Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly fry Kid. Is time We're unearthed. If you're new to this show, this is the time when we talk about things that have been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. Back when the pandemic started, I really wasn't sure how it was going to affect these episodes because a lot of the things that we talked about come from archaeological digs and on site work at historical sites and museums, and a lot of that and a lot of the world has either been suspended or cut way back for at least part of the last year, but there's still been plenty of stuff to talk about, enough stuff in the first three months of this year that we have two parts to this episode. Today we will have the updates two previous episodes of the show. We will have cute animals and their pictures um which I was kind of delighted by finding enough stuff to categorize that way, also edibles and potables and shipwrecks, and the next time we will have the exhumations and the books and letters and some other favorites. In part two in May ofen, we talked about pirate Henry every who ambush of the Mughal ship Ganji So Why caused an international incident and led to a worldwide man hunt. Every was last seen in Ireland in sixteen six but then he vanished. So for the first of these updates, and a metal detectorist found a coin with Arabic writing at Sweetberry Farm in Rhode Island. It has since been confirmed that this coin was minted in Yemen in sixte and there aren't really any records of contact between the Arabian peninsula and this part of New England quite that early, so one conclusion is that this coin belonged to the escaped pirate or one of his crew, and that it was part of the plunder from the Ganji Suai. Since that discovery, fifteen similar coins have been found across Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. There was also one found in North Carolina, where some of Every's men are documented as arriving. Jim Bailey, who unearthed that coin at the Berry Farm, published his research into all of this in the American Numismatic Society's Colonial newsletter, which is now known as the Journal of Early American Numismatics. In Seen, Bailey suggests that every and some of his crew left the Bahamas aboard the Sea Flower, which arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, on May six six. The Sea Flower was carrying forty seven enslaved Africans and is often described as the first slave ship to arrive in Newport, which later became one of North America's primary slave trading ports. The crew of the Sea Flower sold fourteen of the enslaved people aboard before departing for Ireland, arriving there in late June. So there are historical accounts of the Sea Flower. Some of them are from members of every pirate crew, some of them are from officials, and the physical descriptions of the ship don't match up. Among these different accounts, Bailey concludes that they really are all describing the same ship, that they're not different ships that happened to be named the Sea Flower, and that these inconsistencies in the description are the result of inaccurate record keeping and just the passage of time between when the ship arrived and when John Cranston, who was the Governor of Rhode Island described it in a report about the slave trade in the colony. There have been a lot of recent headlines about this find maybe solving the mystery of what happened to Henry every And it definitely seems possible that these coins are part of the plunder from the Guanji so why, But if so, it's still doesn't really solve the mystery. Every reported arrival in Ireland was after this. Yeah. Also, all the additional detail about this paper came about because the latest article to circulate about this was dated April one. It's the only April unearthing that we have in this episode that raised some questions in my minds about whether it was legitimate. We talked about the ancient Greek astronomical calculator that I adore, known as the anti kid through mechanism on the show in July, and it and the shipwreck it was found in have come up on on Earth since then. That device was discovered in nineteen o one, and researchers have figured out a lot about it since then, including developing working replicas hand cranked devices that demonstrate the motion of planetary bodies, but researchers only have about a third of the actual mechanism to go on, so even these replicas have had to incorporate some guesswork. You can turn a crank and the hands on the face move to show positions for the Sun, the Moon, and five planets that were known to antiquity. So in that sense these replicas work, but the motion and the positions of the hands that hasn't completely matched up with all the data that can be gleaned from the surviving pieces of the device. According to research published in the journal Scientific Reports in March, researchers have closed some of that gap between a working device and a working device that matches all the data. In the words of lead author Professor Tony Freeth, quote, ours is the first model that conforms to all the physical evidence and matches the descriptions in the scientific inscriptions engraved on the mechanism itself. The Sun, Moon, and planets are displayed in an impressive tour to force of ancient Greek brilliance, and to quote from the actual paper, quote, we wanted to determine the cycles for all the planets in this cosmos, not just the cycles discovered for Venus and Saturn. To incorporate these cycles into highly compact mechanisms conforming to the physical evidence, and to enter leave them so their outputs corresponds to the customary cosmological order or CCO. Here we show how we have created gearing and a display that respects the inscriptional evidence. A ring system with nine outputs moon nodes, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and date carried by nested tubes with arms supporting the rings. The result is a radical new model that matches all the data and culminates in an elegant display of the ancient Greek cosmos. Sounds so poetic for a paper well written. Bravo um Switching gears. Attorney David Whitcomb bought an old building in Geneva, New York, to expand his law practice. It discovered an addict s base totally by surprise. From the outside, the building didn't look like it had an attic, and there hadn't been an attic noted on the floor plans or known to the previous owner, dun dune done. When he got inside that space, it turned out to contain dropcloths, portrait stools, Kodak paper, developing chemicals and portraits and some of the portraits include people that we have talked about in several prior episodes of the show. One is a framed portrait of Susan B. Anthony, another maybe Elizabeth Katie Stanton. It turned out that this building had previously housed the studio of photographer James ellery Hale, and it makes a lot of sense that there would be pictures of Anthony and Stanton in that studio. Geneva is really not far from Seneca Falls, New York. We actually stayed in Geneva for one of the live shows that we did in Seneca Falls. Uh, and that of course is home to the Seneca Falls Convention. Susan B. Anthony also lived in Rochester, which is also not that far away from Geneva. What isn't clear is why this space got sealed up with all kinds of portraits and equipment still inside of it. According to news reports, Whitcomb plans to donate some of the fines while auctioning others off next up. According to research published in the journal Antiquity, it's possible that some of the bluestones at Stonehenge were relocated from a different stone circle that had been dismantled that other stone circle being in Whales. The bluestones are the smaller stones at Stonehenge, and it was already known that they had come from Whales, but it was not clear why they had been moved roughly a hundred and fifty miles away from where they were quarried to build this stone circle. This paper's hypothesis is that Stonehenges bluestones used to form a stone circle at Wine Mound, where there are only four blue stones remaining today. Both the former Wine Mound circle and Stonehenge are aligned on the Midsummer solstice sunrise, and one of the stones at Stonehenge has an unusual shape that matches one of the holes where a stone used to be at Wine Mound. There are still some unknowns here if the stones really did used to be in this other circle, but one possibility is that the people who built the circle at Wine Mound or their descendants eventually relocated to the area around Stonehenge and they dismantled their stone circle and they brought it with them. We did a whole unearthed edition of Stonehenge on show in fourteen so in previous installments of Unearthed and in prior episodes of the show that have involved colors and dies. We have talked about blue and purple dyes made from marine animals from the Mediterranean Sea. There are written descriptions of the dyes themselves and have dyed textiles, and we've talked about various fines related to die making, like pots containing residues of blue or purple dye, or places where an abundance of snail shells suggests that there was a dye factory there. Now a team in the Timna Valley has found wolf fibers dating back to one thousand b C. Which have been dyed tier in purple, so one of these dyes that we've been talking about. This is the first time that a textile died with this specific color has been found in the Southern Levant, and it dates back to the same time as biblical accounts of this die. We have talked about new find to the Sakara Necropolis in Egypt in our two previous installments of Unearthed, and those fines still ongoing. Recent finds include fifty New Kingdom sarcophagi made of wood found in a burial shaft, a stone sarcophagus, a papyrus containing the seventeenth chapter of the Book of the Dead, and some games, including a Senate set. So it's the last of this update section. We do have some other things that will come up later that relate to earlier episodes, but we have them in other categories, and for now we're going to take a quick sponsor break. When I was going through all kinds of articles to put this together, I found a whole lot of depictions of animals. I have grouped them together as cute animal pictures because it feels like after a time of pandemic for a year, we could all use more cute animal pictures in our lives. First up, archaeologists in Indonesia have found what they have described as the world's oldest known cave painting of an animal. It is a pig and it is about forty five thousand, five hundred years old. A doctoral student named Bostar and Burhun actually found this painting back in but the findings from the survey were not published until this year in the journal Scientific Advances. The Sulawesi warty pig is a popular subject for cave art in this region. Before this particular discovery, the oldest dated rock art there was a different Suluisi wardy pig, and the paper detailing this particular find also goes into another Suluesi wardy pig depicted in the same area. I have thoughts about the pig. Are you going to save them from behind the scene? Okay? Next up, a team in Catalonia has found a stone plaque carved with images of at least six animals. There's a doe, a stag, to goat like animals, and two other animals that were not yet identified as of when this article came out. This slab is between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand years old, and the team found it after flood's actually damaged an archaeological site. It eroded some of the layers the soil layers at the dig. Unfortunately, though, that flood damage also makes it harder to date the plaque, because without the strata around it to use as a reference, it's exact age is a little unclear. A pair of Tang dynasty tombs have been discovered in Shangshi Province in China, and they are decorated with murals, including some that show people training horses and leading camels. The tombs belonged to an official who was in charge of horses, so it's possible that the murals are in fact related to his life in some way. Next up, researchers have used radio carbon dating on twenty seven mud wasp nests to figure out that are rock painting of a kangaroo in Western Australia is the oldest intact rock painting uh known so far on the continent. The wasp nests were both under and on top of this and similar paintings, and based on all this research they determined that this painting is somewhere between seventeen thousand, one hundred and seventeen thousand, five hundred years old. This work dating this particular painting is part of a much bigger project to date rock paintings in Australia, and it's a team effort among universities, the Australian National Science and Technology Organization, and aboriginal organizations. Next up, a two five hundred year old bronze bull idle was unearthed in Olympia, Greece after a heavy rain storm thanks to an archaeologist noticing one of its horns sticking out of the soil. It most likely dates back to roughly UH one thousand fifty to seven d b c E, and it was probably left as an offering to Zeus. This figurine is quite small. There are pictures of someone holding it in their fingertips while cleaning it, and it has slightly splayed legs. So even though it depicts a bowl with fully developed horns, it looks kind of like a calf that's still a little unsteady on its hoobs. Yeah, it's uh, it's more adorable than you might think. It's one of those things that when I looked at the picture, I was like, he just noticed this sticking out of the story because it's tiny. It's really small. It's like going, oh, I did see a grain of rice in that field back there, Like it's it's so little. So moving on from depictions of animals to actual animals, research at Durham University suggests that people making their way from Asia to the America's roughly fifteen thousand years ago, brought domesticated dogs with them. We already knew that domesticated dogs were present in parts of northern North America and some Pacific islands at least ten thousand years ago, but this genetic research gives them a common origin somewhere in Siberia more like twenty three thousand years ago. Similar research involving a bone fragment found in southeast Alaska suggested it belonged to a dog that lived there around ten thousand, one hundred fifty years ago, but whose ancestry also stretched back to Siberia, to a genetic line that branched off from Siberian dogs roughly sixteen thousand, seven hundred years ago. This particular team did not set out to study dogs, though, before analyzing the DNA of the bone fragment, the team at xt He thought it belonged to a bear. Next up, back in ten a couple living outside of Provo, Utah, found a nearly complete horse skeleton in their backyard. These bones were nicknamed the Lehigh Horse, and at first it seemed like they were about ten thousand years old, but subsequent radiocarbon dating suggests it's actually a much younger find That radiocarbon dating combined with other analysis to suggest that this was really a female horse who was about twelve years old when she died, and that happened sometime in the seventeenth century, so not nearly ten thousand years Not my long shot. Based on analysis of the bones, this was a domesticated horse that people rode, which had arthritis and many of her joints by the time of her death, so it seems likely that someone intentionally cared for her, possibly breeding her with other horses when she couldn't carry riders any longer, and then after her death she seems to have been intensely buried in sand at the edge of a lake, which is why at first it had seemed like this was a much older skeleton than it really turned out to be. The papers lead author William Taylor even speculated that there might be other remains of horses that were similarly intentionally buried, and because of that have been miscategorized as ice age finds rather than things that are a lot more recent. The team is hoping these findings will combine with indigenous oral history to shed new light into how indigenous peoples in the area cared for their horses. In the words of co author Carlton Shield, chief gover quote, there was a lot going on that Europeans didn't see. There was a two hundred year period where populations in the Great Plains and the West were adapting their cultures to the horse and our last cute animal. Burrowing rabbits on Schockholm Island in Wales have unearthed some prehistoric artifacts while digging their little burrows. One is a small tool known as a beveled peb which is about nine thousand years old and was probably used for processing things like shellfish and seal hides, and the other is a burial urn that's about three thousand, seven hundred fifty years old. When wardens stopped by the area after making these discoveries, they came back the next day they saw that the rabbits had kicked out some other stuff, including another pebble and a piece of pottery. I feel like these rabbits should get paid. Uh. There were travel restrictions in place, of course, due to COVID when these fine surfaced, But once those restrictions are lifted, it is expected that archaeologists will come in and look at all of this more thoroughly. We'll get to some other things after a quick ad break. Often in these episodes, I have a section that I call edibles and potables, and it's all the food and drink. But this time there were several fines that were specifically about intoxicating substances, whether alcohols or like other mind and mood altering substances, So I just looped those all together. Previously, historians of Edo Japan have generally concluded that during the Edo period, wine was only produced for about four years, and the reason that wine production was ended was that wine was closely associated with Christianity and Christianity was prohibited in Japan during the Edo period. Now, researchers from Kumamoda University have found an Edo period document that adds a little more specificity to this general understanding. It's an order for wine placed in September sixty two with notes about the order written on it. One of the notes being that the wild grapes to the wine had been provided to the vessel who was going to make it. This actually pushes out the date for the end of wine making in Japan to sixteen thirty two from previously understood sixteen thirty one. The Hossakawa clan was also ordered to move to another domain in January of the following year. Was that clan that had been making the wine, and there's no evidence at all of any winemaking in the new location after they moved. Moving on Researchers at Washington State University have analyzed fourteen miniature ancient Maya flasks, and when we say miniature, they measure about four centimeters across. For the first time, they found residues from something other than tobacco. In addition to two different types of tobacco, these small containers also held Mexican marigold, something that may have been added to make the experience of smoking the tobacco more pleasant. And on the other end of the size spectrum, archaeologists in Egypt found eight very large units at an ancient burial ground known as a Beatos, and when we say very large, they were about twenty meters or sixty five ft long and two and a half meters or eight feed y. Each of these units contained two rows of pottery basins with forty basins in each row and that would have been used to heat up water and grains to make beer. These date back to some time between thirty one fifty b c and C. And this may be the oldest beer factory in the area. So now we're going to move on to food research at bronze age mining sites in the Eastern Alps in Austria has examined how workers at the mines procured and prepared their food. From about the eleventh to the ninth century b C. Mining at these sites became highly specialized, meaning that the people at the mines were probably focused on the mining and not doing other work, and there weren't many people living in the mines who would not have been mining. Earlier research has suggested that the miners preferred meat to eat was pork, and while the pigs were raised somewhere else. The mines had facilities on site to cure the meat that they got, but there wasn't as much investigation into any plant based foods that they might be eating until more recently. According to research that was published in March, the miners were eating cereals, but they were not processing the cereals themselves, so the grains were being holed and milled somewhere else, and then the ready to cook grain was being delivered to the miners. It's also possible that they were being delivered ready to eat bread as well, which I am definitely on board with, so that means at least some of their cooking was also being done elsewhere. I would like bread delivery in our next subject, According to research published in the journal Antiquity, there's evidence of prehistoric salt production in northeast England dating back to hundred to thirty seven b C. Prior to this discovery, the earliest conclusively known salt processing in England was from centuries after that. This conclusion came from the discovery of a chamber filled with flint tools and pieces of pottery, along with what appears to be hearts that were used to heat vessels containing brine. This may be one of the oldest salt processing sites in Western Europe and another Salt News. Researchers at collect Mule, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, have been documenting the use of salt as a commodity among the Maya. The oldest depiction of salt there is from a mural that somewhere around years old. It shows a vendor holding what looks like a salt cake wrapped in leaves, while someone across from them holds a spoon above a basket of what's interpreted as like a granular salt. Archaeologists have also unearthed what has been dubbed the Pains Creek Salt Works, which is a massive salt processing facility on the coast of what's now believes, in the words of archaeologist Heather McKillop quote, I think the ancient Maya who worked here were producer enders, and they would take the salt by canoe up the river. They were making large quantities of salt, much more than they needed for their immediate families. This was their living. Her paper salt as a commodity or money in the Classic Maya Economy is being published in the June issue of the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Now we are going to move on to an ongoing favorite, which is the shipwrecks. First up, the Greek Culture Ministry has announced the discovery of a Roman era shipwreck, along with evidence of several other shipwrecks, off the coast of the island of Kasos. The Roman ship was loaded with m for ay, and those were made in what's now Spain and Tunisia, and some of them contained oil. The other three ancient ships discovered in the survey, we're also carrying amphora, a popular thing to carry across the waterways around Greece. These discoveries came from more than one hundred group dives carried out by a team of more than twenty special lists and it's part of a three year research project in the area that is finishing this year, so there could be more to come from all of this. Divers have also returned to the wreck of the Mentor, which is the ship that sank off the coast of Greece while carrying marbles that Lord Elgin had removed from the Parthenon. We have a whole episode about those marbles and how they went down in a shipwreck. Dives to this ship have been ongoing since two thousand nine, and the most recent finds they're connected to basically everyday life aboard the ship. So the team recovered and intact shoe sole, items of clothing, of belt buckle, and several pieces of the ship's rigging. They also found some chess pieces which are probably part of the same set as some other chess pieces that have already been brought up and in our last find for this episode. It's a little bit tricky to call this a discovery, since the folks who had it knew it was there the whole time. But archaeologists have recently become aware of a one a thirty six year old wooden lifeboat that was being stored in the rafters of a Haitian in Western Australia. This lifeboat belonged to the Maid of Lincoln, which sank in while carrying a load of guano. The captain, several members of the crew, and a stowaway we're all able to escape the wreck in the lifeboat. The captain then gave the boat to the Grigson family, who helped them when they got to shore. For a time this family used the boat for fishing, but eventually they put it up in the rafters of the Haitian, basically to get it out of the way. They weren't using it anymore. Stick it up in the rafters. Decades later, archaeologist Bob Shephard was shown around this property when one of the Grigson said, come have a look at this, Bob, who love that. For now this lifeboat is being safely stored so that it can be restored and preserved and then house somewhere in the community. The family was pretty clear that they wanted it to stay in the general area. So that is it for Unearth this time, but there's plenty more to come next time. We'll have more on Wednesday in the meantime, Tracy, do you have a spot of listener mail? I do. This is from Robin, and Robin says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I want to start off by saying that I love listening to stuff you miss in history class and the personal touches you both bring to the stories you tell. I've been wanting to email you about a subject that's close to my heart, especially when I heard you mentioned Ella Reef Bloor also known as Mother Bloor in your Italian Hall disaster episode and her involvement in the labor movement. With this very brief mention, I saw my opening to right. But then I get it, and nobody's gonna fault you here, that's for sure. On Monday, when I saw that your episode was about Esperanto, I knew it was a sign that I had to write. You may be asking what Esperanto and Mother Bloor have in common. While that would be Arden, Delaware. Mother Bloor lived in Arden, Delaware, which is locate did in northern Delaware, less than an hour away from Philadelphia. Arden is one of four remaining single tax communities in the US. The other three are Ardentown, Arden Croft, and fair Hope, Alabama. Both Ardentown and arden Croft, along with Arden, makeup the Ardens in northern Delaware. These single tax communities are based on the Henry George principle of tax land not labor or single tax. Mother Blor lived in Arden almost from the very beginning of its founding in nineteen hundred. Was founded in nineteen hundred by Philadelphia artist Frank Stevens. Arden was originally a summer artists colony for local artists to live in community to inspire each other, sell their wares, and get out of the city for the summer, which was marked by an end of season fair slash market. This fair slash market is still held today on the Saturday of Labor Day weekend. Within a few years, many of the summertime residents turned into year long residents, including Mother Bloor and her family. Her son Hamilton's d Book is Where was one of the well known artists to come out of Warden with his warehouse gallery located in Ardenttown. One of the founding tenants of Arden was equality. All were welcome, no matter race a religion. Part of this equality was the use of Esperanto as a common language. In fact, the founder, Frank Stevens was often called Patro, which is father in Esperanto. Today, Esperanto is not often spoken, but it is a big part of the founding of the village of Arden. Today, the Ardens are still part of the Single Tax movement and many artists and artisans still call this place home. Pottery, painting, jewelry, and sculpture are just some of the crafts still practiced here today. We even still hold an annual end of summer fair to sell local artisans wears on Labor Day weekend when not in a pandemic UH. Robin then has some suggestions for episode topics that are connected to all of this UH and says thanks, Robin, thank you so much Robin for this email. I I had no idea of any of the not uh, not this whole connection UM to Arden and UH and the other Ardens, or the Single Tax movement, any of that, So thank you so much for sending us an email full of so much interesting information. UM. We'll see, We'll see whether any of these suggestions eventually become episodes. We love getting suggestions. The list is just really long, so it can be really hard to predict when something might make an appearance on the show. Um So, if you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, where History podcast at I heart radio dot com and we're all over social media admiss in History. That's where we'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show at Apple podcasts and I heart radio app and wherever you get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the her radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H

Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly fry Kid. Is time We're unearthed. If you're new to this show, this is the time when we talk about things that have been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. Back when the pandemic started, I really wasn't sure how it was going to affect these episodes because a lot of the things that we talked about come from archaeological digs and on site work at historical sites and museums, and a lot of that and a lot of the world has either been suspended or cut way back for at least part of the last year, but there's still been plenty of stuff to talk about, enough stuff in the first three months of this year that we have two parts to this episode. Today we will have the updates two previous episodes of the show. We will have cute animals and their pictures um which I was kind of delighted by finding enough stuff to categorize that way, also edibles and potables and shipwrecks, and the next time we will have the exhumations and the books and letters and some other favorites. In part two in May ofen, we talked about pirate Henry every who ambush of the Mughal ship Ganji So Why caused an international incident and led to a worldwide man hunt. Every was last seen in Ireland in sixteen six but then he vanished. So for the first of these updates, and a metal detectorist found a coin with Arabic writing at Sweetberry Farm in Rhode Island. It has since been confirmed that this coin was minted in Yemen in sixte and there aren't really any records of contact between the Arabian peninsula and this part of New England quite that early, so one conclusion is that this coin belonged to the escaped pirate or one of his crew, and that it was part of the plunder from the Ganji Suai. Since that discovery, fifteen similar coins have been found across Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. There was also one found in North Carolina, where some of Every's men are documented as arriving. Jim Bailey, who unearthed that coin at the Berry Farm, published his research into all of this in the American Numismatic Society's Colonial newsletter, which is now known as the Journal of Early American Numismatics. In Seen, Bailey suggests that every and some of his crew left the Bahamas aboard the Sea Flower, which arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, on May six six. The Sea Flower was carrying forty seven enslaved Africans and is often described as the first slave ship to arrive in Newport, which later became one of North America's primary slave trading ports. The crew of the Sea Flower sold fourteen of the enslaved people aboard before departing for Ireland, arriving there in late June. So there are historical accounts of the Sea Flower. Some of them are from members of every pirate crew, some of them are from officials, and the physical descriptions of the ship don't match up. Among these different accounts, Bailey concludes that they really are all describing the same ship, that they're not different ships that happened to be named the Sea Flower, and that these inconsistencies in the description are the result of inaccurate record keeping and just the passage of time between when the ship arrived and when John Cranston, who was the Governor of Rhode Island described it in a report about the slave trade in the colony. There have been a lot of recent headlines about this find maybe solving the mystery of what happened to Henry every And it definitely seems possible that these coins are part of the plunder from the Guanji so why, But if so, it's still doesn't really solve the mystery. Every reported arrival in Ireland was after this. Yeah. Also, all the additional detail about this paper came about because the latest article to circulate about this was dated April one. It's the only April unearthing that we have in this episode that raised some questions in my minds about whether it was legitimate. We talked about the ancient Greek astronomical calculator that I adore, known as the anti kid through mechanism on the show in July, and it and the shipwreck it was found in have come up on on Earth since then. That device was discovered in nineteen o one, and researchers have figured out a lot about it since then, including developing working replicas hand cranked devices that demonstrate the motion of planetary bodies, but researchers only have about a third of the actual mechanism to go on, so even these replicas have had to incorporate some guesswork. You can turn a crank and the hands on the face move to show positions for the Sun, the Moon, and five planets that were known to antiquity. So in that sense these replicas work, but the motion and the positions of the hands that hasn't completely matched up with all the data that can be gleaned from the surviving pieces of the device. According to research published in the journal Scientific Reports in March, researchers have closed some of that gap between a working device and a working device that matches all the data. In the words of lead author Professor Tony Freeth, quote, ours is the first model that conforms to all the physical evidence and matches the descriptions in the scientific inscriptions engraved on the mechanism itself. The Sun, Moon, and planets are displayed in an impressive tour to force of ancient Greek brilliance, and to quote from the actual paper, quote, we wanted to determine the cycles for all the planets in this cosmos, not just the cycles discovered for Venus and Saturn. To incorporate these cycles into highly compact mechanisms conforming to the physical evidence, and to enter leave them so their outputs corresponds to the customary cosmological order or CCO. Here we show how we have created gearing and a display that respects the inscriptional evidence. A ring system with nine outputs moon nodes, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and date carried by nested tubes with arms supporting the rings. The result is a radical new model that matches all the data and culminates in an elegant display of the ancient Greek cosmos. Sounds so poetic for a paper well written. Bravo um Switching gears. Attorney David Whitcomb bought an old building in Geneva, New York, to expand his law practice. It discovered an addict s base totally by surprise. From the outside, the building didn't look like it had an attic, and there hadn't been an attic noted on the floor plans or known to the previous owner, dun dune done. When he got inside that space, it turned out to contain dropcloths, portrait stools, Kodak paper, developing chemicals and portraits and some of the portraits include people that we have talked about in several prior episodes of the show. One is a framed portrait of Susan B. Anthony, another maybe Elizabeth Katie Stanton. It turned out that this building had previously housed the studio of photographer James ellery Hale, and it makes a lot of sense that there would be pictures of Anthony and Stanton in that studio. Geneva is really not far from Seneca Falls, New York. We actually stayed in Geneva for one of the live shows that we did in Seneca Falls. Uh, and that of course is home to the Seneca Falls Convention. Susan B. Anthony also lived in Rochester, which is also not that far away from Geneva. What isn't clear is why this space got sealed up with all kinds of portraits and equipment still inside of it. According to news reports, Whitcomb plans to donate some of the fines while auctioning others off next up. According to research published in the journal Antiquity, it's possible that some of the bluestones at Stonehenge were relocated from a different stone circle that had been dismantled that other stone circle being in Whales. The bluestones are the smaller stones at Stonehenge, and it was already known that they had come from Whales, but it was not clear why they had been moved roughly a hundred and fifty miles away from where they were quarried to build this stone circle. This paper's hypothesis is that Stonehenges bluestones used to form a stone circle at Wine Mound, where there are only four blue stones remaining today. Both the former Wine Mound circle and Stonehenge are aligned on the Midsummer solstice sunrise, and one of the stones at Stonehenge has an unusual shape that matches one of the holes where a stone used to be at Wine Mound. There are still some unknowns here if the stones really did used to be in this other circle, but one possibility is that the people who built the circle at Wine Mound or their descendants eventually relocated to the area around Stonehenge and they dismantled their stone circle and they brought it with them. We did a whole unearthed edition of Stonehenge on show in fourteen so in previous installments of Unearthed and in prior episodes of the show that have involved colors and dies. We have talked about blue and purple dyes made from marine animals from the Mediterranean Sea. There are written descriptions of the dyes themselves and have dyed textiles, and we've talked about various fines related to die making, like pots containing residues of blue or purple dye, or places where an abundance of snail shells suggests that there was a dye factory there. Now a team in the Timna Valley has found wolf fibers dating back to one thousand b C. Which have been dyed tier in purple, so one of these dyes that we've been talking about. This is the first time that a textile died with this specific color has been found in the Southern Levant, and it dates back to the same time as biblical accounts of this die. We have talked about new find to the Sakara Necropolis in Egypt in our two previous installments of Unearthed, and those fines still ongoing. Recent finds include fifty New Kingdom sarcophagi made of wood found in a burial shaft, a stone sarcophagus, a papyrus containing the seventeenth chapter of the Book of the Dead, and some games, including a Senate set. So it's the last of this update section. We do have some other things that will come up later that relate to earlier episodes, but we have them in other categories, and for now we're going to take a quick sponsor break. When I was going through all kinds of articles to put this together, I found a whole lot of depictions of animals. I have grouped them together as cute animal pictures because it feels like after a time of pandemic for a year, we could all use more cute animal pictures in our lives. First up, archaeologists in Indonesia have found what they have described as the world's oldest known cave painting of an animal. It is a pig and it is about forty five thousand, five hundred years old. A doctoral student named Bostar and Burhun actually found this painting back in but the findings from the survey were not published until this year in the journal Scientific Advances. The Sulawesi warty pig is a popular subject for cave art in this region. Before this particular discovery, the oldest dated rock art there was a different Suluisi wardy pig, and the paper detailing this particular find also goes into another Suluesi wardy pig depicted in the same area. I have thoughts about the pig. Are you going to save them from behind the scene? Okay? Next up, a team in Catalonia has found a stone plaque carved with images of at least six animals. There's a doe, a stag, to goat like animals, and two other animals that were not yet identified as of when this article came out. This slab is between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand years old, and the team found it after flood's actually damaged an archaeological site. It eroded some of the layers the soil layers at the dig. Unfortunately, though, that flood damage also makes it harder to date the plaque, because without the strata around it to use as a reference, it's exact age is a little unclear. A pair of Tang dynasty tombs have been discovered in Shangshi Province in China, and they are decorated with murals, including some that show people training horses and leading camels. The tombs belonged to an official who was in charge of horses, so it's possible that the murals are in fact related to his life in some way. Next up, researchers have used radio carbon dating on twenty seven mud wasp nests to figure out that are rock painting of a kangaroo in Western Australia is the oldest intact rock painting uh known so far on the continent. The wasp nests were both under and on top of this and similar paintings, and based on all this research they determined that this painting is somewhere between seventeen thousand, one hundred and seventeen thousand, five hundred years old. This work dating this particular painting is part of a much bigger project to date rock paintings in Australia, and it's a team effort among universities, the Australian National Science and Technology Organization, and aboriginal organizations. Next up, a two five hundred year old bronze bull idle was unearthed in Olympia, Greece after a heavy rain storm thanks to an archaeologist noticing one of its horns sticking out of the soil. It most likely dates back to roughly UH one thousand fifty to seven d b c E, and it was probably left as an offering to Zeus. This figurine is quite small. There are pictures of someone holding it in their fingertips while cleaning it, and it has slightly splayed legs. So even though it depicts a bowl with fully developed horns, it looks kind of like a calf that's still a little unsteady on its hoobs. Yeah, it's uh, it's more adorable than you might think. It's one of those things that when I looked at the picture, I was like, he just noticed this sticking out of the story because it's tiny. It's really small. It's like going, oh, I did see a grain of rice in that field back there, Like it's it's so little. So moving on from depictions of animals to actual animals, research at Durham University suggests that people making their way from Asia to the America's roughly fifteen thousand years ago, brought domesticated dogs with them. We already knew that domesticated dogs were present in parts of northern North America and some Pacific islands at least ten thousand years ago, but this genetic research gives them a common origin somewhere in Siberia more like twenty three thousand years ago. Similar research involving a bone fragment found in southeast Alaska suggested it belonged to a dog that lived there around ten thousand, one hundred fifty years ago, but whose ancestry also stretched back to Siberia, to a genetic line that branched off from Siberian dogs roughly sixteen thousand, seven hundred years ago. This particular team did not set out to study dogs, though, before analyzing the DNA of the bone fragment, the team at xt He thought it belonged to a bear. Next up, back in ten a couple living outside of Provo, Utah, found a nearly complete horse skeleton in their backyard. These bones were nicknamed the Lehigh Horse, and at first it seemed like they were about ten thousand years old, but subsequent radiocarbon dating suggests it's actually a much younger find That radiocarbon dating combined with other analysis to suggest that this was really a female horse who was about twelve years old when she died, and that happened sometime in the seventeenth century, so not nearly ten thousand years Not my long shot. Based on analysis of the bones, this was a domesticated horse that people rode, which had arthritis and many of her joints by the time of her death, so it seems likely that someone intentionally cared for her, possibly breeding her with other horses when she couldn't carry riders any longer, and then after her death she seems to have been intensely buried in sand at the edge of a lake, which is why at first it had seemed like this was a much older skeleton than it really turned out to be. The papers lead author William Taylor even speculated that there might be other remains of horses that were similarly intentionally buried, and because of that have been miscategorized as ice age finds rather than things that are a lot more recent. The team is hoping these findings will combine with indigenous oral history to shed new light into how indigenous peoples in the area cared for their horses. In the words of co author Carlton Shield, chief gover quote, there was a lot going on that Europeans didn't see. There was a two hundred year period where populations in the Great Plains and the West were adapting their cultures to the horse and our last cute animal. Burrowing rabbits on Schockholm Island in Wales have unearthed some prehistoric artifacts while digging their little burrows. One is a small tool known as a beveled peb which is about nine thousand years old and was probably used for processing things like shellfish and seal hides, and the other is a burial urn that's about three thousand, seven hundred fifty years old. When wardens stopped by the area after making these discoveries, they came back the next day they saw that the rabbits had kicked out some other stuff, including another pebble and a piece of pottery. I feel like these rabbits should get paid. Uh. There were travel restrictions in place, of course, due to COVID when these fine surfaced, But once those restrictions are lifted, it is expected that archaeologists will come in and look at all of this more thoroughly. We'll get to some other things after a quick ad break. Often in these episodes, I have a section that I call edibles and potables, and it's all the food and drink. But this time there were several fines that were specifically about intoxicating substances, whether alcohols or like other mind and mood altering substances, So I just looped those all together. Previously, historians of Edo Japan have generally concluded that during the Edo period, wine was only produced for about four years, and the reason that wine production was ended was that wine was closely associated with Christianity and Christianity was prohibited in Japan during the Edo period. Now, researchers from Kumamoda University have found an Edo period document that adds a little more specificity to this general understanding. It's an order for wine placed in September sixty two with notes about the order written on it. One of the notes being that the wild grapes to the wine had been provided to the vessel who was going to make it. This actually pushes out the date for the end of wine making in Japan to sixteen thirty two from previously understood sixteen thirty one. The Hossakawa clan was also ordered to move to another domain in January of the following year. Was that clan that had been making the wine, and there's no evidence at all of any winemaking in the new location after they moved. Moving on Researchers at Washington State University have analyzed fourteen miniature ancient Maya flasks, and when we say miniature, they measure about four centimeters across. For the first time, they found residues from something other than tobacco. In addition to two different types of tobacco, these small containers also held Mexican marigold, something that may have been added to make the experience of smoking the tobacco more pleasant. And on the other end of the size spectrum, archaeologists in Egypt found eight very large units at an ancient burial ground known as a Beatos, and when we say very large, they were about twenty meters or sixty five ft long and two and a half meters or eight feed y. Each of these units contained two rows of pottery basins with forty basins in each row and that would have been used to heat up water and grains to make beer. These date back to some time between thirty one fifty b c and C. And this may be the oldest beer factory in the area. So now we're going to move on to food research at bronze age mining sites in the Eastern Alps in Austria has examined how workers at the mines procured and prepared their food. From about the eleventh to the ninth century b C. Mining at these sites became highly specialized, meaning that the people at the mines were probably focused on the mining and not doing other work, and there weren't many people living in the mines who would not have been mining. Earlier research has suggested that the miners preferred meat to eat was pork, and while the pigs were raised somewhere else. The mines had facilities on site to cure the meat that they got, but there wasn't as much investigation into any plant based foods that they might be eating until more recently. According to research that was published in March, the miners were eating cereals, but they were not processing the cereals themselves, so the grains were being holed and milled somewhere else, and then the ready to cook grain was being delivered to the miners. It's also possible that they were being delivered ready to eat bread as well, which I am definitely on board with, so that means at least some of their cooking was also being done elsewhere. I would like bread delivery in our next subject, According to research published in the journal Antiquity, there's evidence of prehistoric salt production in northeast England dating back to hundred to thirty seven b C. Prior to this discovery, the earliest conclusively known salt processing in England was from centuries after that. This conclusion came from the discovery of a chamber filled with flint tools and pieces of pottery, along with what appears to be hearts that were used to heat vessels containing brine. This may be one of the oldest salt processing sites in Western Europe and another Salt News. Researchers at collect Mule, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, have been documenting the use of salt as a commodity among the Maya. The oldest depiction of salt there is from a mural that somewhere around years old. It shows a vendor holding what looks like a salt cake wrapped in leaves, while someone across from them holds a spoon above a basket of what's interpreted as like a granular salt. Archaeologists have also unearthed what has been dubbed the Pains Creek Salt Works, which is a massive salt processing facility on the coast of what's now believes, in the words of archaeologist Heather McKillop quote, I think the ancient Maya who worked here were producer enders, and they would take the salt by canoe up the river. They were making large quantities of salt, much more than they needed for their immediate families. This was their living. Her paper salt as a commodity or money in the Classic Maya Economy is being published in the June issue of the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Now we are going to move on to an ongoing favorite, which is the shipwrecks. First up, the Greek Culture Ministry has announced the discovery of a Roman era shipwreck, along with evidence of several other shipwrecks, off the coast of the island of Kasos. The Roman ship was loaded with m for ay, and those were made in what's now Spain and Tunisia, and some of them contained oil. The other three ancient ships discovered in the survey, we're also carrying amphora, a popular thing to carry across the waterways around Greece. These discoveries came from more than one hundred group dives carried out by a team of more than twenty special lists and it's part of a three year research project in the area that is finishing this year, so there could be more to come from all of this. Divers have also returned to the wreck of the Mentor, which is the ship that sank off the coast of Greece while carrying marbles that Lord Elgin had removed from the Parthenon. We have a whole episode about those marbles and how they went down in a shipwreck. Dives to this ship have been ongoing since two thousand nine, and the most recent finds they're connected to basically everyday life aboard the ship. So the team recovered and intact shoe sole, items of clothing, of belt buckle, and several pieces of the ship's rigging. They also found some chess pieces which are probably part of the same set as some other chess pieces that have already been brought up and in our last find for this episode. It's a little bit tricky to call this a discovery, since the folks who had it knew it was there the whole time. But archaeologists have recently become aware of a one a thirty six year old wooden lifeboat that was being stored in the rafters of a Haitian in Western Australia. This lifeboat belonged to the Maid of Lincoln, which sank in while carrying a load of guano. The captain, several members of the crew, and a stowaway we're all able to escape the wreck in the lifeboat. The captain then gave the boat to the Grigson family, who helped them when they got to shore. For a time this family used the boat for fishing, but eventually they put it up in the rafters of the Haitian, basically to get it out of the way. They weren't using it anymore. Stick it up in the rafters. Decades later, archaeologist Bob Shephard was shown around this property when one of the Grigson said, come have a look at this, Bob, who love that. For now this lifeboat is being safely stored so that it can be restored and preserved and then house somewhere in the community. The family was pretty clear that they wanted it to stay in the general area. So that is it for Unearth this time, but there's plenty more to come next time. We'll have more on Wednesday in the meantime, Tracy, do you have a spot of listener mail? I do. This is from Robin, and Robin says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I want to start off by saying that I love listening to stuff you miss in history class and the personal touches you both bring to the stories you tell. I've been wanting to email you about a subject that's close to my heart, especially when I heard you mentioned Ella Reef Bloor also known as Mother Bloor in your Italian Hall disaster episode and her involvement in the labor movement. With this very brief mention, I saw my opening to right. But then I get it, and nobody's gonna fault you here, that's for sure. On Monday, when I saw that your episode was about Esperanto, I knew it was a sign that I had to write. You may be asking what Esperanto and Mother Bloor have in common. While that would be Arden, Delaware. Mother Bloor lived in Arden, Delaware, which is locate did in northern Delaware, less than an hour away from Philadelphia. Arden is one of four remaining single tax communities in the US. The other three are Ardentown, Arden Croft, and fair Hope, Alabama. Both Ardentown and arden Croft, along with Arden, makeup the Ardens in northern Delaware. These single tax communities are based on the Henry George principle of tax land not labor or single tax. Mother Blor lived in Arden almost from the very beginning of its founding in nineteen hundred. Was founded in nineteen hundred by Philadelphia artist Frank Stevens. Arden was originally a summer artists colony for local artists to live in community to inspire each other, sell their wares, and get out of the city for the summer, which was marked by an end of season fair slash market. This fair slash market is still held today on the Saturday of Labor Day weekend. Within a few years, many of the summertime residents turned into year long residents, including Mother Bloor and her family. Her son Hamilton's d Book is Where was one of the well known artists to come out of Warden with his warehouse gallery located in Ardenttown. One of the founding tenants of Arden was equality. All were welcome, no matter race a religion. Part of this equality was the use of Esperanto as a common language. In fact, the founder, Frank Stevens was often called Patro, which is father in Esperanto. Today, Esperanto is not often spoken, but it is a big part of the founding of the village of Arden. Today, the Ardens are still part of the Single Tax movement and many artists and artisans still call this place home. Pottery, painting, jewelry, and sculpture are just some of the crafts still practiced here today. We even still hold an annual end of summer fair to sell local artisans wears on Labor Day weekend when not in a pandemic UH. Robin then has some suggestions for episode topics that are connected to all of this UH and says thanks, Robin, thank you so much Robin for this email. I I had no idea of any of the not uh, not this whole connection UM to Arden and UH and the other Ardens, or the Single Tax movement, any of that, So thank you so much for sending us an email full of so much interesting information. UM. We'll see, We'll see whether any of these suggestions eventually become episodes. We love getting suggestions. The list is just really long, so it can be really hard to predict when something might make an appearance on the show. Um So, if you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, where History podcast at I heart radio dot com and we're all over social media admiss in History. That's where we'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show at Apple podcasts and I heart radio app and wherever you get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the her radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H