Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Is once again time for Unearthed. Since we started doing these quarterly, it kind of feels like it feels like it's always time. It does. When you had mentioned you were working on this one, I was like, no, yeah, it's time. It is time. Uh. If you are brand new to the show. Unearthed is when we take a look at what has been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. So this installment of Unearthed is about things that were unearthed in April, May and June. This installment part one, we have updates and some jewelry and some auctions and some books and letters and some shipwrecks. And then in part two of this Unearthed on Wednesday, will have the edibles and potables and some art and some animals other stuff too. Once again, we had two episodes worth of stuff. Looked a little doubtful for a while there, but so the Black Death made a bunch of headlines in June after it was reported that researchers had conclusively determined the starting point of the second plague pandemic, that's the centuries long pandemic that the Black Death was part of. This research was probably the biggest headline maker of all of the headlines in this particular installment of unearthed. As described in research that was published in the journal Nature, the team studied DNA and a burial site in modern Kurdistan. That burial site has graves in it that date back to the year thirteen thirty eight. Archaeologists have actually known about this burial site and the years engraved on the markers for more than a century. What was not known was whether the people buried they're actually died of plague. There's a word on these grave markers that has been translated as pest or as pestilence, and people do use that to mean plague a whole lot, but it could also mean any number of other diseases and conditions. So, based on the time period and the way people talked and wrote about the plague, that seems like a pretty logical conclusion, So it makes sense that researchers were focused on this site. This research did indeed confirm that the people buried at these grave sites died of plague. That plus the years marked on the tombstones, means we know for sure that there were people who died of plague in eight and we're buried at this location in modern Kyrgyzstan. But the paper and the reporting around it made it sound like a much broader discovery, with headlines like origins of the Black Death identified. That's actually the headline on a release from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, which was part of this work, But it was also all over mainstream news reporting with headlines like we finally know where the Black Death started. This is definitely a case where I saw those headlines and I was like, did we though? Are you shore sure about that? I was not the only person with questions. People with far more qualifications to study that than me had questions. Also, not everybody was sold on that conclusion. So, for example, Dr Monica Green has written extensively on the Black Death and the Second Plague pandemic, and on June twenty two she put out a thread on Twitter about this paper. She noted which parts of it confirmed to what was already known, like the existence of this burial site and the tombstones in it, as well as what in this research builds onto that existing knowledge, like confirming that the pestilence that's referenced on those tombstones really was the plague and not something else. She also looks at the DNA research that was done in the study in detail in a way that isn't really easy for us to capture his lay people doing an audio podcast. Uh, it's about single nucleotide polymorphisms or s nps pronounced snips. Those are basically genetic variations or mutations. Three of them are a key part in the evolutionary history of your Cinea pestis, and according to Green, the analysis in the paper only has really good coverage of one of them, while also showing a fourth snip that seems to be new. This actually led us some back and forth on Twitter about whether that fourth snip is really a false positive or not. Beyond that, though, Green also notes that a lot of the more recent historical research into the plague and the Black Death and all of that has suggested that the origins are in the thirteenth century, not the fourteenth century where this research was focused. So in addition to these questions about the details of the DNA study, there's a whole century of history that's being omitted here. So, in other words, the idea that this could inclusively pinpoints the starting point for the Black Death that seems like a much bigger claim than can really be supported by the details in this paper. The Black Death has come up a lot on the show. There's a short episode on it from previous hosts back in two thousand nine, but more recently, it was a big part of our episode on What Tyler in the Uprising of One that came out on June tenth. Moving on, a team looking for evidence regarding the murder of Emmett Till found a warrant for the arrest of Caroline Bryant Donham, named in the warrant as Mrs roy Bryant. That warrant dated back to August. We talked about the lynching of Emmett Till in our episode The Motherhood of Mamie Till Mobile which came out August. The team doing this research included members of the Emmett Till Legacy Foundation and Deborah Watts, who is one of Till's cousins, is the head of the foundation, and she and her daughter Terry were among the group of people who was searching for some kind of evidence here. In addition to the earlier episode on Mamie Till Mobley, we have also talked about this case on previous installments of Unearthed, after the U. S. Department of Justice reopened the case in and then closed it again in one saying that no new evidence had been discovered that could lead to an arrest of a living person. Caroline Bryant Dunham is still living and people involved with this case have expressed their hope that this old warrant could still be served. People knew about this warrant back in ninety five, but the Lafleur County sheriff at the time told reporters that they didn't want to bother her. Her then husband, Roy Bryant, and another man named JW. Milam were tried for this crime and acquitted, but they confessed to the crime in an interview that they later sold to a reporter for four thousand dollars. So there's been some discussion of whether this war it could be the thing that allows there to be some more progress on the case. This next thing is not exactly an update, but it is related to an earlier episode topic. A statue of dancer Marjorie tall Chief was stolen from the Vintage Garden at the Tulsa Historical Society and Museum at the end of April. Marjorie was the sister of pass podcast subject Maria tal Chief, who is another of the indigenous ballerinas honored with a statue at the garden. We covered Maria tal Chief on the show on November. A few days after this theft was discovered, the Historical Society got a call from CMC Recycling, which buys scrap metal, and the recycling center was reporting that it had pieces of this statue. Somebody had cut it up into parts and then had sold the pieces to them as scrap. The statues of Marjorie and Maria tal Chief are part of a work called Five Moons. This was the work of artists Monty England and Gary Henson. It honors five indigenous ballerinas from what's now Oklahoma. England died in two thousand five and the original mold for the statue of Marjorie tall Chief was destroyed in a foundry fire. So while a fundraiser to replace the statue met its goal right away, it initially seemed like it would kind of be a challenge to actually make a replacement. A bit later in May, though, additional pieces of the statue were recovered at another recycling center, including the head of the statue, and although there's some pieces that are still missing. Henson, who's a member of the Shawnee tribe, was quoted as saying, with the amount of the statue that's been recovered so far, he's confident that he's was going to be able to restore it. Previous host of the show talked about the mary Rose in their episode five Shipwreck Stories in The mary Rose sank in five and is now in the Mary Rose Museum. At the end of one, we talked about conservation efforts involving the mary Rose, which involved pinpointing exactly where bacteria are living within the preserved wreckage because secretions from those bacteria could become acidic when exposed to air, and that could cause the wreckage to deteriorate. The hull of the ship itself is not the only part of this wreck that has been brought to the museum or is now facing some challenges with preservation. The mary Rose had two brick ovens, and bricks from those events are also at the museum, and they're also being affected by acids. When the bricks were recovered from the wreck site, they were washed and dried to remove the salt water that they had been soaking in for centuries. Conservators thought that the bricks were stable at that point, but more recently, salt crystals have started forming on them, suggesting that there is still something going on inside them that could be causing damage. The researchers have been using a bunch of different imaging and analysis techniques to try to get a sense of both the physical and the chemical processes that might be work here. This is involved examining the bricks themselves and the crystals that have been growing on them, and much like the way those bacterial secretions could become acidic when they're exposed to air, these salts seem to have created an acidic environment inside the bricks as they've dissolved. One interesting part of all this is that the team didn't find evidence of sodium or chlorine, which are the key components of sea salt. That suggests that the original washing treatments on the bricks did remove sea salt as intended, but that these other salts were left behind. Like the work that we previously discussed around the Merry Rose. This is a work in progress with the team trying to find ways to figure out what they should do next. Let's take a quick sponsor break before we get back to another update of another shipwreck. The Clotilda has made a few appearances on Unearthed. This was the last vessel known to bring enslaved people into the United States, and then after that happened, it's captain intentionally burned and sank it in the Mobile River in Alabama. This was an eighteen sixty and that was almost fifty years after Congress passed the Act prohibiting the importation of slaves, so that was illegal, but people were still doing it anyway. In previous episodes, we have talked about the discoveries of other wrecks that were believed to be the Clotilda. We also have talked about this one, which was confirmed to be the correct ship in twenty nine. Team researchers started making their first research dives to the wreck in May of this year. They've been studying and scanning the wreck itself and evaluating its integrity, as well as organisms living in the wreck which play a part in its overall integrity. They have also been looking for and retrieving disarticulated pieces of the wreck. Before setting fire to the Clotilda, the slave traffickers who were using it transferred everyone aboard onto a river boat, so there should not have been any people on board when it's sank. But the team is also looking for DNA evidence from the ship. They're doing that by collecting small core samples from the ship, and the hope is that they'll be able to connect people who were trafficked aboard this ship to their living descendants today. And speaking of DNA, for the first time, scientists have sequenced the genome of someone who died at Pompeii after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year seventy nine. Researchers extracted DNA from two sets of remains that were found close to each other at a building called the House of the Craftsman. One appeared to be from a man between the ages of thirty five and forty, and the other from a woman estimated to be about fifty, but there were gaps in the woman's DNA sequence, so only the man's was used for this genome sequencing. After comparing this DNA to that of more than a thousand other ancient people and that of four seventy one people from Western Europe today. They found out this person had DNA similar to people living in Italy during the Roman Era and to people who are living in modern Italy. That lines up with what you would expect based on this person being at Pompey when it was destroyed. Then by examining his mitochondrial DNA, researchers also determined that he had some genes in common with people from Sardinia which aren't also shared with people from other parts of Italy, so it seems like he had some ancestry there as well, and this gives us a glimpse into the possible diversity and mobility of people who were living in this part of the world almost two thousand years ago. The people who died at Pompeii were covered in ash and that protected their DNA from some of the factors that would normally cause it to degrade over thousands of years. But even so, getting enough intact DNA to sequence a whole genome has been a very lengthy process. Yeah, they've had lots of other attempts that have not worked out, and other Pompeii News. One of the latest finds there is a tortoise, either a wild tortoise from somewhere near the city or somebody's pet. This tortoise seems to have burrowed under some debris to lay her eggs. The tortoise was removed in stages and an egg was found still inside her body. So this tortoise was found under the remains of a building that had already been destroyed in the earthquake that happened shortly before uh everything else was destroyed in the volcanic eruption. Sometimes when you see things that people like, ah, that's that's the remains of whatever animal, and you're like, is it really though this? You look at the pictures and you're like, that is that's a tortoise right there. There are still fines coming up from the Anti Kids Are a shipwreck as part of the return to Anti Kids Are a project including the head of a statue of Hercules. It's possible that this two thousand year old head is the one that goes on the body of a statue that sponge divers found in nineteen hundred and which is now in the Athens National Archaeological Museum. Other finds from this latest set of dives include some of the ship's equipment, including parts of the anchor, parts of a marble statue base, and some human teeth. Maybe the bell witch put them there. Thinking about that, every time we talk about teeth, I think I've heard um. And in our last update for now, Vinda Luanda has made several appearances on previous episodes of Unearthed. That's the Roman fort and settlement in Northumberland that's home to all kinds of ongoing archaeological work. And in May the team at Vindolanda announced a new finding dating back to the third century, a large piece of stone carved with a fallus and engraved with the words second Dennis Kakore, which we will translate approximately to second Dennis the pooper. Yeah. Most articles about this translate with the word that's a little more stronger than pooper. Uh Phallust's were often used as a symbol of good luck at this place in time. There are lots of fallus engravings around this one, though seems more clearly meant as an insult. Somebody did not like that guy. I like that. We found um essentially like very intensely created insult graffiti. Yeah, that's basically what that is. Moving on, we have a few pieces of jewelry and clothing and similar items. You know those best friend necklaces that are made to resemble a broken heart where one friend wears half and the other friend wears the other. Tracy might have thought these didn't still exist. They do. I assure you. You can even get Star Wars ones. Yeah, I just associate them with being thirteen in early uh like decades ago, so that's just the last time you encounter them, perhaps, but they are still out there doing the rounds uh well. Postdoctoral researcher Maria Ajala from the University of Helsinki has been examining slate ring ornaments that may have been put to similar use about six thousand years ago. So there are a lot of these rings in the archaeological record, but for the most part they have not been found intact, and that is not really surprising. A lot of stuff in the archaeological record is broken, and these are small slate rings that are thousands of years old, so would not necessarily expect a lot of them to be whole at this point. But Ahala's research suggests that these did not just break through where or handling or everything associated with the passage of all that time. That instead, at least some of them were broken intentionally and then possibly used to maintain or signify relationships in the community, so one person gets one piece and one person gets the other piece. This research involved a whole group from the University of Helsinki and the University of Turku, and they matched up the pieces of these rings and analyzed their geochemical composition, and they found that in some cases different parts of the same ring had been found in two different locations. Some of the rings were also found hundreds of kilometers from where they were made, again suggesting that they were playing some role within a large, interconnected community network. Moving on, what maybe the oldest prayer beads so far found in Britain have been unearthed on the island of Lindisfarne. These were found near the neck of some skeletal remains that may have belonged to a monk, and it's likely that they were strung together and worn, although if that's the case, the string itself is no longer there, which again it's not very surprising. They're made from salmon vertebrae and the whole through the vertebrae, which are naturally occurring as part of their anatomy. Those holes have been enlarged, either intentionally or as a side effect of their having been worn on a string. You date back to the eighth or ninth century, and I just think the idea of having your prayer beads made out of fish Ford ray like, that's cool. Well, it it makes me envision a future craft project, is what it makes me. I'm like, how, well, what do you have to do to sterilize those guys? What do you Let's uh, let's talk about this next up. A hiker in Norway spotted a sandal sticking out of melting ice in The hiker got in touch with a glacial archaeology program called Secrets of the Ice, and a team went to investigate. They got to the site in time to excavate the sandal and several other items before a snowstorm covered it all back up. Since that time, the team from Secrets of the Ice has made a replica of the sandal, which resembles a Roman laceup sandal called a carbontina. Then raised some questions about that seems like not very adequate footwear for a frozen snowy place. Uh there was a suggestion that maybe they were worn with socks. They've also done some radio carbon dating and confirmed that the sandal dates back to the fourth century, meaning that the mountain pass where this was found was already in use by that point. Most recently, the sandal has been part of a report from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology about discoveries like this one which are revealed as glaciers melt, and how a lack of funding and monitoring is preventing researchers from being able to find and retrieve many of these kinds of objects before they saw out and are destroyed. And in our last jewelry find, a man plowing a field in Turkeya also known as Turkey plowed up at thirty three year old bracelets. He took this bracelet to the Chora Museum, which restored it and confirms that it came from the hits civilization. Although this region was home to the capital of the Hittite civilization, there haven't been many pieces of Hittite jewelry found, so this discovery is helping researchers get more of a sense of its jewelry styles. And jewelry making techniques. This one is kind of like a large bangle made of bronze, silver and gold, and it's decorated with Hittite symbols and figures. We're gonna take a quick sponsor break and then talk about some things that showed up at auction. Next up, we have a few notable items that have gone up for auction over the last few months. First, a violin made by Antonio Stratabari in seventeen fourteen called the Da Vinci X Sidell Violin, sold at auction in June for fifteen point nine million dollars. I don't know why all the need to say it that dramatically. It's it's it's a lot of money. That's a lot of money, but also um in line with the amount of money that a person would expect to see for a strata various violin. This instrument was given the Da Vinci nickname in the nineteen twenties, and the ex sidel denotes that it previously belonged to Totia side L. Tosia side L was a virtuoso violinist who played this instrument in orchestral performances and on film scores. It may have been included in the score to The Wizard of Oz. That's sort of like a there's some conjecture involved there, because he definitely recorded violin music for a number of film scores and was working for MGM around the time that that score was recorded, but his involvement is not specifically noted anywhere um it as though included in a lot of other four film scores from around that time. In our next auction, a medal commemorating General Daniel Morgan and his victory at the Battle of Cowpens during the American Revolution has been sold at auction for almost a million dollars. Apart from the record setting price tag. Before the medal appeared at auction, it was believed to be lost. Yeah. This medal was originally part of a series of a hundred and thirty three medals called the Comita Americana. The United States commissioned French artists to create these medals between seventeen seventy six and the early nineteenth century. They all commemorate notable people and events from the Revolutionary War. The Morgan medal was designed by Augustine Duprey and it was struck in Paris, in seventeen eighty nine. When General Morgan died in eighteen o two, his grandson Morgan Lafayette Neville inherited this medal, but then it was stolen from the bank where he worked the cashier in eighteen eighteen. In addition to the medal, the thieves stole more than a hundred thousand dollars and some gold and silver and other medals from the bank faults. This is part of a big bank heist. Although these thieves were apprehended and one of them helped authorities recover most of the stolen goods, the original Morgan metal was among the items that were never found. One of the thieves claimed that it had been in a bag that was dropped into the Ohio River. So Congress approved a replacement medal to be made at the Philadelphia Mint and that was given to General Morgan's great grandson in eighteen forty one. That's not the end of this saga, though, JP Morgan bought the medal in the eighteen eighties, which for some reason, when I got to that part in the story, I went, ah man out loud, like I don't. JP Morgan bought other stuff that did not then get the destroyed somehow, but Morgan believed incorrectly that he was related to General Daniel Morgan, and at some point after he bought the medal, it disappeared. It was believed to have been lost or melted down until an anonymous person consigned it to auction house Stacks Bowers, just seemingly out of nowhere. The buyer who spent nine hundred sixty dollars on it that's a bid of eight hundred thousand dollars plus a buyer's premium, is also anonymous, but an executive from the auction house has publicly maintained that it has quote gone to a good home. I don't know what that is meant to mean. I'm gonna make sure it gets proper nutrition and the bus reading it like it was, they sent the middle the medal to live on a farm up state uh anyway. Next, a tiny book of poems by Charlotte Bronte was sold at auction in April. This tiny book had last been sold at auction in nine sixteen, and after that point it seemed to disappear until somebody found it in an envelope that was tucked inside a nineteenth century book. This was the last of her known tiny books to be in private hands. We've talked about these tiny Charlotte Bronte books and the other Brontes tiny books at various points in the show before. Yeah, Bronte wrote the poems when she was about thirteen, and she made them into a book by hand, sewing it together with a needle and thread. The book is fifteen pages long and it contains ten poems, and it is titled A Book of Rhymes by Charlotte Bronte, sold by nobody and printed by herself. The word rhymes is misspelled, with the H and the Y transposed. As far as we know, these are the only previously unpublished poems by Charlotte Bronte. I find that that flip of the H and the y really charming. Um. When the sale of this tiny book was originally publicized, the I or was anonymous, so there was was of course some level of upset by people who felt like that this should be in a museum. A few days later, though, it was announced that the purchaser was the Friends of the National Libraries, who bought it for one point to five million dollars and is donating it to the Bronte Parsonage Museum. I have thoughts about giant auctions and anonymity that we will talk about on Friday, Okay maybe. And lastly, Saw the Bees will be auctioning off a three hundred nine year old copy of Shakespeare's First Folio on July seven. That's after we record this, but it is before the episode will come out. Two d thirty five of the seven hundred fifty copies that were originally made of the First Folio are still known to exist today, but fewer than twenty are in private collections, so one showing up at auction really doesn't happen very often. Yeah, we may have another update on this later on in a few your installment of Unearthed. Those last couple of auctions could also have been filed under books and letters, and that's what we're turning to next. According to research published in Advances in Space Research, researchers have found the oldest known written record of an aurora. This was in a Chinese text called the Bamboo Annals, which date back to about the tenth century BC. This describes a multicolored light in the sky during the reign of King Zhao, who was the fourth king of the Jou dynasty. This paper is about more than just the existence of the document and a possible description of an aurora. In it, it tries to calculate exactly where this observation happened, and more precisely when concluding that the phenomenon was observed near the ancient settlement of how Jing sometime in nine seventy seven or nine fifty seven BC plus or minus a year. Reporting about this makes it sound way more conclusive than the paper itself seems to, so the headline say things like earliest description of aurora found, while the paper describes this more as a candidate for the earliest description of an aurora. The paper also notes that earlier interpretations of exactly what was observed and where that observation was made have been kind of controversial. I love how we have so many stories that are like well the headline. The headline says this, with the that's not what the actual contents reveal. Moving on. On March nine, an anonymous person returned to missing notebooks belonging to Charles Darwin to the Cambridge University Library, along with a note that read librarian, Happy Easter X. But we would have needed a time machine to have talked about this on our previous installment of Unearthed, because it wasn't announced until April, which was after the Spring Unearthed episodes were written and recorded. The Cambridge University Library had put out a public appeal for the return of the notebooks in November after realizing that these books they were not just misplaced, they were actually missing from the library. They had been removed from the shelf where they normally lived in two thousands so they could be photographed, and then in early two thousand one somebody discovered that the notebooks had not been put back where they were supposed to go. At first, the staff just thought they had been misplaced somewhere, like they had been put on the wrong shelf for something. That's kind of a running theme on Unearthed. There have been various points, so we've talked about people finding things in their own collection because it had just been put in the wrong spot. When the library realized that the notebooks were really gone, they were not in the library anymore, they reported it to the police. That police report was made in October. Of these notebooks are from after Darwin returned from his voyage aboard the Beagle, and one of them includes the famous Tree of Life sketch that illustrates his thought processes. He was working through the idea that would later become part of his land mark work on the Origin of species. According to news reporting, when this was announced, a police investigation was still ongoing. The notebooks were left in a pink gift bag and they were wrapped up in plastic wrap, and they were in a part of the library that isn't covered by security cameras. Now that these have been found, the library was planning to put them on display in an exhibit called Darwin in Conversation that scheduled to open on July nine. Again, that is after this episode is being recorded, but before it will actually come out. Speaking of returned books, an original manuscript by Nostradama's disappeared from the Barnabid Center for Historical Studies in Rome sometime around two thousand seven and was presumably stolen. It resurfaced last year when an art dealer tried to auction it off. Apparently it had moved through a series of flea markets before showing up on the German auction house website, and that is when authorities spotted it. Both manuscript just about five hundred pages long, and one of those pages is marked with a stamp from nineteen one, which is what allowed investigators to conclusively trace it back to the library and than thinking maybe it was a different copy of the same book. It was returned to the library in May, and for our last thing under Books and Letters. During COVID lockdowns, the Leads Central Library surveyed its rare books and special collections. During this process, they found about three thousand items that, for one reason or another, had not been cataloged. One was a tiny, tiny Bible containing the Old and New Testaments. This is a teeny teeny version of the Great Bible of fifteen thirty nine, which was nicknamed the Chained Bible because there was supposed to be one in each church where it would be chained to the pulpit to keep people from walking away with it. Was supposed to make the Bible more accessible to people, but not so accessible that you can take it out of the church. The Chained Bible was pretty big. This is the opposite. It's type is so small that it has to be read with a magnifying glass. The library is actually not sure where it came from or how it came to be in their collections theories already. We can talk about that on Friday teeth. I'm making a note so I don't forget. It's time for shipwrecks, everybody's favorite. Hooray. Construction workers in tell in Estonia have found the wreck of a cog believed to have belonged to the Henseatic League. It was found under a street under about five ft of earth in an area that used to be covered in water. This cog is about eighty feet long and made of oak, with the spaces in between the planks sealed with tar and animal hair. It's been dated to the end of the thirteenth century, and things like shoes, packing material and tools have also been found nearby. As of April, there wasn't a clear plan for the because of its size. If it's going to be moved, it has to be moved in pieces. But it was found during construction of a new office building, and that construction has been delayed by a couple of months because of this shipwreck. Fined next, the government of Colombia has released photos of the wreck of the San Jose, which sank off of Cartagena in seventeen o eight. This ship was part of a convoy of merchant vessels and was carrying goods that are estimated to be worth billions of dollars today. These photos were taken over a series of studies of the wreck using remotely operated vehicles, and they show that the ship is still full of things like pottery, glassware, and gold. It's believed to contain at least two tons of precious metals and gemstones. Two other wrecks were discovered as part of this work, described as a colonial era galleon and a schooner from the post colonial period. There is ongoing debate about who can claim the wreck of the San Jose. It was a Spanish ship, so Spain says that's ours, but it was found off the coast of Columbia. Columbia is like that gives us DIBs on it. A lot of the precious metals aboard, though, were mined by the Cohara Cohara people, whose homeland isn't what's now Bolivia. Lots of people with claims on it. Back in two thousand seven, divers and international waters off the coast of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk found a cannon from a shipwreck that they believed to be the HMS Gloucester. The ship's identity was confirmed when its bell was brought up to the surface in t but the discovery of the ship itself wasn't announced until June of this year for security reasons. Because it was in international waters, authorities needed time to secure the site. Gloucester ran aground in six eighty two with the Duke of York on board, and that Duke of York later became James the second and seventh and the words of Professor Larage how at the University of East Anglia quote because of the circumstances of its sinking, this can be claimed as the single most significant historic maritime discovery since the raising of the Merry Rose in Although the Duke and more than three hundred people aboard survived this wreck, hundreds of other passengers and crew did not. At this point, researchers haven't found any human remains at the wreck site, but they have found things like clothing, equipment, and wine bottles. An exhibition is planned for some of the items that have been recovered that is set to start in the spring of next Archaeologists have found at hundred year old shipwreck in a stream outside of Bordeaux France. There seems to have been a cargo ship that was capable of navigating both rivers and coastal waters. This wreck is being removed for further study. There aren't a lot of records about exactly how ships were built in this for picular time and place, so this find is an important source of information on that, and its removal is a feat It's about twelve meters long, and it has to be cleared of sediment and mapped and documented, and then every piece of wood is being individually numbered and moved the whole process. And our last shipwreck of this installment of Unearthed, a shipwreck in the Philippines has been identified as the destroyer USS Samuel B. Roberts, which sank in battle in n It was found at a depth of six thousand, nine eight five ms that's twenty two nine hundred sixteen feet and that is more than four miles, making it the deepest shipwreck ever discovered. According to a statement by retired admiral and naval historian Samuel J. Cox, the site is a hallowed war grave. Eighty nine of its crew of two hundred twenty four were killed when the ship went down, so that's it. For part one of this installment of Unearthed, and we'll be back on Wednesday with some more fines. You got a little listener mail I do. I have listener mail from Michelle Youse. Title for the email was West Wing not compulsory, but perhaps Terry Pratchett is uh, and Michelle wrote, high amazing women. I've been listening since Christmas twenty twenty, starting at the beginning, and earned the stuff you miss in history class PhD sometime last year. It's been great listening to all the podcasts when I'm mowing the lawn, walking crocheng or running when it's not too hot. I live in Darwin in the Northern Territory, Australia Tropics. As soon as I saw the title of the last episode, mar Cater, I immediately thought of the West Wing episode clip and the characters trying to turn their heads upside down to understand the map when it was reversed. I was wondering if you had mentioned the episode. I didn't think you would since in other episodes I've thought this is referenced on the West Wing, but you haven't mentioned it. And given that I'm the same ages Tracy and loved Terry Pratchett. I wonder if this mystery would ever be solved, and today it was Tracy hasn't watched The West Wing. What an obvious answer. And don't worry. I'm not telling you to watch the show. I am saying your photos on the I Heart Radio episode are fantastic and I love the photo of you both and dress up on the Facebook page. My friends and I call that open mouth type of photo a muppet photo. My wedding photos look like that. Thanks for your fine work. Michelle goes on to suggest some episode topics related to First Nation's history from Australia, and then has some animal pictures, which the first is a frilled neck lizard from around where Michelle lives. And this particular picture when I saw, for some reason, my brain was like, that looks like a lizard. But the head of this lizard does not make any sense to me, I think because like I had not really thought through the like the thrilled neck aspect of it. And then we have lots of adorable dog pictures, So thank you so much for these pictures. As for topic suggestions, one piece of complexity involving First Nation's history related to Australia is that some of the cultures involved have cultural taboos regarding death and uh using the names of people who have died, and that sort of adds a piece of complexity and like how we would approach and talk about those episodes and what we would need to do regarding that. So thank you for these suggestions. That is an aspect of thinking through how we might would incorporate them. So thank you again for this um, this story and these uh these animal pictures. I sure do love Terry Pratchett, and I'm glad to have solved the mystery that I have not watched any episode of The West Wing all the way through. I I've only seen I don't even know. I think it's just like I think something about the Mercatur projection floated that clip up to the top of my my YouTube feed somehow, like that is where I thought it was on YouTube, So that's what it's wi. I've never mentioned the West Wing. If you would like to send us a note about this or anither podcast or history podcast at I heeart radio dot com. We're also all over social media at Missing History That's Sorrow fund our Facebook, Twitter, at Pinterest, and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeart Radio app, or wherever you like being your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Is once again time for Unearthed. Since we started doing these quarterly, it kind of feels like it feels like it's always time. It does. When you had mentioned you were working on this one, I was like, no, yeah, it's time. It is time. Uh. If you are brand new to the show. Unearthed is when we take a look at what has been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. So this installment of Unearthed is about things that were unearthed in April, May and June. This installment part one, we have updates and some jewelry and some auctions and some books and letters and some shipwrecks. And then in part two of this Unearthed on Wednesday, will have the edibles and potables and some art and some animals other stuff too. Once again, we had two episodes worth of stuff. Looked a little doubtful for a while there, but so the Black Death made a bunch of headlines in June after it was reported that researchers had conclusively determined the starting point of the second plague pandemic, that's the centuries long pandemic that the Black Death was part of. This research was probably the biggest headline maker of all of the headlines in this particular installment of unearthed. As described in research that was published in the journal Nature, the team studied DNA and a burial site in modern Kurdistan. That burial site has graves in it that date back to the year thirteen thirty eight. Archaeologists have actually known about this burial site and the years engraved on the markers for more than a century. What was not known was whether the people buried they're actually died of plague. There's a word on these grave markers that has been translated as pest or as pestilence, and people do use that to mean plague a whole lot, but it could also mean any number of other diseases and conditions. So, based on the time period and the way people talked and wrote about the plague, that seems like a pretty logical conclusion, So it makes sense that researchers were focused on this site. This research did indeed confirm that the people buried at these grave sites died of plague. That plus the years marked on the tombstones, means we know for sure that there were people who died of plague in eight and we're buried at this location in modern Kyrgyzstan. But the paper and the reporting around it made it sound like a much broader discovery, with headlines like origins of the Black Death identified. That's actually the headline on a release from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, which was part of this work, But it was also all over mainstream news reporting with headlines like we finally know where the Black Death started. This is definitely a case where I saw those headlines and I was like, did we though? Are you shore sure about that? I was not the only person with questions. People with far more qualifications to study that than me had questions. Also, not everybody was sold on that conclusion. So, for example, Dr Monica Green has written extensively on the Black Death and the Second Plague pandemic, and on June twenty two she put out a thread on Twitter about this paper. She noted which parts of it confirmed to what was already known, like the existence of this burial site and the tombstones in it, as well as what in this research builds onto that existing knowledge, like confirming that the pestilence that's referenced on those tombstones really was the plague and not something else. She also looks at the DNA research that was done in the study in detail in a way that isn't really easy for us to capture his lay people doing an audio podcast. Uh, it's about single nucleotide polymorphisms or s nps pronounced snips. Those are basically genetic variations or mutations. Three of them are a key part in the evolutionary history of your Cinea pestis, and according to Green, the analysis in the paper only has really good coverage of one of them, while also showing a fourth snip that seems to be new. This actually led us some back and forth on Twitter about whether that fourth snip is really a false positive or not. Beyond that, though, Green also notes that a lot of the more recent historical research into the plague and the Black Death and all of that has suggested that the origins are in the thirteenth century, not the fourteenth century where this research was focused. So in addition to these questions about the details of the DNA study, there's a whole century of history that's being omitted here. So, in other words, the idea that this could inclusively pinpoints the starting point for the Black Death that seems like a much bigger claim than can really be supported by the details in this paper. The Black Death has come up a lot on the show. There's a short episode on it from previous hosts back in two thousand nine, but more recently, it was a big part of our episode on What Tyler in the Uprising of One that came out on June tenth. Moving on, a team looking for evidence regarding the murder of Emmett Till found a warrant for the arrest of Caroline Bryant Donham, named in the warrant as Mrs roy Bryant. That warrant dated back to August. We talked about the lynching of Emmett Till in our episode The Motherhood of Mamie Till Mobile which came out August. The team doing this research included members of the Emmett Till Legacy Foundation and Deborah Watts, who is one of Till's cousins, is the head of the foundation, and she and her daughter Terry were among the group of people who was searching for some kind of evidence here. In addition to the earlier episode on Mamie Till Mobley, we have also talked about this case on previous installments of Unearthed, after the U. S. Department of Justice reopened the case in and then closed it again in one saying that no new evidence had been discovered that could lead to an arrest of a living person. Caroline Bryant Dunham is still living and people involved with this case have expressed their hope that this old warrant could still be served. People knew about this warrant back in ninety five, but the Lafleur County sheriff at the time told reporters that they didn't want to bother her. Her then husband, Roy Bryant, and another man named JW. Milam were tried for this crime and acquitted, but they confessed to the crime in an interview that they later sold to a reporter for four thousand dollars. So there's been some discussion of whether this war it could be the thing that allows there to be some more progress on the case. This next thing is not exactly an update, but it is related to an earlier episode topic. A statue of dancer Marjorie tall Chief was stolen from the Vintage Garden at the Tulsa Historical Society and Museum at the end of April. Marjorie was the sister of pass podcast subject Maria tal Chief, who is another of the indigenous ballerinas honored with a statue at the garden. We covered Maria tal Chief on the show on November. A few days after this theft was discovered, the Historical Society got a call from CMC Recycling, which buys scrap metal, and the recycling center was reporting that it had pieces of this statue. Somebody had cut it up into parts and then had sold the pieces to them as scrap. The statues of Marjorie and Maria tal Chief are part of a work called Five Moons. This was the work of artists Monty England and Gary Henson. It honors five indigenous ballerinas from what's now Oklahoma. England died in two thousand five and the original mold for the statue of Marjorie tall Chief was destroyed in a foundry fire. So while a fundraiser to replace the statue met its goal right away, it initially seemed like it would kind of be a challenge to actually make a replacement. A bit later in May, though, additional pieces of the statue were recovered at another recycling center, including the head of the statue, and although there's some pieces that are still missing. Henson, who's a member of the Shawnee tribe, was quoted as saying, with the amount of the statue that's been recovered so far, he's confident that he's was going to be able to restore it. Previous host of the show talked about the mary Rose in their episode five Shipwreck Stories in The mary Rose sank in five and is now in the Mary Rose Museum. At the end of one, we talked about conservation efforts involving the mary Rose, which involved pinpointing exactly where bacteria are living within the preserved wreckage because secretions from those bacteria could become acidic when exposed to air, and that could cause the wreckage to deteriorate. The hull of the ship itself is not the only part of this wreck that has been brought to the museum or is now facing some challenges with preservation. The mary Rose had two brick ovens, and bricks from those events are also at the museum, and they're also being affected by acids. When the bricks were recovered from the wreck site, they were washed and dried to remove the salt water that they had been soaking in for centuries. Conservators thought that the bricks were stable at that point, but more recently, salt crystals have started forming on them, suggesting that there is still something going on inside them that could be causing damage. The researchers have been using a bunch of different imaging and analysis techniques to try to get a sense of both the physical and the chemical processes that might be work here. This is involved examining the bricks themselves and the crystals that have been growing on them, and much like the way those bacterial secretions could become acidic when they're exposed to air, these salts seem to have created an acidic environment inside the bricks as they've dissolved. One interesting part of all this is that the team didn't find evidence of sodium or chlorine, which are the key components of sea salt. That suggests that the original washing treatments on the bricks did remove sea salt as intended, but that these other salts were left behind. Like the work that we previously discussed around the Merry Rose. This is a work in progress with the team trying to find ways to figure out what they should do next. Let's take a quick sponsor break before we get back to another update of another shipwreck. The Clotilda has made a few appearances on Unearthed. This was the last vessel known to bring enslaved people into the United States, and then after that happened, it's captain intentionally burned and sank it in the Mobile River in Alabama. This was an eighteen sixty and that was almost fifty years after Congress passed the Act prohibiting the importation of slaves, so that was illegal, but people were still doing it anyway. In previous episodes, we have talked about the discoveries of other wrecks that were believed to be the Clotilda. We also have talked about this one, which was confirmed to be the correct ship in twenty nine. Team researchers started making their first research dives to the wreck in May of this year. They've been studying and scanning the wreck itself and evaluating its integrity, as well as organisms living in the wreck which play a part in its overall integrity. They have also been looking for and retrieving disarticulated pieces of the wreck. Before setting fire to the Clotilda, the slave traffickers who were using it transferred everyone aboard onto a river boat, so there should not have been any people on board when it's sank. But the team is also looking for DNA evidence from the ship. They're doing that by collecting small core samples from the ship, and the hope is that they'll be able to connect people who were trafficked aboard this ship to their living descendants today. And speaking of DNA, for the first time, scientists have sequenced the genome of someone who died at Pompeii after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year seventy nine. Researchers extracted DNA from two sets of remains that were found close to each other at a building called the House of the Craftsman. One appeared to be from a man between the ages of thirty five and forty, and the other from a woman estimated to be about fifty, but there were gaps in the woman's DNA sequence, so only the man's was used for this genome sequencing. After comparing this DNA to that of more than a thousand other ancient people and that of four seventy one people from Western Europe today. They found out this person had DNA similar to people living in Italy during the Roman Era and to people who are living in modern Italy. That lines up with what you would expect based on this person being at Pompey when it was destroyed. Then by examining his mitochondrial DNA, researchers also determined that he had some genes in common with people from Sardinia which aren't also shared with people from other parts of Italy, so it seems like he had some ancestry there as well, and this gives us a glimpse into the possible diversity and mobility of people who were living in this part of the world almost two thousand years ago. The people who died at Pompeii were covered in ash and that protected their DNA from some of the factors that would normally cause it to degrade over thousands of years. But even so, getting enough intact DNA to sequence a whole genome has been a very lengthy process. Yeah, they've had lots of other attempts that have not worked out, and other Pompeii News. One of the latest finds there is a tortoise, either a wild tortoise from somewhere near the city or somebody's pet. This tortoise seems to have burrowed under some debris to lay her eggs. The tortoise was removed in stages and an egg was found still inside her body. So this tortoise was found under the remains of a building that had already been destroyed in the earthquake that happened shortly before uh everything else was destroyed in the volcanic eruption. Sometimes when you see things that people like, ah, that's that's the remains of whatever animal, and you're like, is it really though this? You look at the pictures and you're like, that is that's a tortoise right there. There are still fines coming up from the Anti Kids Are a shipwreck as part of the return to Anti Kids Are a project including the head of a statue of Hercules. It's possible that this two thousand year old head is the one that goes on the body of a statue that sponge divers found in nineteen hundred and which is now in the Athens National Archaeological Museum. Other finds from this latest set of dives include some of the ship's equipment, including parts of the anchor, parts of a marble statue base, and some human teeth. Maybe the bell witch put them there. Thinking about that, every time we talk about teeth, I think I've heard um. And in our last update for now, Vinda Luanda has made several appearances on previous episodes of Unearthed. That's the Roman fort and settlement in Northumberland that's home to all kinds of ongoing archaeological work. And in May the team at Vindolanda announced a new finding dating back to the third century, a large piece of stone carved with a fallus and engraved with the words second Dennis Kakore, which we will translate approximately to second Dennis the pooper. Yeah. Most articles about this translate with the word that's a little more stronger than pooper. Uh Phallust's were often used as a symbol of good luck at this place in time. There are lots of fallus engravings around this one, though seems more clearly meant as an insult. Somebody did not like that guy. I like that. We found um essentially like very intensely created insult graffiti. Yeah, that's basically what that is. Moving on, we have a few pieces of jewelry and clothing and similar items. You know those best friend necklaces that are made to resemble a broken heart where one friend wears half and the other friend wears the other. Tracy might have thought these didn't still exist. They do. I assure you. You can even get Star Wars ones. Yeah, I just associate them with being thirteen in early uh like decades ago, so that's just the last time you encounter them, perhaps, but they are still out there doing the rounds uh well. Postdoctoral researcher Maria Ajala from the University of Helsinki has been examining slate ring ornaments that may have been put to similar use about six thousand years ago. So there are a lot of these rings in the archaeological record, but for the most part they have not been found intact, and that is not really surprising. A lot of stuff in the archaeological record is broken, and these are small slate rings that are thousands of years old, so would not necessarily expect a lot of them to be whole at this point. But Ahala's research suggests that these did not just break through where or handling or everything associated with the passage of all that time. That instead, at least some of them were broken intentionally and then possibly used to maintain or signify relationships in the community, so one person gets one piece and one person gets the other piece. This research involved a whole group from the University of Helsinki and the University of Turku, and they matched up the pieces of these rings and analyzed their geochemical composition, and they found that in some cases different parts of the same ring had been found in two different locations. Some of the rings were also found hundreds of kilometers from where they were made, again suggesting that they were playing some role within a large, interconnected community network. Moving on, what maybe the oldest prayer beads so far found in Britain have been unearthed on the island of Lindisfarne. These were found near the neck of some skeletal remains that may have belonged to a monk, and it's likely that they were strung together and worn, although if that's the case, the string itself is no longer there, which again it's not very surprising. They're made from salmon vertebrae and the whole through the vertebrae, which are naturally occurring as part of their anatomy. Those holes have been enlarged, either intentionally or as a side effect of their having been worn on a string. You date back to the eighth or ninth century, and I just think the idea of having your prayer beads made out of fish Ford ray like, that's cool. Well, it it makes me envision a future craft project, is what it makes me. I'm like, how, well, what do you have to do to sterilize those guys? What do you Let's uh, let's talk about this next up. A hiker in Norway spotted a sandal sticking out of melting ice in The hiker got in touch with a glacial archaeology program called Secrets of the Ice, and a team went to investigate. They got to the site in time to excavate the sandal and several other items before a snowstorm covered it all back up. Since that time, the team from Secrets of the Ice has made a replica of the sandal, which resembles a Roman laceup sandal called a carbontina. Then raised some questions about that seems like not very adequate footwear for a frozen snowy place. Uh there was a suggestion that maybe they were worn with socks. They've also done some radio carbon dating and confirmed that the sandal dates back to the fourth century, meaning that the mountain pass where this was found was already in use by that point. Most recently, the sandal has been part of a report from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology about discoveries like this one which are revealed as glaciers melt, and how a lack of funding and monitoring is preventing researchers from being able to find and retrieve many of these kinds of objects before they saw out and are destroyed. And in our last jewelry find, a man plowing a field in Turkeya also known as Turkey plowed up at thirty three year old bracelets. He took this bracelet to the Chora Museum, which restored it and confirms that it came from the hits civilization. Although this region was home to the capital of the Hittite civilization, there haven't been many pieces of Hittite jewelry found, so this discovery is helping researchers get more of a sense of its jewelry styles. And jewelry making techniques. This one is kind of like a large bangle made of bronze, silver and gold, and it's decorated with Hittite symbols and figures. We're gonna take a quick sponsor break and then talk about some things that showed up at auction. Next up, we have a few notable items that have gone up for auction over the last few months. First, a violin made by Antonio Stratabari in seventeen fourteen called the Da Vinci X Sidell Violin, sold at auction in June for fifteen point nine million dollars. I don't know why all the need to say it that dramatically. It's it's it's a lot of money. That's a lot of money, but also um in line with the amount of money that a person would expect to see for a strata various violin. This instrument was given the Da Vinci nickname in the nineteen twenties, and the ex sidel denotes that it previously belonged to Totia side L. Tosia side L was a virtuoso violinist who played this instrument in orchestral performances and on film scores. It may have been included in the score to The Wizard of Oz. That's sort of like a there's some conjecture involved there, because he definitely recorded violin music for a number of film scores and was working for MGM around the time that that score was recorded, but his involvement is not specifically noted anywhere um it as though included in a lot of other four film scores from around that time. In our next auction, a medal commemorating General Daniel Morgan and his victory at the Battle of Cowpens during the American Revolution has been sold at auction for almost a million dollars. Apart from the record setting price tag. Before the medal appeared at auction, it was believed to be lost. Yeah. This medal was originally part of a series of a hundred and thirty three medals called the Comita Americana. The United States commissioned French artists to create these medals between seventeen seventy six and the early nineteenth century. They all commemorate notable people and events from the Revolutionary War. The Morgan medal was designed by Augustine Duprey and it was struck in Paris, in seventeen eighty nine. When General Morgan died in eighteen o two, his grandson Morgan Lafayette Neville inherited this medal, but then it was stolen from the bank where he worked the cashier in eighteen eighteen. In addition to the medal, the thieves stole more than a hundred thousand dollars and some gold and silver and other medals from the bank faults. This is part of a big bank heist. Although these thieves were apprehended and one of them helped authorities recover most of the stolen goods, the original Morgan metal was among the items that were never found. One of the thieves claimed that it had been in a bag that was dropped into the Ohio River. So Congress approved a replacement medal to be made at the Philadelphia Mint and that was given to General Morgan's great grandson in eighteen forty one. That's not the end of this saga, though, JP Morgan bought the medal in the eighteen eighties, which for some reason, when I got to that part in the story, I went, ah man out loud, like I don't. JP Morgan bought other stuff that did not then get the destroyed somehow, but Morgan believed incorrectly that he was related to General Daniel Morgan, and at some point after he bought the medal, it disappeared. It was believed to have been lost or melted down until an anonymous person consigned it to auction house Stacks Bowers, just seemingly out of nowhere. The buyer who spent nine hundred sixty dollars on it that's a bid of eight hundred thousand dollars plus a buyer's premium, is also anonymous, but an executive from the auction house has publicly maintained that it has quote gone to a good home. I don't know what that is meant to mean. I'm gonna make sure it gets proper nutrition and the bus reading it like it was, they sent the middle the medal to live on a farm up state uh anyway. Next, a tiny book of poems by Charlotte Bronte was sold at auction in April. This tiny book had last been sold at auction in nine sixteen, and after that point it seemed to disappear until somebody found it in an envelope that was tucked inside a nineteenth century book. This was the last of her known tiny books to be in private hands. We've talked about these tiny Charlotte Bronte books and the other Brontes tiny books at various points in the show before. Yeah, Bronte wrote the poems when she was about thirteen, and she made them into a book by hand, sewing it together with a needle and thread. The book is fifteen pages long and it contains ten poems, and it is titled A Book of Rhymes by Charlotte Bronte, sold by nobody and printed by herself. The word rhymes is misspelled, with the H and the Y transposed. As far as we know, these are the only previously unpublished poems by Charlotte Bronte. I find that that flip of the H and the y really charming. Um. When the sale of this tiny book was originally publicized, the I or was anonymous, so there was was of course some level of upset by people who felt like that this should be in a museum. A few days later, though, it was announced that the purchaser was the Friends of the National Libraries, who bought it for one point to five million dollars and is donating it to the Bronte Parsonage Museum. I have thoughts about giant auctions and anonymity that we will talk about on Friday, Okay maybe. And lastly, Saw the Bees will be auctioning off a three hundred nine year old copy of Shakespeare's First Folio on July seven. That's after we record this, but it is before the episode will come out. Two d thirty five of the seven hundred fifty copies that were originally made of the First Folio are still known to exist today, but fewer than twenty are in private collections, so one showing up at auction really doesn't happen very often. Yeah, we may have another update on this later on in a few your installment of Unearthed. Those last couple of auctions could also have been filed under books and letters, and that's what we're turning to next. According to research published in Advances in Space Research, researchers have found the oldest known written record of an aurora. This was in a Chinese text called the Bamboo Annals, which date back to about the tenth century BC. This describes a multicolored light in the sky during the reign of King Zhao, who was the fourth king of the Jou dynasty. This paper is about more than just the existence of the document and a possible description of an aurora. In it, it tries to calculate exactly where this observation happened, and more precisely when concluding that the phenomenon was observed near the ancient settlement of how Jing sometime in nine seventy seven or nine fifty seven BC plus or minus a year. Reporting about this makes it sound way more conclusive than the paper itself seems to, so the headline say things like earliest description of aurora found, while the paper describes this more as a candidate for the earliest description of an aurora. The paper also notes that earlier interpretations of exactly what was observed and where that observation was made have been kind of controversial. I love how we have so many stories that are like well the headline. The headline says this, with the that's not what the actual contents reveal. Moving on. On March nine, an anonymous person returned to missing notebooks belonging to Charles Darwin to the Cambridge University Library, along with a note that read librarian, Happy Easter X. But we would have needed a time machine to have talked about this on our previous installment of Unearthed, because it wasn't announced until April, which was after the Spring Unearthed episodes were written and recorded. The Cambridge University Library had put out a public appeal for the return of the notebooks in November after realizing that these books they were not just misplaced, they were actually missing from the library. They had been removed from the shelf where they normally lived in two thousands so they could be photographed, and then in early two thousand one somebody discovered that the notebooks had not been put back where they were supposed to go. At first, the staff just thought they had been misplaced somewhere, like they had been put on the wrong shelf for something. That's kind of a running theme on Unearthed. There have been various points, so we've talked about people finding things in their own collection because it had just been put in the wrong spot. When the library realized that the notebooks were really gone, they were not in the library anymore, they reported it to the police. That police report was made in October. Of these notebooks are from after Darwin returned from his voyage aboard the Beagle, and one of them includes the famous Tree of Life sketch that illustrates his thought processes. He was working through the idea that would later become part of his land mark work on the Origin of species. According to news reporting, when this was announced, a police investigation was still ongoing. The notebooks were left in a pink gift bag and they were wrapped up in plastic wrap, and they were in a part of the library that isn't covered by security cameras. Now that these have been found, the library was planning to put them on display in an exhibit called Darwin in Conversation that scheduled to open on July nine. Again, that is after this episode is being recorded, but before it will actually come out. Speaking of returned books, an original manuscript by Nostradama's disappeared from the Barnabid Center for Historical Studies in Rome sometime around two thousand seven and was presumably stolen. It resurfaced last year when an art dealer tried to auction it off. Apparently it had moved through a series of flea markets before showing up on the German auction house website, and that is when authorities spotted it. Both manuscript just about five hundred pages long, and one of those pages is marked with a stamp from nineteen one, which is what allowed investigators to conclusively trace it back to the library and than thinking maybe it was a different copy of the same book. It was returned to the library in May, and for our last thing under Books and Letters. During COVID lockdowns, the Leads Central Library surveyed its rare books and special collections. During this process, they found about three thousand items that, for one reason or another, had not been cataloged. One was a tiny, tiny Bible containing the Old and New Testaments. This is a teeny teeny version of the Great Bible of fifteen thirty nine, which was nicknamed the Chained Bible because there was supposed to be one in each church where it would be chained to the pulpit to keep people from walking away with it. Was supposed to make the Bible more accessible to people, but not so accessible that you can take it out of the church. The Chained Bible was pretty big. This is the opposite. It's type is so small that it has to be read with a magnifying glass. The library is actually not sure where it came from or how it came to be in their collections theories already. We can talk about that on Friday teeth. I'm making a note so I don't forget. It's time for shipwrecks, everybody's favorite. Hooray. Construction workers in tell in Estonia have found the wreck of a cog believed to have belonged to the Henseatic League. It was found under a street under about five ft of earth in an area that used to be covered in water. This cog is about eighty feet long and made of oak, with the spaces in between the planks sealed with tar and animal hair. It's been dated to the end of the thirteenth century, and things like shoes, packing material and tools have also been found nearby. As of April, there wasn't a clear plan for the because of its size. If it's going to be moved, it has to be moved in pieces. But it was found during construction of a new office building, and that construction has been delayed by a couple of months because of this shipwreck. Fined next, the government of Colombia has released photos of the wreck of the San Jose, which sank off of Cartagena in seventeen o eight. This ship was part of a convoy of merchant vessels and was carrying goods that are estimated to be worth billions of dollars today. These photos were taken over a series of studies of the wreck using remotely operated vehicles, and they show that the ship is still full of things like pottery, glassware, and gold. It's believed to contain at least two tons of precious metals and gemstones. Two other wrecks were discovered as part of this work, described as a colonial era galleon and a schooner from the post colonial period. There is ongoing debate about who can claim the wreck of the San Jose. It was a Spanish ship, so Spain says that's ours, but it was found off the coast of Columbia. Columbia is like that gives us DIBs on it. A lot of the precious metals aboard, though, were mined by the Cohara Cohara people, whose homeland isn't what's now Bolivia. Lots of people with claims on it. Back in two thousand seven, divers and international waters off the coast of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk found a cannon from a shipwreck that they believed to be the HMS Gloucester. The ship's identity was confirmed when its bell was brought up to the surface in t but the discovery of the ship itself wasn't announced until June of this year for security reasons. Because it was in international waters, authorities needed time to secure the site. Gloucester ran aground in six eighty two with the Duke of York on board, and that Duke of York later became James the second and seventh and the words of Professor Larage how at the University of East Anglia quote because of the circumstances of its sinking, this can be claimed as the single most significant historic maritime discovery since the raising of the Merry Rose in Although the Duke and more than three hundred people aboard survived this wreck, hundreds of other passengers and crew did not. At this point, researchers haven't found any human remains at the wreck site, but they have found things like clothing, equipment, and wine bottles. An exhibition is planned for some of the items that have been recovered that is set to start in the spring of next Archaeologists have found at hundred year old shipwreck in a stream outside of Bordeaux France. There seems to have been a cargo ship that was capable of navigating both rivers and coastal waters. This wreck is being removed for further study. There aren't a lot of records about exactly how ships were built in this for picular time and place, so this find is an important source of information on that, and its removal is a feat It's about twelve meters long, and it has to be cleared of sediment and mapped and documented, and then every piece of wood is being individually numbered and moved the whole process. And our last shipwreck of this installment of Unearthed, a shipwreck in the Philippines has been identified as the destroyer USS Samuel B. Roberts, which sank in battle in n It was found at a depth of six thousand, nine eight five ms that's twenty two nine hundred sixteen feet and that is more than four miles, making it the deepest shipwreck ever discovered. According to a statement by retired admiral and naval historian Samuel J. Cox, the site is a hallowed war grave. Eighty nine of its crew of two hundred twenty four were killed when the ship went down, so that's it. For part one of this installment of Unearthed, and we'll be back on Wednesday with some more fines. You got a little listener mail I do. I have listener mail from Michelle Youse. Title for the email was West Wing not compulsory, but perhaps Terry Pratchett is uh, and Michelle wrote, high amazing women. I've been listening since Christmas twenty twenty, starting at the beginning, and earned the stuff you miss in history class PhD sometime last year. It's been great listening to all the podcasts when I'm mowing the lawn, walking crocheng or running when it's not too hot. I live in Darwin in the Northern Territory, Australia Tropics. As soon as I saw the title of the last episode, mar Cater, I immediately thought of the West Wing episode clip and the characters trying to turn their heads upside down to understand the map when it was reversed. I was wondering if you had mentioned the episode. I didn't think you would since in other episodes I've thought this is referenced on the West Wing, but you haven't mentioned it. And given that I'm the same ages Tracy and loved Terry Pratchett. I wonder if this mystery would ever be solved, and today it was Tracy hasn't watched The West Wing. What an obvious answer. And don't worry. I'm not telling you to watch the show. I am saying your photos on the I Heart Radio episode are fantastic and I love the photo of you both and dress up on the Facebook page. My friends and I call that open mouth type of photo a muppet photo. My wedding photos look like that. Thanks for your fine work. Michelle goes on to suggest some episode topics related to First Nation's history from Australia, and then has some animal pictures, which the first is a frilled neck lizard from around where Michelle lives. And this particular picture when I saw, for some reason, my brain was like, that looks like a lizard. But the head of this lizard does not make any sense to me, I think because like I had not really thought through the like the thrilled neck aspect of it. And then we have lots of adorable dog pictures, So thank you so much for these pictures. As for topic suggestions, one piece of complexity involving First Nation's history related to Australia is that some of the cultures involved have cultural taboos regarding death and uh using the names of people who have died, and that sort of adds a piece of complexity and like how we would approach and talk about those episodes and what we would need to do regarding that. So thank you for these suggestions. That is an aspect of thinking through how we might would incorporate them. So thank you again for this um, this story and these uh these animal pictures. I sure do love Terry Pratchett, and I'm glad to have solved the mystery that I have not watched any episode of The West Wing all the way through. I I've only seen I don't even know. I think it's just like I think something about the Mercatur projection floated that clip up to the top of my my YouTube feed somehow, like that is where I thought it was on YouTube, So that's what it's wi. I've never mentioned the West Wing. If you would like to send us a note about this or anither podcast or history podcast at I heeart radio dot com. We're also all over social media at Missing History That's Sorrow fund our Facebook, Twitter, at Pinterest, and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeart Radio app, or wherever you like being your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.