li>
<li>Meyer, Ulrich. &ldquo;Fritz hauschild (1908-1974) and drug research in the 'German Democratic Republic' (GDR).&rdquo;&nbsp;Die Pharmazie&nbsp;60 6 (2005): 468-72.</li>
<li>Natale, Fabian. &ldquo;Pervitin: how drugs transformed warfare in 1939-45.&rdquo; Security Distillery. May 6, 2020. https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/pervitin-how-drugs-transformed-warfare-in-1939-45</li>
<li>Ohler, Norman. &ldquo;Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich.&rdquo; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2017.</li>
<li>Rasmussen, Nicolas. &ldquo;Medical Science and the Military: The Allies&rsquo; Use of Amphetamine during World War II.&rdquo;&nbsp;The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 42, no. 2, 2011, pp. 205&ndash;33.&nbsp;JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41291190</li>
<li>&ldquo;Reich Minister of Health Dr. Leonardo Conti Speaks with Hitler&rsquo;s Personal Physician, Dr. Karl Brandt (August 1, 1942).&rdquo; German History in Documents and Images. https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/nazi-germany-1933-1945/reich-minister-of-health-dr-leonardo-conti-speaks-with-hitler-s-personal-physician-dr-karl-brandt-august-1-1942</li>
<li>Schwarcz, Joe. &ldquo;The Right Chemistry: Once a weapon, methamphetamine is now a target.&rdquo; Oct. 1, 2021. https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/the-right-chemistry-once-a-weapon-methamphetamine-is-now-a-target</li>
<li>Snelders, Stephen and Toine Pieters. &ldquo;Speed in the Third Reich: Metamphetamine (Pervitin) Use and a Drug History From Below.&rdquo;&nbsp;Social History of Medicine. Volume 24, Issue 3. December 2011. Pages 686&ndash;699.&nbsp;https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkq101</li>
<li>&ldquo;Stimulant Pervitin.&rdquo; Deutschland Museum. https://www.deutschlandmuseum.de/en/collection/stimulant-pervitin/</li>
<li>Tinsley, Grant. &ldquo;Ephedra (Ma Huang): Weight Loss, Dangers, and Legal Status.&rdquo; Helthline. March 14, 2019. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ephedra-sinica</li>
</ul>

The use of stimulants during WWII is no secret, but in the last decade, there has been a lot of discussion and analysis of it. Just how significant was drug use in Nazi Germany, and how did the Allies compare?

Benzedrine, Pervitin, and WWII

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/f7a6db0b-f8c3-4c14-bc4b-b3f30001a5f9/transcript

Part 1 of this 2020 two-parter covers background on the FBI and on the origins of its counterintelligence programs, as well as one specific operation, called COINTELPRO-White Hate.

Part 1 of this 2020 two-parter covers background on the FBI and on the origins of its counterintelligence programs, as well as one specific operation, called COINTELPRO-White Hate.

SYMHC Classics: COINTELPRO 1

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/a007cbe8-2d8b-4833-835b-b3f001828ae8/transcript

William of Ockham

In 1 playlist(s)

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Social links

Follow podcast

Recent clips