United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind was a 1923 case that hinged on what it meant to be white.

Research:
“Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922).” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/260/178/
“United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923).” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/204/
de la Garza, Amanda. “Doctorji: The Life. Teachings, and Legacy of Dr. Bhagat Singh Thind.” David Bhagat Thind. 2010.
Deslippe, Philip. “Bhagat Singh Thind in Jail.” SAADA. https://www.saada.org/tides/article/bhagat-singh-thind-in-jail
Deslippe, Philip. “Doctorji the Divorcé: Understanding Bhagat Singh Thind Through His Marriage to Inez Buelen.” Ethnic Studies Review 1 July 2023; 46 (1-2): 52–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.1-2.52
Kanwar, Joy. “Stories from the Negative Spaces: United States v. Thind and the Narrative of (Non)Whiteness.” Mercer Law Review. Vol. 74, No. 3. 2023. https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3111&context=jour_mlr
Munshi, Sherally. “Remembering Thind.” Ethnic Studies Review, Vol. 46, Issue 1-2, pp. 98–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.1-2.98
Ogden, Johanna. “The Telling Case of Doctor Bhagat Singh Thind.” Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol. 124, No. 1. 2023. https://www.ohs.org/oregon-historical-quarterly/back-issues/upload/Ogden_Baghat-Singh-Thind_OHQ-124_1_Spring-2023_web.pdf
“Bhagat Singh Thind.” Roots in the Sand. 2000. https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat1.html
Pillai, Daksha. “United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind: Dual Legacies of a Forgotten Supreme Court Case.” Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/file_media/38_Pillai.pdf
Qin, Amy. “In the Birthright Citizenship Hearing, a Story of Asians Fighting for Rights.” New York Times. 4/2/2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/02/us/politics/birthright-citizenship-asian-immigrants.html
Shankar, Arjun. “On Brown Blood Race, Caste, and the Bhagat Singh Thind Case.” Ethnic Studies Review, Vol. 46, Issue 1-2, pp. 135–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.1-2.135
Smith, Marian L. “Race, Nationality, and Reality: INS Administration of Racial Provisions in U.S. Immigration and Nationality Law Since 1898.” Prologue. Vol. 34, No. 2. Summer 2002. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/summer/immigration-law-1
South Asian American Digital Archive. “The Problem.” https://www.saada.org/explore/exhibits/theproblem
Supreme Court of the United States. “Donald J. Trump, president of the United States et al., petitioners, v. Barbara et al, Respondents.” No. 25-365. Oral arguments. Heritage Reporting Corporation. April 1, 2026. https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf
The Pluralism Project. “The Ghadar Party: Freedom for India.” Harvard University. https://pluralism.org/the-ghadar-party-freedom-for-india

United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind was a 1923 case that hinged on what it meant to be white.
Research:
<ul>
<li>&ldquo;Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922).&rdquo; https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/260/178/</li>
<li>&ldquo;United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923).&rdquo; https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/204/</li>
<li>de la Garza, Amanda. &ldquo;Doctorji: The Life. Teachings, and Legacy of Dr. Bhagat Singh Thind.&rdquo; David Bhagat Thind. 2010.</li>
<li>Deslippe, Philip. &ldquo;Bhagat Singh Thind in Jail.&rdquo; SAADA. https://www.saada.org/tides/article/bhagat-singh-thind-in-jail</li>
<li>Deslippe, Philip. &ldquo;Doctorji the Divorc&eacute;: Understanding Bhagat Singh Thind Through His Marriage to Inez Buelen.&rdquo; Ethnic Studies Review 1 July 2023; 46 (1-2): 52&ndash;68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.1-2.52</li>
<li>Kanwar, Joy. &ldquo;Stories from the Negative Spaces: United States v. Thind and the Narrative of (Non)Whiteness.&rdquo; Mercer Law Review. Vol. 74, No. 3. 2023. https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3111&amp;context=jour_mlr</li>
<li>Munshi, Sherally. &ldquo;Remembering Thind.&rdquo; Ethnic Studies Review, Vol. 46, Issue 1-2, pp. 98&ndash;116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.1-2.98</li>
<li>Ogden, Johanna. &ldquo;The Telling Case of Doctor Bhagat Singh Thind.&rdquo; Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol. 124, No. 1. 2023. https://www.ohs.org/oregon-historical-quarterly/back-issues/upload/Ogden_Baghat-Singh-Thind_OHQ-124_1_Spring-2023_web.pdf</li>
<li>&ldquo;Bhagat Singh Thind.&rdquo; Roots in the Sand. 2000. https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat1.html</li>
<li>Pillai, Daksha. &ldquo;United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind: Dual Legacies of a Forgotten Supreme Court Case.&rdquo; Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/file_media/38_Pillai.pdf</li>
<li>Qin, Amy. &ldquo;In the Birthright Citizenship Hearing, a Story of Asians Fighting for Rights.&rdquo; New York Times. 4/2/2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/02/us/politics/birthright-citizenship-asian-immigrants.html</li>
<li>Shankar, Arjun. &ldquo;On Brown Blood Race, Caste, and the Bhagat Singh Thind Case.&rdquo; Ethnic Studies Review, Vol. 46, Issue 1-2, pp. 135&ndash;155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.1-2.135</li>
<li>Smith, Marian L. &ldquo;Race, Nationality, and Reality: INS Administration of Racial Provisions in U.S. Immigration and Nationality Law Since 1898.&rdquo; Prologue. Vol. 34, No. 2. Summer 2002. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/summer/immigration-law-1</li>
<li>South Asian American Digital Archive. &ldquo;The Problem.&rdquo; https://www.saada.org/explore/exhibits/theproblem</li>
<li>Supreme Court of the United States. &ldquo;Donald J. Trump, president of the United States et al., petitioners, v. Barbara et al, Respondents.&rdquo; No. 25-365. Oral arguments. Heritage Reporting Corporation. April 1, 2026. https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf</li>
<li>The Pluralism Project. &ldquo;The Ghadar Party: Freedom for India.&rdquo; Harvard University. https://pluralism.org/the-ghadar-party-freedom-for-india</li>
</ul>

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United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind was a 1923 case that hinged on what it meant to be white.

United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind

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