The Abduction of William Morgan, Part 2

Published Sep 6, 2023, 1:00 PM

When William Morgan's manuscript "Illustrations of Masonry" was finally published, it was really kind of boring. So why were people so eager to suppress it, and what truly happened to him after his abduction?

Research:

  • “An Old Story Revived.” New York Times. July 9, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/20379152/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “Another Morgan Story.” New York Times. July 22, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/20381332/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “Black Rock – Thursday Evening, October 5.” Black Rock Gazette. Oct. 5, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877445/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “Captain Morgan.” The Evening Post. Nov. 14, 1862. https://www.newspapers.com/image/40603708/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “Captain William Morgan.” Black Rock Gazette. Nov. 9, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877491/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “A Good Enough Morgan Again.” The Evening Gazette. June 24, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/10020603/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • Greene, Samuel D. “The Broken Seal: Or, Personal Reminiscenses of the Morgan Abduction and Murder.” Ezra A. Cook & Company. 1873. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=dw4AAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-dw4AAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1
  • Morgan, William. “Illustrations of Masonry.” Chicago. Ezra A. Cook Publications. 1827. (Digital copy.)
  • “The Morgan Monument.” New York Times. Sept. 15, 1882. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/09/15/102787325.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
  • Pritchard, Samuel. “Masonry Dissected.” London. Charles Corbett. 1730. Digital copy: https://archive.org/details/MasonryDissected/page/n3/mode/2up
  • “Proclamation by DeWitt Clinton.” Black Rock Gazette. Nov. 16, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877503/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “The reported discovery of the remains of William Morgan … “ Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 27, 1881. https://www.newspapers.com/image/50402459/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • Riley, Kathleen L. “Lockport: Historic Jewel of the Erie Canal.” Arcadia Publishing. 2005.
  • Ross, Peter. “A Standard History of Freemasonry in the State of New York: Including Lodge, Chapter, Council, Commandery and Scottish Rite Bodies, Volume 1.” Lewis Publishing Company. 1899. Accessed online: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=-GciAAAAMAAJ
  • “To the Public.” Black Rock Gazette. Oct. 12, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/254877456/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1
  • “William Morgan’s Bones.” New York Times. June 22, 1881. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/06/22/98562253.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
  • “The masonic fraternity and others … “ Poughkeepsie Journal. August 23, 1826. https://www.newspapers.com/image/114416277/?terms=%22william%20morgan%22&match=1

Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So this is part two of a two parter, and in part one we talked about the life of William Morgan. He lived in Batavia, New York with his family in the mid eighteen twenties, when he decided that he was going to write an exposee of the Masonic Order, and as a consequence, gained the ire of many Freemasons. He was, according to witness accounts, abducted on September eleventh, eighteen twenty six, and was taken to Fort Niagara, and his friends and family never saw him again, and his disappearance led to immediate criticism of the Freemasons, and volunteer investigators sought to figure out what had actually happened to William Morgan. A body found a year later was determined to be is but then was identified as another man. So the mystery remain. So today we're picking up by talking about Morgan's book and what secrets it actually held, and the various confessions and accounts of Morgan's fate that were published in the decades decades following his abduction, so Morgan's publishing partner, Colonel Miller, did publish Morgan's manuscript, although it wasn't as complete as Morgan had intended. He had planned to include the details on how a member would pass through the seven first degrees, but the manuscript Miller published included only three. The publisher wrote a lengthy introduction for it himself. Quote, we come to lay before the world the claims of an institution which has been sanctioned by ages, venerated for wisdom, exalted for light, but an institution whose benefits have always been overrated, and whose continuance is not in the slightest degree necessary. Strip it of its borrowed trappings, and it is a mere nothing, a toy, not now worthy the notice of a child to sport with. Miller goes on to make the case that masonry had value when knowledge was held in but a few places, and the order was needed as a quote guide and conductor, but that masonry and its members no longer had any valuable knowledge which was not quote known to every inquiring mind. He points out that its origin was with workmen who were joining together to ensure their trades were regulated, but it became something else over the years, noting quote but that there is anything intrinsically valuable in the signs, symbols, or words of masonry. No man of sense will contend that there is not any hidden secret which operates as a talismanic charm on its possessors. Every man of intelligence, Mason or no Mason, must candidly acknowledge. Perhaps the most damning is Miller's passage quote Masonry is of itself naked and worthless. It consists of gleanings from the holy scriptures and from the arts and sciences which shone in the world, linking itself with philosophy and science and religion. On this it rests all its claims to veneration and respect. Take away this borrowed aid, and it falls into ruins. So if you're wondering what salacious secrets this book held, prepared to be disappointed. It does exactly what Miller says. It starts by laying out the opening ceremonies of the lodge, starting with the call to Order and the Call and Response, which starts meetings consisting of the lodge master asking the people in various positions, what their duties are, and having them state them. It then details the manner in which a new initiate would be brought into the lodge, voted on, and initiated if that vote passed. It includes the various steps of the same ceremony, which have particulars that make them unique and ritualized, but really are generally pretty benign. There's the bringing forward of candidates to the order, their statements of intent, and voting on whether to initiate them. There's a part where the candidate's clothes are removed and the candidate wears only his shirt, a barred pair of trousers that the lodge kept for the occasion, a blindfold, a slipper on his right foot only, and a rope around his neck and sometimes left arm. All of these are explained as symbolic of things like humility and trust and other traits like that. There's a promise of secrecy forever. And then, according to this document, the men would stand in a circle and clap their hands and stamp their right foot, and then the three great lights of the order are introduced. The Holy Bible is invoked as a guide for faith. A square like a stonemason or a carpenter would use to square their actions, and a compass to keep the brothers in do bonds with all mankind, but especially brethren. And then there are three burning candles called the lesser Lights, representing the Sun as the ruler of the day, the Moon is the ruler of the night, and the Worshipful Master is ruler of the lodge. All of the language throughout this ceremony, as William Morgan wrote, it is about honor and uprightness, and keeping Christian values, and befriending all brothers and helping them win in need, etc. The book then describes the closing of the lodge with a similar call and response ceremony, including a prayer, and then the text goes into detail on all of various symbols and their meanings, how the lodge is the representation of King Solomon's temple, and a lot of the passages that members studied and memorized to participate in these rituals. There is a section that describes being promoted to the second degree of masonry, and it's not all that different from the initiation. There's more swearing of duty and recitation of call and response questions and discussions of the meanings of the symbols and what they represent an even deeper commitment on the part of the member being promoted. The same write up of the third degree, the master Mason's degree, and how it is conferred, is also again pretty similar. This one, though involves travel. We're using air quotes there, which is really the promotee leaving and returning to the lodge, and each time being told it's a new place, and once again there's a call in response. There's a little bit of hazing type behavior along the lines of carrying him around in a blanket and pretending that he's being buried in a play acting farce involving Solomon and the death of the character Hiram Abraf, who is the architect of Solomon's temple. All of these rituals involve an awful lot of pontificating. Morgan writes of these ceremonies quote, the ceremonies, history, and the lecture in the preceding degree are so similar that perhaps some of the three might have been dispensed with. The conclusion of the book is almost like a glossary, a list with all the various grips and hand signals and words, as well as arrangements of props that are part of the life of a lodge. This book is really not exactly shocking. It's mostly just a lot of rhetoric and kind of made up lore. Promises that members will have each other's backs. Nothing in it seems worth killing someone to protect. And this is particularly the case when you consider that there were already published books that already told masonry secrets. In his eighteen ninety nine book A Standard History of Freemasonry in the State of New York, author Peter Ross notes a handful of similar books that had been published in England as far back as seventeen twenty four, and that a book titled Masonry Dissected, which was written by Samuel Pritchard in seventeen thirty, had a lot of reprints and was very popular in North America, and no doubt because of this whole abduction and the fallout from it, Morgan's book was also very popular. Yeah, it's one of those things where you read it expecting like some really dark secret will be revealed, and it's kind of like, huh, this is just a bunch of guys kind of telling ritualized Bible stories. This story stayed in the public eye for decades after Morgan's abduction and disappearance, both because it was a horrific event and because as members of the Batavia community in surrounding areas wrote their memoirs near the ends of their lives, they sometimes divulged their own knowledge of what had happened. Here's the thing, those accounts are impossible to verify because of both the time that has elapsed since the accounts and since the matters discussed, and because everything about who knew what and participated was intended to be secret to begin with. One of these accounts was written by Thurlow Weed in eighteen seventy five, so that was nearly fifty years after Morgan's abduction. Weed was also anti Masonic, so there's that contacts there. He stated that he had originally been asked to print the manuscript, but had refused on the basis that he felt Morgan was breaking his vow to keep the Order's secrets. He also stated that the original plan for William Morgan was that he was going to be transferred to a Canadian lodge and then moved west in that country and given a job in a fur company there to try to keep him away from the Batavia community and the lodge that felt so threatened by this manuscript. But he said the Canadian lodge had changed their mind once this whole kidnapping was in motion, and that was why Morgan and his captors returned to Fort Niagara. Weed names several men who he says then as a group were active participants in Morgan's end, meaning his murder, But Weed is pretty delicate in his language to not come out and say that they murdered him. He also wrote of these men that they were quote all men of correct habits and character, and all I doubt not, were moved by an enthusiastic but most misguided sense of duty. He continues later in his account, quote, of all the persons connected with the abduction, arrest, imprisonment, and subsequent fate of Morgan, there was not one within my knowledge who did not possess and enjoyed the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. It was not strange, therefore, that facts subsequently established beyond denial were at first very generally and indignantly rejected. The people would not believe that respectable citizens were guilty of open and gross violations of law. We'd also hinted in this book, and many people believed that he would relay even more specifics of what had happened to William Morgan. One day. Coming up, we'll talk about a different account that came out almost fifty years after the abduction. But before we do, we will take a quick sponsor break. So we talked about Thurlow Weed's account that he wrote in the eighteen seventies. Another decades later account of what had happened to William Morgan was published in eighteen seventy three. That was Samuel Green's book titled The Broken Seal or Personal Reminiscences of the Morgan Abduction and Murder. In the introduction, Green writes, quote, I have no intention of writing an autobiography, except in relation to one feature of my history. Many years ago, I was brought, in the providence of God, into strange and intimate association with a series of events which deeply affected my own mind and for a long time powerfully agitated society. Green explains that he was in the same lodge with Morgan and witnessed quote much that went concerning him, and he says that he is prepared to bear testimony on the subject that few other men could give. He also states plainly that he has come to believe that Freemasonry is injurious to morality, hostile to good government, and also hostile to the Christian Church. Green mentions that, like him, other members of the Freemasons had found it to be corrupt and immoral and were distancing themselves even before the events related to William Morgan. He writes about colleagues who, speaking to other Masons about Morgan, found them to be very ready to justify what had happened to him. We mentioned that there was a rupture among the Masons in the aftermath of this abduction and disappearance, and this was a big part of it. Although the fracturing had really already begun, many saw this as the last straw in their association with the group. Green states that he doesn't think that the men who became members of the organization are inherently evil, but they became part of quote an institution which has its own laws and its own methods of working, and by it they are shaped and controlled in ways they know not of. He makes the case that setting up any society as secret and separate from the rest of society is just inherently problematic and is sure to lead to corruption by degrees so subtle that its members don't even realize it's happening. Green lays out the same details of Morgan's abduction that we've already discussed, but he also offers a sad revelation about halfway through the book, which reads, quote, I was still a Mason in good and regular standing. Some might suspect me not to be true to my oaths, but my secret was not yet out. I still attended the lodge meetings, for I could not very well do otherwise. Just now there I heard enough after a little time to convince me that Morgan was no longer in the land of the living. It was just as well understood by the members of our lodge that Morgan was dead, as it is when our families attend a funeral of any person and return to tell the news. Only the Masons did not make the announcement in the same way. They had a great deal of rough joking over the subject, implying that he was drowned somewhere in the direction of Canada. Green's account states that lodge leadership clearly quote understood well that Morgan had been put out of the way. By some accounts, there were as many as sixty nine people involved in the plot to stop William Morgan from publishing his book from the beginning of the plot, as it was hashed in a tavern owned by a man named Ganson. There were Masons from Batavia, Canadagua, Lockport, Lewiston, and other towns and villages in western New York. So while it may have been the work of only some of the order, it was a significant number of people. How many of them knew that things would escalate from organized harassment to kidnapping to murder is really unknown, and it could be that different pockets of the group knew differing degrees of the plan and were willing to go to different lengths to try to secure their secrecy. There's also a theory that the plot was purposely doled out in pieces in the interest of maintaining deniability. The remains that we mentioned in the opening of part one were found in eighteen eighty one in Pembroke, New York, about eleven miles west of Batavia. That was during a dig project that was to precede the establishment of a stone quarry on the site. Initially, the men working on that dig thought that they had uncovered the remains of a Native American because the site of the planned quarry was just two miles away from the Tonawanda Reservation. But there wasn't anything on or with the body that supported that idea. That body had been covered with rocks and dirt. This was not a scenario where a body had been accidentally buried over time. All evidence indicated it had been deliberately buried with the intent to conceal it. This is a case where the unearthing of the body might make you cringe, because it really wasn't handled with the sort of careful techniques that ideally would be used today. The workmen who found the remains removed the bones. According to the paper, it was carefully. They set them aside and then started sifting through the dirt with their hands. Ideal or not, this method did turn up some other clues. There was a silver ring with the monogram WM engraved on it, and then what was believed to have been an old tin tobacco box which contained a manuscript. While there was agreement that the initials WM on the ring were not conclusive because a lot of people have those initials. The manuscript was recognized as potentially important, and it was taken to a man the papers referred to simply as doctor Phillips, who examined it under a microscope to see if they could make out any of the very faded writing on it. Basically like to the naked eye, you couldn't tell what any of the words were, and he was reportedly able to identify the following words Mason's liar, prison, kill, and the name Henry Brown. Henry Brown was a lawyer in Batavia who wrote a book three years after Morgan vanished, titled A Narrative of the Anti Masonic Excitement in the Western part of the State of New York during the years eighteen twenty six, seven eight and a part of eighteen twenty nine. This book seems like it's on Morgan's side in some ways. It describes him being abducted in great detail and says it was over zealous Masons who had done this, but it also asserts that there was no proof of a murder taking place, And then it kind of chides William Morgan for having gotten everybody so riled up in the first place by writing his book At this point. With this new body discovered, at least one member of the press hunted down William Morgan's adult daughter for comment. The New York Times reported on July ninth, eighteen eighty one, that Missus Smith, who was married to Captain William Smith and was living in Portland, Oregon. Quote says her father was drowned by five men who took him one night into the lake. She states that one of the five men who assisted in the drowning for many years resided in Portland, Oregon, but is now dead. Just a few weeks later, on July twenty second, eighteen eighty one, the New York Times ran a piece titled Another Morgan Story. It is, in essence an obituary claiming that William Morgan had died in Smyrna Turkya known today as is Mere. This item's subtitle kind of sets up the tone for the peace quote, the much drowned and off killed man dies in Smyrna. The timing of the reported death is a little unclear, so one of many accounts that claims that this information came from an old timer who has since passed on, although it does say that he heard the story in eighteen forty nine, a year after the eighteen eighty one discovery of remains, William Morgan got a monument which was viewed with some suspicion. And we'll talk about that after we hear from our sponsors. In eighteen eighty two, a monument to William Morgan was erected by an anti Mason group called the National Christian Association. This group was new, and it incited some suspicious speculation. The New York Times wrote of the monument on September fifteenth, eighteen eighty two. Quote, to most people, the fact of the existence of a National Christian Association was made known for the first time the other day by the unveiling of a statue erected by the Association in honor of one William Morgan. This article reflects the negative sentiment that still surrounded Morgan fifty six years after his death. It continues in the language of a smear campaign, sounding surprisingly angry. Quote. At first sight, it may seem rather odd that a National Christian Association should take pains to honor the memory of a drunken vagabond whose one claim to fame lies in the fact that he violated a dozen or more of the most solemn oaths, or told a large collection of ingenious falsehoods to add to the beauty and symmetry of his moral character. Mister William Morgan always maintained that he violated his alleged oaths and betrayed the confidence of his associates from a sense of duty. He thus crowned his moral edifice with hypocrisy, and was as various and miscellaneous a rascal as our prolific country had produced. This article then goes on to exaggerate the anti Mason stance for effect sort of blaming every ill of the world on the fraternity as a means to discredit the stance of the National Christian Association by noting how utterly harmless all Freemason's look while talking about their alleged bloodthirstiness is kind of an intense read, it really is. It's so angry for something that is half century old. The discovery of the wm Body led to more people asking for thurlough Weed to finally tell everything he knew, if in fact there was more to his story as he had hinted in eighteen seventy five. At this point he was the only surviving person with ties to the case, and in eighteen eighty two he did write another follow up to the story. He included the fact that he had left Rochester and the paper that he ran there after, sentiment against him grew in the wake of calling for Freemasons to quote take the laboring or in the search for Morgan. Subscriptions to his paper dropped so rapidly after he had made this statement that he left the paper to his business partner and just sought work elsewhere. In his follow up, we need comments on the fact that three of the men who were part of the volunteer committee that formed in Rochester to investigate Morgan's abduction back in eighteen twenty six had been Masons themselves, and that two of them had been involved in the abduction. He mentions that the legal efforts to bring the perpetrators to justice and multiple different municipalities were all hindered by the fact that Masons in each community were protecting each other and the order, and that obtaining indictments had been impossible quote in five of the six counties where indictments were needed. In discussing the evidence, he noted, quote there was every reason to believe that he was taken from the magazine and drowned in Lake Ontario. This, however, was boldly and persistently denied. Denials accompanied by solemn assurances that Morgan had been seen alive in several places, divided the public sentiment. Weed noted that while this issue led to political positioning as parties being pro or anti Mason, he and his committee quote firmly resisted all efforts, urging all who were connected with us in an effort to vindicate the law to vote for the candidates of the party with which they had been previously connected. But he explained that once it was discovered that Mason's had enough power to control the outcome of elections and pretty much everything else, he and like minded colleagues incorporated their anti Mason stance into their politics. Weed was a politician. He was a member of the New York State Assembly the year before Morgan's disappearance, and he was elected a member again in eighteen thirty. Through an account he attributed to a man named John Whitney who was involved in the plot, We'd ultimately placed the blame for the initial idea to stop Morgan's book through kidnapping on David John's and then he implicates several other masons as he described the confession that one gave him of the end of Morgan's life. According to that account, which we'd stated he never shared because of was told to him in confidence, Morgan was told he was being taken to Canada and that his family was going to be brought to him there. So he willingly got into a boat, and that at the mouth of the Niagara River, a rope was tied around him with a sinker attached to him, and he was dumped. In a particularly sad detail, he tried to hold on to the edges of the vessel but was pushed away, and he managed to bite one of his killers in the process. Weed gives a complicated story about why he did not obtain a signed copy of this confession. He said that Whitney wanted once to be made to be shared after his death, but that Weed was so busy he forgot to do it. Yeah, there's a whole weird side track story where he's like, oh, I was in town for a convention and I told him I would go do it, but I got so busy I forgot about it. And then I went to Iowa, and then I remember like it's a very like here's the overly complicated, a detailed explanation of why don't have a signed version of this? The Whitney account was not the only late in life confession to the murder of William Morgan. There were others, but they created new problems, as in some cases the details did not match up among them. Additionally, and frustratingly, the remains that were found in eighteen eighty one never seemed to lead to any sort of conclusive revelation. That story just sputters out in the papers. So if people were hoping that Weed's second writing on the matter, one of the confessions, or the investigation of the body and its accouterment would lead to a final resolution, they did not get it, and there never has been one. Even modern tellings of Morgan's story disagree deeply on what kind of man he was, Whether this entire thing was a sinister plot, a case of a handful of people getting carried away by their zeal, or even a stunt created by Morgan and Milner two bolster sales of their book, But the majority seemed to chalk the whole thing up to zeal. It went too far, as it agitated among the men responsible for the abduction and likely end of Morgan's life. In a standard history of Freemasonry in the State of New York, which we've quoted in this episode previously, author Peter Ross, who we could not call a fan of William Morgan by any measure, makes the case for why this entire scenario escalated to such a tragic end. Quote. Had it been proposed to issue the illustrations of masonry in a large city, it might, if we judge by previous instances, have created no comment. But in a little country place it was different. Quite an excited sentiment against the proposed work was aroused, and the feeling was intensified by the worthlessness of its real or reputed author. Had it been a work of an honest man, which is difficult to realize, of an educated man or a thinker, it might have been viewed differently and with some degree of respect. But for a graceless, good nothing scamp to propose selling secrets he had sworn to conceal for the prospect of a few dollars was too much to be regarded lightly. And as the matter was discussed, the rumors gathering in clearness of the nature of the work ascribed to it a merit far beyond its due, and intensified the excitement. So this is both an insightful commentary on small communities in the way that strife can impact them, and a pretty biased description of William Morgan, also pretty victim blamey oh one hundred percent. Uh. Samuel Greene, who was far more sympathetic to Morgan, makes a similar statement in his book quote never were greater emotions awakened from so small and unimportant a cause. He then adds quote, but there was nevertheless a philosophy underlying this excitement. It must be remembered that masonry is too sacred and important a thing to be committed to books. The theory is that it must be transmitted from generation to generation through the air. That the whole communication of these tremendous secrets must be purely oral, passing from mouth to mouth, as the illustrious order lives along the ages humans. Mm hmmm, always so disappointing. So for listener mail, I have one that's a correction. This is from our listener Jenny, who writes about our Mad Gasser of Matoon episode. Jenny writes, Dear Holly and Tracy. I've been listening to the show for years now and love the broad array of topics you bring to lay. I can proudly say that I have my PhD and stuff you missed in history class, although it is an ongoing job to maintain that degree and I am now a couple of months behind. We always say this, but it bears repeating again. That's cool. I never want anybody to feel like, you know, listening to something they enjoy is an obligation and not something that's actually enjoyable. I was about to say, there's no obligation at all. No, we love, we love our listeners, and we love that you're listening. But like we get behind on the media that we love all the time, it happens. Life are thing that it is full of activities and needs and responsibilities. Your entertainment should never feel like a responsibility. Jenny writes, I have wanted to write in for a long time, and I hate that I finally got around to it. By pointing out a minor correction in the Mattoon Gaser episode, you mentioned the Alton Railroad, pronouncing Alton as it looks like how it should be pronounced, like the Food Network host Alton Brown. As this is my hometown, I feel compelled to let you know that it is actually pronounced all ten. All ten is in fact an interesting little rivertown that could provide material for the show someday. It is the site of the seventh Abraham Lincoln Douglas Debate, the hometown of the record holder of the tallest man in the world, Robert Wadlow, the home of Elijah P. Lovejoy, the first martyr for the Press, the birthplace of Miles Davis, site of Piazza bird legend, and unfortunately, the home of Philish Slafelyy. Yeah, I would not have known all ten pronounce that way, so thank you. Finally attached to the obligatory pet tax. The reddish brown guy and black brown girl are my current babies, Ziggi and Melusine. I also feel I must include my pets who have sadly passed on, as they too heard plenty of hours of stuff you missed in history class with me. The smiling black dog is Achilles, so cute, the brown rabbit is Summer, also so cute, and the black one is Autumn. Bunnies make great pets and are really fun and loving. However, they can have a lot of health problems and are not as easy to care for as people expect. Unfortunately, this leads to people setting them free, which domesticated rabbits are not prepared to handle. But I digress. Thank you for all you do and keep up the good work. So we got a correction and a PSA about rabbits. If you want to adopt a rabbit, they're very cute, but yeah, they're all animals are worked. You got to be prepared for the commitment of an animal. Thank you for that correction. Sorry all ten, didn't mean to do it wrong. If you would like to write to us with minor corrections, pet pictures, or your thoughts on unsolved but kind of solved murders, you can do that at History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can also find us on social media as Missed in History, and if you have not yet subscribed, you can do that on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

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