Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio.

Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio.

Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracey V.

Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracey V.

Wilson and I'm Holly Frye.

Wilson and I'm Holly Frye.

This is part two of our latest installment of Unearthed, talking about things that have been literally and figuratively unearthed in July, August and September of twenty twenty four. This time we have a lot of shipwrecks and some animals, some artwork, few edibles and potables. As so often happens, we're starting off with the potpoury things that don't really fit into a single category, but I thought all of them were cool and interesting.

This is part two of our latest installment of Unearthed, talking about things that have been literally and figuratively unearthed in July, August and September of twenty twenty four. This time we have a lot of shipwrecks and some animals, some artwork, few edibles and potables. As so often happens, we're starting off with the potpoury things that don't really fit into a single category, but I thought all of them were cool and interesting.

Our first two studies relate to the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and surrounding islands. First, the Gunni Kernai aboriginal elders invited archaeologists to exec a cave in the foothills of the Australian Alps, and their work has found evidence of a ritual that was passed down orally within the Guennaiknai community for at least twelve thousand years. The cave wasn't used as a permanent settlement, but as a site of retreats and religious practices.

Our first two studies relate to the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and surrounding islands. First, the Gunni Kernai aboriginal elders invited archaeologists to exec a cave in the foothills of the Australian Alps, and their work has found evidence of a ritual that was passed down orally within the Guennaiknai community for at least twelve thousand years. The cave wasn't used as a permanent settlement, but as a site of retreats and religious practices.

The physical evidence of this is two sticks made of casarina wood which were smeared with fat and partially burned. That combines with aboriginal knowledge about rituals involving preparing and shaping sticks like these, covering them in fat, and then steeking them into the ground near a fire. Although one of these sticks is eleven thousand years old and the other is about twelve thousand years old, archaeologists who were involved in this work estimate that the cave has been used for ritual purposes as for as many as twenty five thousand years. Researchers estimate that these rituals were passed down through about five one hundred generations of people living in this area.

The physical evidence of this is two sticks made of casarina wood which were smeared with fat and partially burned. That combines with aboriginal knowledge about rituals involving preparing and shaping sticks like these, covering them in fat, and then steeking them into the ground near a fire. Although one of these sticks is eleven thousand years old and the other is about twelve thousand years old, archaeologists who were involved in this work estimate that the cave has been used for ritual purposes as for as many as twenty five thousand years. Researchers estimate that these rituals were passed down through about five one hundred generations of people living in this area.

Together, this provides evidence of one of the oldest known cultural rituals in the world that's still being practiced and some of the oldest wooden objects founded in archaeological site in Australia, and this work has been described as recontextualizing older research, including archaeological work that was carried out in the same area without the permission of the Gunaikronye people in the nineteen seventies and in the other.

Together, this provides evidence of one of the oldest known cultural rituals in the world that's still being practiced and some of the oldest wooden objects founded in archaeological site in Australia, and this work has been described as recontextualizing older research, including archaeological work that was carried out in the same area without the permission of the Gunaikronye people in the nineteen seventies and in the other.

Study, researchers from the University of Melbourne with the consent and support of the Lutruitan Aboriginal community, have studied ancient people's land stewardship techniques in the traditional territories located on Tasmania. This research looked at evidence of vegetation both before and after humans arrived on Tasmania. After arriving in Lutuita, people used various techniques to manage the landscape and vegetation, including the application of fire. This provides physical evidence for the fact that what Europeans described as terra nulius or land belonging to no one, had really been intentionally managed by Aboriginal peoples who created a more open landscape there and curbed the expansion of the rainforests. This land management also happened alongside changes in the climate, so researchers have pointed out that these findings have some applications to today's world as well. In twenty twenty two, two lead coffins were on earthed at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. One was identified as belonging to Antoine de la Porte, which we talked about on Earth at the end of twenty twenty two. The other's identity was still unknown, although he had been nicknamed the Horseman because the condition of his body suggested that he had spent a lot of time writing. Now, researchers believe he may be poet Joaquim do Ballet, who died in fifteen sixteen, and that's based on the way the remains match up to descriptions of Ballet, including the fact that he was known for being an equestrian. Next, a collector bought a framed scrap of material from Goodwill's online thrift store, bidding seventeen hundred dollars on it because it was described as a piece of George Washington's tent. It also had a note that this piece had been displayed at the three hundredth anniversary celebration of the founding of Jamestown. This collector told CNN that he did not tell his wife about this purchase for a while because he was afraid that it was not genuine. But it was genuine. It has now been confirmed to really be a piece of George Washington's dining tent, so it has a value much higher than what he actually paid for it. This is currently being displayed at the Museum of the American Revolution along with Washington's war tent, which served as both a sleeping space and an office quarters. This scrap, since it came from George Washington's dining tent, is a different tent. That tent is also in the Smithsonian's collection, but it's not on public view.

Study, researchers from the University of Melbourne with the consent and support of the Lutruitan Aboriginal community, have studied ancient people's land stewardship techniques in the traditional territories located on Tasmania. This research looked at evidence of vegetation both before and after humans arrived on Tasmania. After arriving in Lutuita, people used various techniques to manage the landscape and vegetation, including the application of fire. This provides physical evidence for the fact that what Europeans described as terra nulius or land belonging to no one, had really been intentionally managed by Aboriginal peoples who created a more open landscape there and curbed the expansion of the rainforests. This land management also happened alongside changes in the climate, so researchers have pointed out that these findings have some applications to today's world as well. In twenty twenty two, two lead coffins were on earthed at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. One was identified as belonging to Antoine de la Porte, which we talked about on Earth at the end of twenty twenty two. The other's identity was still unknown, although he had been nicknamed the Horseman because the condition of his body suggested that he had spent a lot of time writing. Now, researchers believe he may be poet Joaquim do Ballet, who died in fifteen sixteen, and that's based on the way the remains match up to descriptions of Ballet, including the fact that he was known for being an equestrian. Next, a collector bought a framed scrap of material from Goodwill's online thrift store, bidding seventeen hundred dollars on it because it was described as a piece of George Washington's tent. It also had a note that this piece had been displayed at the three hundredth anniversary celebration of the founding of Jamestown. This collector told CNN that he did not tell his wife about this purchase for a while because he was afraid that it was not genuine. But it was genuine. It has now been confirmed to really be a piece of George Washington's dining tent, so it has a value much higher than what he actually paid for it. This is currently being displayed at the Museum of the American Revolution along with Washington's war tent, which served as both a sleeping space and an office quarters. This scrap, since it came from George Washington's dining tent, is a different tent. That tent is also in the Smithsonian's collection, but it's not on public view.

Moving on, an amateur archaeology group in Poland believes they have found a compass belonging to astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. This is a compass like a person might use to draw circles or arcs, not a compass like a person might use to tell which way is north.

Moving on, an amateur archaeology group in Poland believes they have found a compass belonging to astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. This is a compass like a person might use to draw circles or arcs, not a compass like a person might use to tell which way is north.

It's currently unclear whether this compass really did belong to Copernicus. It was found under the gardens of the arch Cathedral of Fromburg, which is where Copernicus both worked and lived nearby. It was also not far from where Copernicus's remains were found in two thousand and five. This discovery followed some ground penetrating radar studies that had revealed the presence of an underground room and three tunnels, and according to legend, Particus used these secret tunnels to move between the cathedral and a nearby castle. Even if this compass is not Copernicus's compass. It is one of only three such instruments that have been found in Poland, so it is still a very rare find. And in our last random find, a collection of Viking era objects known as the Galloway Horde was discovered in twenty fourteen and it's one of the largest Viking hords ever to be found in Scotland. One particular object drew attention in September, a one thy one hundred year old silver vessel which was found wrapped in textiles. There were other silver objects in the Galloway Horde, but this one seemed different from the others, with silver that came from a different place. It was believed to have been made in the Carolingian dynasty, but once it had been cleaned it was clear that it was covered in Zoroastrian iconography. According to new research, it came from Iran, specifically a mine in central Iran called Knaclach in what was then the Sasanian Empire. That means that it had traveled thousands of miles sometime before the year nine hundred or so, when the Horde was originally buried. Now we will move on to a few animal finds. Research conducted at the University of Sydney suggests that Australian dingoes may have originated in East Asia via Melanesia, rather than previously proposed origins in either India or Thailand. Researchers studied ancient dingo remains from western New South Wales using both traditional and three D geometric morphometric analysis. In addition to suggesting a different origin for these animals, this research also suggested that dingoes have gotten larger over time, and that this increase in size predates they're becoming hybridized with domestic dogs. Aboriginal communities in New South Wales endorsed this research, and the Willander Lakes Region World Heritage Aboriginal Advisory Group collaborated on the use of carbon dating to determine the age of the ancient dingoes.

It's currently unclear whether this compass really did belong to Copernicus. It was found under the gardens of the arch Cathedral of Fromburg, which is where Copernicus both worked and lived nearby. It was also not far from where Copernicus's remains were found in two thousand and five. This discovery followed some ground penetrating radar studies that had revealed the presence of an underground room and three tunnels, and according to legend, Particus used these secret tunnels to move between the cathedral and a nearby castle. Even if this compass is not Copernicus's compass. It is one of only three such instruments that have been found in Poland, so it is still a very rare find. And in our last random find, a collection of Viking era objects known as the Galloway Horde was discovered in twenty fourteen and it's one of the largest Viking hords ever to be found in Scotland. One particular object drew attention in September, a one thy one hundred year old silver vessel which was found wrapped in textiles. There were other silver objects in the Galloway Horde, but this one seemed different from the others, with silver that came from a different place. It was believed to have been made in the Carolingian dynasty, but once it had been cleaned it was clear that it was covered in Zoroastrian iconography. According to new research, it came from Iran, specifically a mine in central Iran called Knaclach in what was then the Sasanian Empire. That means that it had traveled thousands of miles sometime before the year nine hundred or so, when the Horde was originally buried. Now we will move on to a few animal finds. Research conducted at the University of Sydney suggests that Australian dingoes may have originated in East Asia via Melanesia, rather than previously proposed origins in either India or Thailand. Researchers studied ancient dingo remains from western New South Wales using both traditional and three D geometric morphometric analysis. In addition to suggesting a different origin for these animals, this research also suggested that dingoes have gotten larger over time, and that this increase in size predates they're becoming hybridized with domestic dogs. Aboriginal communities in New South Wales endorsed this research, and the Willander Lakes Region World Heritage Aboriginal Advisory Group collaborated on the use of carbon dating to determine the age of the ancient dingoes.

Tangentially related to dogs. A pre Roman cremation burial in northern Italy has been found to contain for wolf teeth. These had holes drilled into them, so they're believed to have been strong onto something for use as pendants. They may have had some kind of symbolic or spiritual purpose. Not much is known about this person, though she was believed to have been a woman based on the grave goods, which included an all, a needle, and a short knife that would have been used for something like textile work.

Tangentially related to dogs. A pre Roman cremation burial in northern Italy has been found to contain for wolf teeth. These had holes drilled into them, so they're believed to have been strong onto something for use as pendants. They may have had some kind of symbolic or spiritual purpose. Not much is known about this person, though she was believed to have been a woman based on the grave goods, which included an all, a needle, and a short knife that would have been used for something like textile work.

And lastly, we have talked a lot on the show about repatriations of objects from museum collections and other institutions to indigenous nations in North America or to nations elsewhere in the world. And these conversations have usually been about ancestral remains and cultural items, and that's in part because that's what the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act here in the United States is focused on. But a comment published in the journal Nature in June has focused on something else, which is dinosaur fossils.

And lastly, we have talked a lot on the show about repatriations of objects from museum collections and other institutions to indigenous nations in North America or to nations elsewhere in the world. And these conversations have usually been about ancestral remains and cultural items, and that's in part because that's what the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act here in the United States is focused on. But a comment published in the journal Nature in June has focused on something else, which is dinosaur fossils.

This piece is by Craig Howe and Lucas Repel, entitled why Museums should Repatriate Fossils. It puts nineteenth century fossil hunting into the context of the ancestral homelands it took place on. Lucas Repel is the author of Assembling the Dinosaur Fossil Hunters, Tycoons and the Making of a Spectacle, which was published in twenty nineteen and doesn't really explore how indigenous people approached fossils because at the time, Repel did not think he could do that justice. Craig Howe is founder and director of the Center for American Indian Research and Native Studies, and as a citizen of the Igualais Sioux tribe and also a citizen of the United States. This comment in Nature is a result of their collaboration, as Repelled tried to fill the holes in his knowledge and collaborate with Indigenous people on the subject.

This piece is by Craig Howe and Lucas Repel, entitled why Museums should Repatriate Fossils. It puts nineteenth century fossil hunting into the context of the ancestral homelands it took place on. Lucas Repel is the author of Assembling the Dinosaur Fossil Hunters, Tycoons and the Making of a Spectacle, which was published in twenty nineteen and doesn't really explore how indigenous people approached fossils because at the time, Repel did not think he could do that justice. Craig Howe is founder and director of the Center for American Indian Research and Native Studies, and as a citizen of the Igualais Sioux tribe and also a citizen of the United States. This comment in Nature is a result of their collaboration, as Repelled tried to fill the holes in his knowledge and collaborate with Indigenous people on the subject.

This is publicly available on the Nature website, and I really think it is worth reading in full. A lot of the discussion of the field of paleontology, including on our show, has really been focused on European scientific perspectives without really considering how the indigenous people who live and lived on the same land as these fossils think and thought about them or interpreted them. This piece encourages earth scientists and earth science institutions to think about how their disciplines are connected to colonialism and to take on more interdisciplinary research that allows true collaboration with the indigenous peoples whose homes many of these fossils came from. Some places, these excavations literally dug up fossils out of land that was protected by treaties with these indigenous nations. So it is all spelled out in that publicly available article. And with that we're going to take a sponsor break, and then when we come back, we're going to talk about so much art, a lot of art. Next, we have a few finds that are related to artwork. First, a marble statue of the Greek god Hermes has been found in the sewer in the ancient city of Heraclea Sintica in Bulgaria. This is a big statue. It measures six point eight feet tall and aside from a missing arm, it's pretty much intact, probably because it was hidden down in the sewer. Exactly how it came to be there isn't totally clear, but there's some speculation that this happened sometime after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire and pagan imagery was outlawed. After an earthquake in the year three eighty eight, the sewer became disused, and it's possible that after that point somebody took this statue down there and hid it for safe keeping. The bronze lie in a venice sculpture that sits atop one of the two large columns in Venice's Piazza San Marco is now believed to have come from China, based on lead isotope studies that show it's made from copper that came from the Lower Yansee River. Earlier research had suggested that it had come from somewhere in Anatolia in what's now Turkya. It's believed that the statue was mounted atop the sculpture sometime in the thirteenth century, sometime before Marco Polo returned to Venice from his journeys in Asia. Next cave painting on Indonesia's Siluezi Island. It has been determined to be fifty one thousand years old, making it now the oldest known narrative artwork made by humans. It is older than other oldest narrative artwork that we have talked about before. This is a reddish painting depicting three people around a wild pig. Its age was determined using some newly developed laser techniques, and this work also concluded that a previous holder of the oldest known narrative artwork title was actually forty eight thousand years old, not forty four thousand as previously believed to be clear this is not the oldest artwork of any sort. It is just the oldest in terms of artwork that seems to be using pictures to tell some kind of story. We've also got a couple of figurine fines. First, some clay figurines that were made roughly thirty thousand years ago seem to have been made by children in the area that is today part of the Czech Republic. These were possibly made by kids who were basically shaping it as though it were plato or modeling clay, but they weren't necessarily just playing with it. Some of these figurines were then fired in a hearth, and it's possible that these children were essentially novices learning to work in ceramics. Some of the unfired objects may have been made for practice or just for fun. Our other figurine find might really have been a toy. It was found on a farm in eastern Iceland. Was found on the floor of what was a ninth century long house, and this figurine was clearly meant to be an animal, but it's not clear whether it is supposed to be a dog, a boar, or a bear. There have been some very heated conversations in the comments of some articles about which animal it probably was. This was carved from volcanic stone and one of its ears is broken off. It's very cute in my opinion. Maybe if it had the extra ear it would be a little clearer what it is.

This is publicly available on the Nature website, and I really think it is worth reading in full. A lot of the discussion of the field of paleontology, including on our show, has really been focused on European scientific perspectives without really considering how the indigenous people who live and lived on the same land as these fossils think and thought about them or interpreted them. This piece encourages earth scientists and earth science institutions to think about how their disciplines are connected to colonialism and to take on more interdisciplinary research that allows true collaboration with the indigenous peoples whose homes many of these fossils came from. Some places, these excavations literally dug up fossils out of land that was protected by treaties with these indigenous nations. So it is all spelled out in that publicly available article. And with that we're going to take a sponsor break, and then when we come back, we're going to talk about so much art, a lot of art. Next, we have a few finds that are related to artwork. First, a marble statue of the Greek god Hermes has been found in the sewer in the ancient city of Heraclea Sintica in Bulgaria. This is a big statue. It measures six point eight feet tall and aside from a missing arm, it's pretty much intact, probably because it was hidden down in the sewer. Exactly how it came to be there isn't totally clear, but there's some speculation that this happened sometime after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire and pagan imagery was outlawed. After an earthquake in the year three eighty eight, the sewer became disused, and it's possible that after that point somebody took this statue down there and hid it for safe keeping. The bronze lie in a venice sculpture that sits atop one of the two large columns in Venice's Piazza San Marco is now believed to have come from China, based on lead isotope studies that show it's made from copper that came from the Lower Yansee River. Earlier research had suggested that it had come from somewhere in Anatolia in what's now Turkya. It's believed that the statue was mounted atop the sculpture sometime in the thirteenth century, sometime before Marco Polo returned to Venice from his journeys in Asia. Next cave painting on Indonesia's Siluezi Island. It has been determined to be fifty one thousand years old, making it now the oldest known narrative artwork made by humans. It is older than other oldest narrative artwork that we have talked about before. This is a reddish painting depicting three people around a wild pig. Its age was determined using some newly developed laser techniques, and this work also concluded that a previous holder of the oldest known narrative artwork title was actually forty eight thousand years old, not forty four thousand as previously believed to be clear this is not the oldest artwork of any sort. It is just the oldest in terms of artwork that seems to be using pictures to tell some kind of story. We've also got a couple of figurine fines. First, some clay figurines that were made roughly thirty thousand years ago seem to have been made by children in the area that is today part of the Czech Republic. These were possibly made by kids who were basically shaping it as though it were plato or modeling clay, but they weren't necessarily just playing with it. Some of these figurines were then fired in a hearth, and it's possible that these children were essentially novices learning to work in ceramics. Some of the unfired objects may have been made for practice or just for fun. Our other figurine find might really have been a toy. It was found on a farm in eastern Iceland. Was found on the floor of what was a ninth century long house, and this figurine was clearly meant to be an animal, but it's not clear whether it is supposed to be a dog, a boar, or a bear. There have been some very heated conversations in the comments of some articles about which animal it probably was. This was carved from volcanic stone and one of its ears is broken off. It's very cute in my opinion. Maybe if it had the extra ear it would be a little clearer what it is.

Moving on. A conservator has found a self portrait of twentieth century English artist Norman Cornish. It's on the back of another painting. The painting is a work called bar Scene, which, as the name suggests, is a depiction of a crowded, dimly lit pub with a group of patrons in their beers in the foreground. The brushwork and color layering give it an almost hazy appearance. A conservator found and removed a backboard, and then the self portrait was underneath. The self portrait has a similarly gritty visual tone, but it's oriented in the opposite way of the bar scene.

Moving on. A conservator has found a self portrait of twentieth century English artist Norman Cornish. It's on the back of another painting. The painting is a work called bar Scene, which, as the name suggests, is a depiction of a crowded, dimly lit pub with a group of patrons in their beers in the foreground. The brushwork and color layering give it an almost hazy appearance. A conservator found and removed a backboard, and then the self portrait was underneath. The self portrait has a similarly gritty visual tone, but it's oriented in the opposite way of the bar scene.

This work is being exhibited at the Bow's Museum in Barnard Castle, County Durham until January of twenty twenty five, and according to news reports, museum staff will be rotating the painting throughout the day so that people can see what's on each side of it. Although because of the way things work. One of the sides will always be upside down.

This work is being exhibited at the Bow's Museum in Barnard Castle, County Durham until January of twenty twenty five, and according to news reports, museum staff will be rotating the painting throughout the day so that people can see what's on each side of it. Although because of the way things work. One of the sides will always be upside down.

I love it. We have a couple of discoveries related to the colors used in paintings. One today, Vince Avengo's irises look very blue, but X ray fluorescent spectroscopy studies have confirmed that they were originally much more purple. This research was undertaken by conservators at the Getty Center in Los Angeles while the center was closed at the beginning of the COVID nineteen pandemic. This study suggests that he made the paint for these irises by mixing reds and blues. One of the red pigments was geranium lake, which is an organic pigment that fades really quickly through exposure. There's been previous research into geranium lake and how it fades, and it was known to be one of the pigments that Vincenvengo and his contemporaries used in their work. This research is part of an exhibition called Ultraviolet New Light on Vango's Irises, which is ongoing at the Center until January of twenty twenty five. Research published in the journal Heritage Science has pinpointed what was used to give Rembrandts The Night Watch a golden glow and that it was pigments containing arsenic sulfide. This was part of ongoing study carried out by Reich's Museum in Amsterdam. Conservators had thought that an arsenic containing mineral was involved in this golden pigmentation, but they had expected to find traces of something called orpament, which Rembrandt was known to have used in later paintings. Instead, they found one called pararelgar, which is a naturally occurring arsenic sulfide. Conservators working at the National Gallery in London have found evidence of a number of alterations made to Peter Paul Rubens's The Judgment of Paris. Those alterations were made in the years after the artist's death. This work depicts a moment from Greek mythology, in which Eiris, the goddess of discord, has offered a golden apple to the fairest goddess, with Juno, Minerva, and Venus fighting over who should get it. The painting depicts the moment that Paris, who has been called on to determine the winner, offers the apple to Venus. Rubens died in sixteen forty and between sixteen seventy six and seventeen twenty one, someone possibly a French artist, toned down some of the eroticism in this artwork, although without actually obscuring the nude figures. This included removing a depiction of a cherub that was tugging on Minerva's shift, and adjusting the clothing and positioning of both Paris and Mercury, who is standing behind Paris. This work also examined alterations that Rubens actually did make himself while he was still alive. Eventually, conservators decided to restore parts of the painting back to Rubens's own work, but they left some of the alterations there as sort of part of the history of the piece. An art historian who consults for Sathabes was browsing social media and spoted a picture that had been posted from a reception in a room in shire Hall and Warwick in July, and that conservator realized that a painting in the background of the photo was a missing portrait of King Henry the eighth. Tapestry maker Ralph Sheldon commissioned this painting in the fifteen nineties and it originally hung in his home, but it later disappeared. Shire Hall is less than fifteen miles from where Sheldon's home stood. Yeah, it went away from the record, but it did not go far. This painting was part of a set of twenty two, all of them in frames that were arched at the top because they were meant to be part of an architectural freeze. This portrait matches the composition of the other surviving paintings from the set that we know where they are. The frames are a match as well, and there are some other details that are just stala. An assessor working for an auction house in London found ten signed prints by Salvador Dali and five lithographs by Tayot Tobias. They had been in the client's garage, basically forgotten about for roughly five decades. These were scheduled to be auctioned off on September thirtieth, which is just the day before we record this, so we don't have an update on that sale.

I love it. We have a couple of discoveries related to the colors used in paintings. One today, Vince Avengo's irises look very blue, but X ray fluorescent spectroscopy studies have confirmed that they were originally much more purple. This research was undertaken by conservators at the Getty Center in Los Angeles while the center was closed at the beginning of the COVID nineteen pandemic. This study suggests that he made the paint for these irises by mixing reds and blues. One of the red pigments was geranium lake, which is an organic pigment that fades really quickly through exposure. There's been previous research into geranium lake and how it fades, and it was known to be one of the pigments that Vincenvengo and his contemporaries used in their work. This research is part of an exhibition called Ultraviolet New Light on Vango's Irises, which is ongoing at the Center until January of twenty twenty five. Research published in the journal Heritage Science has pinpointed what was used to give Rembrandts The Night Watch a golden glow and that it was pigments containing arsenic sulfide. This was part of ongoing study carried out by Reich's Museum in Amsterdam. Conservators had thought that an arsenic containing mineral was involved in this golden pigmentation, but they had expected to find traces of something called orpament, which Rembrandt was known to have used in later paintings. Instead, they found one called pararelgar, which is a naturally occurring arsenic sulfide. Conservators working at the National Gallery in London have found evidence of a number of alterations made to Peter Paul Rubens's The Judgment of Paris. Those alterations were made in the years after the artist's death. This work depicts a moment from Greek mythology, in which Eiris, the goddess of discord, has offered a golden apple to the fairest goddess, with Juno, Minerva, and Venus fighting over who should get it. The painting depicts the moment that Paris, who has been called on to determine the winner, offers the apple to Venus. Rubens died in sixteen forty and between sixteen seventy six and seventeen twenty one, someone possibly a French artist, toned down some of the eroticism in this artwork, although without actually obscuring the nude figures. This included removing a depiction of a cherub that was tugging on Minerva's shift, and adjusting the clothing and positioning of both Paris and Mercury, who is standing behind Paris. This work also examined alterations that Rubens actually did make himself while he was still alive. Eventually, conservators decided to restore parts of the painting back to Rubens's own work, but they left some of the alterations there as sort of part of the history of the piece. An art historian who consults for Sathabes was browsing social media and spoted a picture that had been posted from a reception in a room in shire Hall and Warwick in July, and that conservator realized that a painting in the background of the photo was a missing portrait of King Henry the eighth. Tapestry maker Ralph Sheldon commissioned this painting in the fifteen nineties and it originally hung in his home, but it later disappeared. Shire Hall is less than fifteen miles from where Sheldon's home stood. Yeah, it went away from the record, but it did not go far. This painting was part of a set of twenty two, all of them in frames that were arched at the top because they were meant to be part of an architectural freeze. This portrait matches the composition of the other surviving paintings from the set that we know where they are. The frames are a match as well, and there are some other details that are just stala. An assessor working for an auction house in London found ten signed prints by Salvador Dali and five lithographs by Tayot Tobias. They had been in the client's garage, basically forgotten about for roughly five decades. These were scheduled to be auctioned off on September thirtieth, which is just the day before we record this, so we don't have an update on that sale.

I do kind of wish my life were such that I should I could just forget that I had ten signed Salvador Dali, right, Not that I think that's great to just forget about, but I don't know. Similarly, an auction assessor discovered portrait of a girl which is attributed to Rembrandts at an estate in Camden, Maine. This painting was tucked away in an attic, also apparently forgotten, along with various family heirlooms and other assorted works of art. There is a late on the back of this one noting that it was loaned to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in nineteen seventy. This painting has been put up for auction and it sold to a European collector for one point four one million dollars. Archaeologists in Turkia have unearthed Milifiori glass panels during excavations at the ancient Lycean city of Myra. This find is part of ongoing work at what was the site of the city's port, and while there have been discoveries of Milifiori vessels, these are the first Millifiori panels to be found in Turkia. These panels were part of the customs area, and archaeologists have also found glass rosettes that were probably made to complement them, suggesting that this is a very opulent and really impressive building. Currently, though many of these panels are in very small pieces. One of the Archaeologists working on the project said that dozens of people have been working to reassemble them like a giant puzzle, with a only twenty or thirty percent of them close to one hundred percent complete by early September. Next, painting by pasted podcast subject Artemisia Gentileski that has not been seen publicly since the seventeenth century is now on display at the Kemble Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. This painting is called Penitent Mary Magdalen, and it was probably commissioned by a duke who was serving as the Spanish ambassador in Rome. This painting remained in the duke's home after his death. It was passed down through his family, but at some point it just kind of disappeared from the record before showing up at an auction in two thousand and one.

I do kind of wish my life were such that I should I could just forget that I had ten signed Salvador Dali, right, Not that I think that's great to just forget about, but I don't know. Similarly, an auction assessor discovered portrait of a girl which is attributed to Rembrandts at an estate in Camden, Maine. This painting was tucked away in an attic, also apparently forgotten, along with various family heirlooms and other assorted works of art. There is a late on the back of this one noting that it was loaned to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in nineteen seventy. This painting has been put up for auction and it sold to a European collector for one point four one million dollars. Archaeologists in Turkia have unearthed Milifiori glass panels during excavations at the ancient Lycean city of Myra. This find is part of ongoing work at what was the site of the city's port, and while there have been discoveries of Milifiori vessels, these are the first Millifiori panels to be found in Turkia. These panels were part of the customs area, and archaeologists have also found glass rosettes that were probably made to complement them, suggesting that this is a very opulent and really impressive building. Currently, though many of these panels are in very small pieces. One of the Archaeologists working on the project said that dozens of people have been working to reassemble them like a giant puzzle, with a only twenty or thirty percent of them close to one hundred percent complete by early September. Next, painting by pasted podcast subject Artemisia Gentileski that has not been seen publicly since the seventeenth century is now on display at the Kemble Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. This painting is called Penitent Mary Magdalen, and it was probably commissioned by a duke who was serving as the Spanish ambassador in Rome. This painting remained in the duke's home after his death. It was passed down through his family, but at some point it just kind of disappeared from the record before showing up at an auction in two thousand and one.

More than a decade ago. Matt Winter, at the time eleven years old, was looking for interesting fines at a local dump when he saw an interesting painting in someone's car. He asked if he could have it, got permission, took it home, and put it away with all of his other discoveries. Now that painting is confirmed to be a print of Outbrecht Durer's woodcut engraving Night Death and the Devil, which dates back to fifteen thirteen and is one of Durer's three master engravings. There are other prints of this work, but there's a scratch visible in this one that means it was made from the original woodcut. This one sold at auction for more than twenty six thousand pounds.

More than a decade ago. Matt Winter, at the time eleven years old, was looking for interesting fines at a local dump when he saw an interesting painting in someone's car. He asked if he could have it, got permission, took it home, and put it away with all of his other discoveries. Now that painting is confirmed to be a print of Outbrecht Durer's woodcut engraving Night Death and the Devil, which dates back to fifteen thirteen and is one of Durer's three master engravings. There are other prints of this work, but there's a scratch visible in this one that means it was made from the original woodcut. This one sold at auction for more than twenty six thousand pounds.

A lot of the headlines about this are like painting found by eleven year old discovered to be sixteenth century masterpiece, and it's like, yes, while that is technically correct, the eleven year old is now a grown up. They sort of seem like you're gonna hear interviews with a small child and not a small child anymore. In twenty twenty two, staff at Fairmont's Chateau Laurier hotel in Ottawa, Canada realized their photo of Winston Churchill had been swapped for a copy. If you've seen a picture of Winston Churchill, you've probably seen this one. It's known as the Roaring Lion, and it features Churchill staring directly into the camera. The photographer, use of Karsh, lived at the hotel with his wife for many years, and that's why they had the photo in their collection. According to Karsh's account, Churchill's extremely stern expression in this photograph is because he had given Karsh one shot to take the photo, but he would not put down his cigar, and the photo is from the moment just after Karsh physically took it out of his mouth.

A lot of the headlines about this are like painting found by eleven year old discovered to be sixteenth century masterpiece, and it's like, yes, while that is technically correct, the eleven year old is now a grown up. They sort of seem like you're gonna hear interviews with a small child and not a small child anymore. In twenty twenty two, staff at Fairmont's Chateau Laurier hotel in Ottawa, Canada realized their photo of Winston Churchill had been swapped for a copy. If you've seen a picture of Winston Churchill, you've probably seen this one. It's known as the Roaring Lion, and it features Churchill staring directly into the camera. The photographer, use of Karsh, lived at the hotel with his wife for many years, and that's why they had the photo in their collection. According to Karsh's account, Churchill's extremely stern expression in this photograph is because he had given Karsh one shot to take the photo, but he would not put down his cigar, and the photo is from the moment just after Karsh physically took it out of his mouth.

The photo has now been recovered. It turned out the original photo had been sold by Sathaby's in twenty twenty two, but before the hotel knew the original had been stolen and swapped with a copy. Charges have been filed against the person believed to have made the swap and sold the painting. Yeah, they eventually spotted the swap after seeing other pictures that people had taken. There was like, that does not look great. We will do another sponsor break and then we will come back for a bunch of shipwrecks. Time for a number of shipwrecks. First, divers off the coast of the island of Antikythera have found another shipwreck about two hundred meters away from the one that was carrying the ancient device now known as the Antikythera mechanism. It is not yet.

The photo has now been recovered. It turned out the original photo had been sold by Sathaby's in twenty twenty two, but before the hotel knew the original had been stolen and swapped with a copy. Charges have been filed against the person believed to have made the swap and sold the painting. Yeah, they eventually spotted the swap after seeing other pictures that people had taken. There was like, that does not look great. We will do another sponsor break and then we will come back for a bunch of shipwrecks. Time for a number of shipwrecks. First, divers off the coast of the island of Antikythera have found another shipwreck about two hundred meters away from the one that was carrying the ancient device now known as the Antikythera mechanism. It is not yet.

Clear whether there is any connection between this newly discovered shipwreck and the other one dives at the quote original Antikythera shipwreck have also included part of a marble sculpture that was brought up. This head may depict Hercules, and it might be a match for a headless statue that was found at the site in nineteen hundred. Research all around here is really ongoing, as is research into the antikytherra mechanism, with the latest studies on that related to figuring out details of missing and broken parts to figure out what they should have looked like.

Clear whether there is any connection between this newly discovered shipwreck and the other one dives at the quote original Antikythera shipwreck have also included part of a marble sculpture that was brought up. This head may depict Hercules, and it might be a match for a headless statue that was found at the site in nineteen hundred. Research all around here is really ongoing, as is research into the antikytherra mechanism, with the latest studies on that related to figuring out details of missing and broken parts to figure out what they should have looked like.

We will never be done with the device. A shipwreck found off the coast of Sweden dates back to the nineteenth century and it was full of bottles of sparkling wine, some of which look from the outside like they still have their bubbles. There were also clay bottles of mineral water, which were probably considered to be more valuable than the wine. Currently, none of this has been brought to the surface. There's an administrative process that has to take place now that the find has been reported to Swedish authorities. There is some speculation that this ship was on the way to deliver goods to Tsar Alexander the Second. The wreck of the Margaret A. Muir has been found in Lake Michigan using a homemade side scan sonar device and then cross referencing those findings with historical records and a three D bottle that was made of the wreck. This is a vessel that sank in a storm in eighteen ninety three while carrying salts from Bay City, Michigan to South Chicago, Illinois. Although the seven crew who were aboard survived this wreck, the captain's dog sadly did not. Also, we've talked a lot about shipwrecks in Lake Michigan over the years, and efforts have been underway to make the wreck sites in Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary safer and easier to navigate. Boys and mooring lines have been installed near nineteen of the most popular reck sites, helping divers find them more quickly and giving boats a place to tie up without damaging the wrecks with their anchors. Although some of these wrecks are as much as three hundred feet deep. Four of the boys were installed at rex that are in shallow water to include people who are exploring with kayaks and snorkeling gear.

We will never be done with the device. A shipwreck found off the coast of Sweden dates back to the nineteenth century and it was full of bottles of sparkling wine, some of which look from the outside like they still have their bubbles. There were also clay bottles of mineral water, which were probably considered to be more valuable than the wine. Currently, none of this has been brought to the surface. There's an administrative process that has to take place now that the find has been reported to Swedish authorities. There is some speculation that this ship was on the way to deliver goods to Tsar Alexander the Second. The wreck of the Margaret A. Muir has been found in Lake Michigan using a homemade side scan sonar device and then cross referencing those findings with historical records and a three D bottle that was made of the wreck. This is a vessel that sank in a storm in eighteen ninety three while carrying salts from Bay City, Michigan to South Chicago, Illinois. Although the seven crew who were aboard survived this wreck, the captain's dog sadly did not. Also, we've talked a lot about shipwrecks in Lake Michigan over the years, and efforts have been underway to make the wreck sites in Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary safer and easier to navigate. Boys and mooring lines have been installed near nineteen of the most popular reck sites, helping divers find them more quickly and giving boats a place to tie up without damaging the wrecks with their anchors. Although some of these wrecks are as much as three hundred feet deep. Four of the boys were installed at rex that are in shallow water to include people who are exploring with kayaks and snorkeling gear.

Next, a robotic survey has taken place at the wreck of the San Jose off the coast of Columbia. The San Jose has come up on several installments of Unearthed. It was a Spanish ship that was sunk by the British Navy in seventeen oh eight, and there's been ongoing debate about exactly who should claim the wreck and anything it contains, with contenders including Columbia where the ship sank, Spain which owned the ship, Indigenous nations who mined and produced a lot of the goods that were aboard the ship, and a US based salvage company that says to have been the first to find the ship decades before its discovery was announced. This time, a robot was used to survey the wreck. That was the first time there has been a robotic survey, and finds there include the ship's anchor and various cargo. A rostrum or battering ram has been found on the seafloor west of Sicily and brought to a facility for further study. It's believed to have been attached to a ship that was involved in the final battle of the First Punic War, which ended in two forty one one BCE, along with twenty five others that have been found in the same area. A shipwreck off the coast of Scotland is believed to have been the HMS Hawk, a Royal Navy warship that was torpedoed during World War One on October fifteenth, nineteen fourteen. Divers who reached this wreck described it as virtually intact, although as of August they were awaiting confirmation of whether this really is the Hawk or not. The Hawk was one of the first Royal Navy vessels to be destroyed by a U boat in World War One. At that point, the use of submarines in warfare was still a pretty new innovation and the British were still trying to figure out how to deal with it.

Next, a robotic survey has taken place at the wreck of the San Jose off the coast of Columbia. The San Jose has come up on several installments of Unearthed. It was a Spanish ship that was sunk by the British Navy in seventeen oh eight, and there's been ongoing debate about exactly who should claim the wreck and anything it contains, with contenders including Columbia where the ship sank, Spain which owned the ship, Indigenous nations who mined and produced a lot of the goods that were aboard the ship, and a US based salvage company that says to have been the first to find the ship decades before its discovery was announced. This time, a robot was used to survey the wreck. That was the first time there has been a robotic survey, and finds there include the ship's anchor and various cargo. A rostrum or battering ram has been found on the seafloor west of Sicily and brought to a facility for further study. It's believed to have been attached to a ship that was involved in the final battle of the First Punic War, which ended in two forty one one BCE, along with twenty five others that have been found in the same area. A shipwreck off the coast of Scotland is believed to have been the HMS Hawk, a Royal Navy warship that was torpedoed during World War One on October fifteenth, nineteen fourteen. Divers who reached this wreck described it as virtually intact, although as of August they were awaiting confirmation of whether this really is the Hawk or not. The Hawk was one of the first Royal Navy vessels to be destroyed by a U boat in World War One. At that point, the use of submarines in warfare was still a pretty new innovation and the British were still trying to figure out how to deal with it.

Three World War Two shipwrecks have been found off the coast of the Aleutian Islands, which were involved in Japan's attempt to invade Alaska in nineteen forty two. Two of the ships were Japanese freighters that were sunk by American bombers. The third it was an American cable ship, the SS Dellwood, which was involved in efforts to reinforce defenses around Alaska after that invasion had been repelled and lastly for the shipwrecks. Lilione was a French ship that was designed for both passenger and mail service. It made its first voyage from La Have to New York successfully in eighteen fifty six, but then it sank off the coast of Massachusetts on its return voyage after colliding with another ship called the Adriatic in the fog. According to reports from the time, this wreck was caused by confusion over lights, as has been the case with multiple other shipwrecks we have talked about on the show. The Adriatic had accidentally extinguished one of its lights, and when that light was ReLit, the crew realized that Lillionee was on a collision course with it. More than one hundred passengers and crew died aboard Lilionee, while the Adriatic was able to get to Gloucester, Massachusetts for repairs. Lelionae did not stop after the collision, so some accounts described this as a hit and run incident, although the crew of the Adriatic apparently thought the French ship was still seaworthy and three days passed before it actually sank.

Three World War Two shipwrecks have been found off the coast of the Aleutian Islands, which were involved in Japan's attempt to invade Alaska in nineteen forty two. Two of the ships were Japanese freighters that were sunk by American bombers. The third it was an American cable ship, the SS Dellwood, which was involved in efforts to reinforce defenses around Alaska after that invasion had been repelled and lastly for the shipwrecks. Lilione was a French ship that was designed for both passenger and mail service. It made its first voyage from La Have to New York successfully in eighteen fifty six, but then it sank off the coast of Massachusetts on its return voyage after colliding with another ship called the Adriatic in the fog. According to reports from the time, this wreck was caused by confusion over lights, as has been the case with multiple other shipwrecks we have talked about on the show. The Adriatic had accidentally extinguished one of its lights, and when that light was ReLit, the crew realized that Lillionee was on a collision course with it. More than one hundred passengers and crew died aboard Lilionee, while the Adriatic was able to get to Gloucester, Massachusetts for repairs. Lelionae did not stop after the collision, so some accounts described this as a hit and run incident, although the crew of the Adriatic apparently thought the French ship was still seaworthy and three days passed before it actually sank.

The wreck of Lelone was discovered off the coast of Massachusetts after sonar scans followed by dives to investigate possible wreckage. Much of this wreck has deteriorated at this point, so the identification came after trying to piece together clues from various parts of this wreckage, including a steam engine cylinder and rigging from the sales that it was also equipped with.

The wreck of Lelone was discovered off the coast of Massachusetts after sonar scans followed by dives to investigate possible wreckage. Much of this wreck has deteriorated at this point, so the identification came after trying to piece together clues from various parts of this wreckage, including a steam engine cylinder and rigging from the sales that it was also equipped with.

And now let's move on to edibles and potables. Archaeologists from Washington University in Saint Louis and the University of Pittsburgh have worked in collaboration with the National Museums of Kenya to find the earliest evidence of plant farming discovered in interior East Africa. So far, this region has long been believed to be important to the early development of farming, but finding actual evidence of that has been difficult, in part because ancient plant remains often aren't preserved very well in the archaeobotanical record. This time, though, they found a variety of crop remains representing an array of plants that were introduced from different parts of Africa over a period of time. This included remnants of cowpee, which is the earliest known arrival of a domestic crop in the area. These likely arrived with Bantu speaking peoples who migrated into the area from Central Africa.

And now let's move on to edibles and potables. Archaeologists from Washington University in Saint Louis and the University of Pittsburgh have worked in collaboration with the National Museums of Kenya to find the earliest evidence of plant farming discovered in interior East Africa. So far, this region has long been believed to be important to the early development of farming, but finding actual evidence of that has been difficult, in part because ancient plant remains often aren't preserved very well in the archaeobotanical record. This time, though, they found a variety of crop remains representing an array of plants that were introduced from different parts of Africa over a period of time. This included remnants of cowpee, which is the earliest known arrival of a domestic crop in the area. These likely arrived with Bantu speaking peoples who migrated into the area from Central Africa.

A giant slab of bog butter was found during excavation work out a farm in County Donegal and Ireland. This bog butter weighs somewhere between twenty two kilograms and twenty five kilograms, making it one of the biggest blumps of bog butter in Ireland. Sent to the National Museum of Ireland and there are hopes that after some study it will eventually be returned and displayed at the Kilcluney Dolman Center. We haven't talked about bog butter in a while, but it is a dairy product placed in the bog, either to preserve it or possibly for ceremonial or religious reasons. Archaeologist Paula Harvey visited the site and was quoted as saying that she tried a sliver of it and that it tasted like unsalted butter. Paula doing what I would not. I still stand by my don't eat bog butter stance. I think we used to have that on a shirt and may still. I don't know, but one of our very sweet listeners brought me a shirt that he had made when we did a show in New York that said, don't eat bog butter. That's what I'm thinking about. So yes, that is what I'm thinking about. Research published in the journal Antiquity suggests that kumara or sweet potato, was present in Altaroa, New Zealand sometime between twelve ninety and thirteen eighty five, which is about the same time as these islands were first settled. This is the first time evidence has been found of sweet potato cultivation in New Zealand prior to about the year fourteen hundred, and it also aligns with the earliest evidence of sweet potato cultivation elsewhere in Polynesia. It was already known that the sweet potato was an important food source throughout Polynesia, but it hasn't been as clear exactly how it spread through this part of the Pacific and how much intentional human cultivation and management were involved. But it does suggest that sweet potato was introduced and grown in New Zealand soon after it was settled, challenging earlier assumptions that the first people to settle New Zealand mainly foraged and fished, and in other potato news researchers in Utah have been studying the four Corners potato tracing where it was grown, cultivated, carried, and introduced, and their research suggests that these potatoes were basically carried in multiple directions and introduced in multiple places as it was being domesticated into a food crop. This potato is really high in protein, calcium, magnesium, and iron, and one tuber can be used to grow six hundred more tubers over a period of about four months, so this was already known to be a nutrition staple and a valuable trade good. Some accounts described this potato as a lost sister, joining the three sisters of maize, beans and squash in indigenous food cultivation. And lastly, researchers have analyzed DNA from ancient cheese samples that were found on some of the Tarum Basin mummies in China which date back to about thirty six hundred years, and they found evidence of bacteria and fungi that are often found in kaffir today. Kaffir, in case you didn't know, is a ermented dairy product and kaffir cultures contain multiple species of probiotic bacteria and yeast. Previously, it was believed that kafir were originated in the Northern Caucasus mountains, but one of the Lactobacillis strains that was found in this research has more in common with Tibetan strains of the bacterium, so it's possible that Kafir had multiple origin points. This is also one of the oldest examples of cheese to be found, suggesting that kafir has a history going back more than thirty five hundred years. And before we close this installment of Unearthed, we have for the first time in quite a while, a historically relevant exhumation. Between nineteen thirty five and nineteen thirty eight, twelve people were killed and dismembered in Cleveland, most of them in the same general area. They're believed to be the victims of one serial killer who has come to be known as the Cleveland Torso Killer.

A giant slab of bog butter was found during excavation work out a farm in County Donegal and Ireland. This bog butter weighs somewhere between twenty two kilograms and twenty five kilograms, making it one of the biggest blumps of bog butter in Ireland. Sent to the National Museum of Ireland and there are hopes that after some study it will eventually be returned and displayed at the Kilcluney Dolman Center. We haven't talked about bog butter in a while, but it is a dairy product placed in the bog, either to preserve it or possibly for ceremonial or religious reasons. Archaeologist Paula Harvey visited the site and was quoted as saying that she tried a sliver of it and that it tasted like unsalted butter. Paula doing what I would not. I still stand by my don't eat bog butter stance. I think we used to have that on a shirt and may still. I don't know, but one of our very sweet listeners brought me a shirt that he had made when we did a show in New York that said, don't eat bog butter. That's what I'm thinking about. So yes, that is what I'm thinking about. Research published in the journal Antiquity suggests that kumara or sweet potato, was present in Altaroa, New Zealand sometime between twelve ninety and thirteen eighty five, which is about the same time as these islands were first settled. This is the first time evidence has been found of sweet potato cultivation in New Zealand prior to about the year fourteen hundred, and it also aligns with the earliest evidence of sweet potato cultivation elsewhere in Polynesia. It was already known that the sweet potato was an important food source throughout Polynesia, but it hasn't been as clear exactly how it spread through this part of the Pacific and how much intentional human cultivation and management were involved. But it does suggest that sweet potato was introduced and grown in New Zealand soon after it was settled, challenging earlier assumptions that the first people to settle New Zealand mainly foraged and fished, and in other potato news researchers in Utah have been studying the four Corners potato tracing where it was grown, cultivated, carried, and introduced, and their research suggests that these potatoes were basically carried in multiple directions and introduced in multiple places as it was being domesticated into a food crop. This potato is really high in protein, calcium, magnesium, and iron, and one tuber can be used to grow six hundred more tubers over a period of about four months, so this was already known to be a nutrition staple and a valuable trade good. Some accounts described this potato as a lost sister, joining the three sisters of maize, beans and squash in indigenous food cultivation. And lastly, researchers have analyzed DNA from ancient cheese samples that were found on some of the Tarum Basin mummies in China which date back to about thirty six hundred years, and they found evidence of bacteria and fungi that are often found in kaffir today. Kaffir, in case you didn't know, is a ermented dairy product and kaffir cultures contain multiple species of probiotic bacteria and yeast. Previously, it was believed that kafir were originated in the Northern Caucasus mountains, but one of the Lactobacillis strains that was found in this research has more in common with Tibetan strains of the bacterium, so it's possible that Kafir had multiple origin points. This is also one of the oldest examples of cheese to be found, suggesting that kafir has a history going back more than thirty five hundred years. And before we close this installment of Unearthed, we have for the first time in quite a while, a historically relevant exhumation. Between nineteen thirty five and nineteen thirty eight, twelve people were killed and dismembered in Cleveland, most of them in the same general area. They're believed to be the victims of one serial killer who has come to be known as the Cleveland Torso Killer.

Many of these people were living on the fringes of society, and only two of their bodies were conclusively identified. Yeah, these killings have long been on my list for like a possible maybe in October episode and it just has not happened. In July, the local Medical Examiner's office started work to examine some of these unknown victims who were buried in unmarked graves in a potter's field. They hope to work with the DNA Doe Project, which is an organization that tries to confirm the identities of unknown persons. Got to end with a little scary something at the end, right, it's Halloween season.

Many of these people were living on the fringes of society, and only two of their bodies were conclusively identified. Yeah, these killings have long been on my list for like a possible maybe in October episode and it just has not happened. In July, the local Medical Examiner's office started work to examine some of these unknown victims who were buried in unmarked graves in a potter's field. They hope to work with the DNA Doe Project, which is an organization that tries to confirm the identities of unknown persons. Got to end with a little scary something at the end, right, it's Halloween season.

It is Halloween season, and it's also been a really long time since we have had like a historically relevant exhumation to talk about. Do you have a little bit of listener mail? I do have a little bit of listener mail. So this is from Samantha. Samantha wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy. Just a funny note. In the Charlotte Cooper sterary episode, you all mentioned another player named Lottie Dodd. For whatever reason, my brain kept hearing her name as Lotti da and it made me chuckle every time, but not too loudly as my three year old was sleeping in the backseat. Anyway, not much else to add to this one, but thought you might get a kick out of that. Hope you're well, Samantha, Samantha, You're in good company. I also thought as I was writing that that trying to say the name Lottie Dodd was going to sound like we were saying Lotti da. And then when we were doing we listened to each episode before we publish it. So when we were doing that, like QA listen, I was like, sure, does sound like we said Lottie Dah.

It is Halloween season, and it's also been a really long time since we have had like a historically relevant exhumation to talk about. Do you have a little bit of listener mail? I do have a little bit of listener mail. So this is from Samantha. Samantha wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy. Just a funny note. In the Charlotte Cooper sterary episode, you all mentioned another player named Lottie Dodd. For whatever reason, my brain kept hearing her name as Lotti da and it made me chuckle every time, but not too loudly as my three year old was sleeping in the backseat. Anyway, not much else to add to this one, but thought you might get a kick out of that. Hope you're well, Samantha, Samantha, You're in good company. I also thought as I was writing that that trying to say the name Lottie Dodd was going to sound like we were saying Lotti da. And then when we were doing we listened to each episode before we publish it. So when we were doing that, like QA listen, I was like, sure, does sound like we said Lottie Dah.

I was too busy thinking about lot Dodd, the namoidian character from The Phantom Menace.

I was too busy thinking about lot Dodd, the namoidian character from The Phantom Menace.

I think that's one of those names that like to really really enunciate. It probably also would have sounded odd and awkward, So thank you so much. It gave me a chance to giggle over that again. Uh. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, we're at History Podcasts iHeartRadio dot com and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app and wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

I think that's one of those names that like to really really enunciate. It probably also would have sounded odd and awkward, So thank you so much. It gave me a chance to giggle over that again. Uh. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, we're at History Podcasts iHeartRadio dot com and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app and wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.