This 2016 episode touches on the establishment of a submarine telegraph cable to connect North America and Europe. It took ingenuity, but more than anything else, it required tenacity. 

This 2016 episode touches on the establishment of a submarine telegraph cable to connect North America and Europe. It took ingenuity, but more than anything else, it required tenacity.

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

SYMHC Classics: Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/e4d72cfc-f9d3-4111-842c-b052003f96bf/transcript

Tracy shares how her Charles Sumner research yielded a three-part episode. Holly mentions that while there's not a lot of scholarly work about Cassius Coolidge's life, he is featured in a lot of newspaper mentions from his time. 

Tracy shares how her Charles Sumner research yielded a three-part episode. Holly mentions that while there's not a lot of scholarly work about Cassius Coolidge's life, he is featured in a lot of newspaper mentions from his time.&nbsp;

Behind the Scenes Minis: Much Charles, Many Dogs

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/d028168a-440c-4d67-97d4-b3aa00285742/transcript

Cassius Marcellus Coolidge’s most well-known art is the Dogs Playing Poker series. He was a true Renaissance man, and even patented a style of kitsch art. 

Research:
Arn, Jackson. “Why This Painting of Dogs Playing Poker Has Endured for over 100 Years.” Artsy. June 6, 2018. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-painting-dogs-playing-poker-endured-100-years
Barry, Dan. “Artist’s Fame Is Fleeting, But Dog Poker Is Forever.” New York Times. June 14, 2002. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/14/nyregion/artist-s-fame-is-fleeting-but-dog-poker-is-forever.html
“The bicycling fraternity …” The Evening World. Oct. 17, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/50674735/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22
Coolidge, Asenath Carver. “The Independence Day Horror at Killsbury.” Hungerford-Holbrook Company. 1905. https://books.google.com/books?id=-04LAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22cassius+coolidge%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Coolidge, Cassius M. (as Kash). “The Accomodating Lender.” The Cosmopolitan. Volume 2. Schlicht & Field, 1887. P. 120. https://books.google.com/books?id=P5rNAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Coolidge, Cassius M. “Improvement in the processes of taking photographic pictures.” U.S. Patent Office. April 14, 1874. https://patents.google.com/patent/US149724
“Dog Poker Art Fetches Big Bucks.” CBS News. Feb. 16, 2005. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dog-poker-art-fetches-big-bucks/
Edwards, Phil. “Ever stick your face in a cutout? Meet the kitsch genius who invented them.” Vox. May 29, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/5/29/8682601/carnival-cutouts-inventor
“The exciting road race …” The Evening World. Sept. 26, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/163980688/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22
“Gallinipper Mosquitos & Other Insects.” Nebraska Extension Disaster Education. https://disaster.unl.edu/gallinipper-mosquitos-other-insects/
“George A. Banker received this week …” Pittsburg Dispatch. Aug. 16, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/76578744/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22
Haddock, John A. “The Growth of a Century: as Illustrated in the History of Jefferson County, New York, from 1793 to 1894.” Sherman and Company, 1894. https://books.google.com/books?id=KyUVAAAAYAAJ&dq=antwerp+cassius+coolidge+bank&source=gbs_navlinks_s
“King Gallinipper.” New York Times. April 28, 1892. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/28/104126214.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
Lewis, Joel. “Boat Unloading: Cassius Marcellus Coolidge,” Rutherford Red Wheelbarrow 7. Issue 7, part 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu__BgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA205&dq=coolidge%20%22september%2018%2C%201844%22&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false
McManus, James. “Play It Close to the Muzzel and Cards on the Table.” New York Times. Dec. 3, 2005. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/03/sports/othersports/play-it-close-to-the-muzzle-and-paws-on-the-table.html
Martinovic, Jelena. “Beloved By All But The Art World - The Dogs Playing Poker Painting by Cassius Marcellus Coolidge.” Artsper. Feb. 27, 2025. https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/dogs-playing-poker-painting/
“Mr. Cassius M. Coolidge, the New York artist and playwright …” Sun-Journal. Oct. 3, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/828104988/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22
“A Notable Game of Poker.” The Sun. Sept. 17, 1893. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1893-09-17/ed-1/?sp=7&st=pdf&r=0.147%2C0.847%2C0.213%2C0.088%2C0
“Rehearsals for ‘King Gallinipper,’ …” The Evening World. April 20, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/50663243/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22
“Reviewed Work(s): A Prophet of Peace by Asenath Carver Coolidge and Cassius M. Coolidge.”The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920), Vol. 70, No. 5 (MAY, 1908), p. 117. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20665503
“Teachers’ Institute.” Democrat and Chronicle. June 9, 1876. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/135109029/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22
“The wheelmen of the Manhattan Atheltic Club …” The Evning World. Sept. 23, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/163977579/?match=1&terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22

Cassius Marcellus Coolidge&rsquo;s most well-known art is the Dogs Playing Poker series. He was a true Renaissance man, and even patented a style of kitsch art.&nbsp;
Research:
<ul>
<li>Arn, Jackson. &ldquo;Why This Painting of Dogs Playing Poker Has Endured for over 100 Years.&rdquo; Artsy. June 6, 2018. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-painting-dogs-playing-poker-endured-100-years</li>
<li>Barry, Dan. &ldquo;Artist&rsquo;s Fame Is Fleeting, But Dog Poker Is Forever.&rdquo; New York Times. June 14, 2002. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/14/nyregion/artist-s-fame-is-fleeting-but-dog-poker-is-forever.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;The bicycling fraternity &hellip;&rdquo; The Evening World. Oct. 17, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/50674735/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
<li>Coolidge, Asenath Carver. &ldquo;The Independence Day Horror at Killsbury.&rdquo; Hungerford-Holbrook Company. 1905. https://books.google.com/books?id=-04LAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22cassius+coolidge%22&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</li>
<li>Coolidge, Cassius M. (as Kash). &ldquo;The Accomodating Lender.&rdquo; The Cosmopolitan. Volume 2. Schlicht &amp; Field, 1887. P. 120. https://books.google.com/books?id=P5rNAAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</li>
<li>Coolidge, Cassius M. &ldquo;Improvement in the processes of taking photographic pictures.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. April 14, 1874. https://patents.google.com/patent/US149724</li>
<li>&ldquo;Dog Poker Art Fetches Big Bucks.&rdquo; CBS News. Feb. 16, 2005. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dog-poker-art-fetches-big-bucks/</li>
<li>Edwards, Phil. &ldquo;Ever stick your face in a cutout? Meet the kitsch genius who invented them.&rdquo; Vox. May 29, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/5/29/8682601/carnival-cutouts-inventor</li>
<li>&ldquo;The exciting road race &hellip;&rdquo; The Evening World. Sept. 26, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/163980688/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
<li>&ldquo;Gallinipper Mosquitos &amp; Other Insects.&rdquo; Nebraska Extension Disaster Education. https://disaster.unl.edu/gallinipper-mosquitos-other-insects/</li>
<li>&ldquo;George A. Banker received this week &hellip;&rdquo; Pittsburg Dispatch. Aug. 16, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/76578744/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
<li>Haddock, John A. &ldquo;The Growth of a Century: as Illustrated in the History of Jefferson County, New York, from 1793 to 1894.&rdquo; Sherman and Company, 1894. https://books.google.com/books?id=KyUVAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=antwerp+cassius+coolidge+bank&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</li>
<li>&ldquo;King Gallinipper.&rdquo; New York Times. April 28, 1892. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/28/104126214.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&amp;ip=0</li>
<li>Lewis, Joel. &ldquo;Boat Unloading: Cassius Marcellus Coolidge,&rdquo; Rutherford Red Wheelbarrow 7. Issue 7, part 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu__BgAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PA205&amp;dq=coolidge%20%22september%2018%2C%201844%22&amp;pg=PA205#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false</li>
<li>McManus, James. &ldquo;Play It Close to the Muzzel and Cards on the Table.&rdquo; New York Times. Dec. 3, 2005. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/03/sports/othersports/play-it-close-to-the-muzzle-and-paws-on-the-table.html</li>
<li>Martinovic, Jelena. &ldquo;Beloved By All But The Art World - The Dogs Playing Poker Painting by Cassius Marcellus Coolidge.&rdquo; Artsper. Feb. 27, 2025. https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/dogs-playing-poker-painting/</li>
<li>&ldquo;Mr. Cassius M. Coolidge, the New York artist and playwright &hellip;&rdquo; Sun-Journal. Oct. 3, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/828104988/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
<li>&ldquo;A Notable Game of Poker.&rdquo; The Sun. Sept. 17, 1893. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030272/1893-09-17/ed-1/?sp=7&amp;st=pdf&amp;r=0.147%2C0.847%2C0.213%2C0.088%2C0</li>
<li>&ldquo;Rehearsals for &lsquo;King Gallinipper,&rsquo; &hellip;&rdquo; The Evening World. April 20, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/50663243/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
<li>&ldquo;Reviewed Work(s): A Prophet of Peace by Asenath Carver Coolidge and Cassius M. Coolidge.&rdquo;The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920), Vol. 70, No. 5 (MAY, 1908), p. 117. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20665503</li>
<li>&ldquo;Teachers&rsquo; Institute.&rdquo; Democrat and Chronicle. June 9, 1876. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/135109029/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
<li>&ldquo;The wheelmen of the Manhattan Atheltic Club &hellip;&rdquo; The Evning World. Sept. 23, 1892. https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/163977579/?match=1&amp;terms=%22cassius%20coolidge%22</li>
</ul>

Cassius Marcellus Coolidge’s most well-known art is the Dogs Playing Poker series. He was a true Renaissance man, and even patented a style of kitsch art. 

Cassius Coolidge and Dogs Playing Poker

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/0c2a92f6-04a7-4af2-bac3-b3a70106aef1/transcript

The third installment of our Charles Sumner episode covers how, two days after Charles Sumner delivered an incendiary speech before the senate, Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina came into the Senate chamber and attacked Sumner at his desk.

 

Research:
"Sumner, Charles (1811-1874)." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A148425674/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=95485851. Accessed 31 Oct. 2025.
“Roberts v. City of Boston, 5 Cush. 198, 59 Mass. 198 (1849).” Caselaw Access Project. Harvard Law School. https://case.law/caselaw/?reporter=mass&volume=59&case=0198-01
“The Prayer of One Hundred Thousands.” https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/PrayerofOneHundredThousand.pdf
Alexander, Edward. “The Caning of Charles Sumner.” Battlefields.org. 3/6/2024. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/caning-charles-sumner
Beecher, Henry Ward. “Charles Sumner.” Advocate of Peace (1847-1884) , MAY, 1874. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27905613
Berry, Stephen and James Hill Welborn III. “The Cane of His Existence Depression, Damage, and the Brooks–Sumner Affair.” Southern Cultures , Vol. 20, No. 4 (WINTER 2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26217562
Boston African American National Historic Site. “Abiel Smith School.” https://www.nps.gov/boaf/learn/historyculture/abiel-smith-school.htm
Boston African American National Historic Site. “The Sarah Roberts Case.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-sarah-roberts-case.htm
Child, Lydia Maria. “Letters of Lydia Maria Child.” Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 1883. https://archive.org/details/lettersoflydiam00chil
Commonwealth Museum. “Roberts v. The City of Boston, 1849.” https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/commonwealth-museum/exhibits/online/freedoms-agenda/freedoms-agenda-8.htm
Frasure, Carl M. “Charles Sumner and the Rights of the Negro.” The Journal of Negro History , Apr., 1928, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Apr., 1928). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713959
Gershon, Livia. “Political Divisions Led to Violence in the US Senate in 1856.” JSTOR Daily. 1/7/2021. https://daily.jstor.org/violence-in-the-senate-in-1856/
History, Art and Archives. “South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks’s Attack on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts.” U.S. House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/South-Carolina-Representative-Preston-Brooks-s-attack-on-Senator-Charles-Sumner-of-Massachusetts/
Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site. “An Era of Romantic Friendships: Sumner, Longfellow, and Howe.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/an-era-of-romantic-friendships-sumner-longfellow-and-howe.htm
Lyndsay Campbell; The “Abolition Riot” Redux: Voices, Processes. The New England Quarterly 2021; 94 (1): 7–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00877
Mahr, Michael. “Sumner vs. Cane.” National Museum of Civil War Medicine. 5/24/2023. https://www.civilwarmed.org/sumner-vs-cane/
Meriwether, Robert L. “Preston S. Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner.” The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine , Jan., 1951, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan., 1951). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27571254
Mount Auburn Cemetery. “Charles Sumner (1811-1874): U.S. Senator, Abolitionist, & Orator.” https://mountauburn.org/notable-residents/charles-sumner-1811-1874/
National Park Service. “Charles Sumner and Romantic Friendships.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/charles-sumner-and-romantic-friendships.htm
Potenza, Bob. “Charles Sumner.” West End Museum. https://thewestendmuseum.org/history/era/west-boston/charles-sumner/
Ruchames, Louis. “Charles Sumner and American Historiography.” The Journal of Negro History , Apr., 1953, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 1953). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715536
Senate Historical Office. “Senate Stories | Charles Sumner: After the Caning.” United States Senate. 5/4/2020. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/senate-stories/charles-sumner-after-the-caning.htm
Sinha, Manisha. “The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War.” Journal of the Early Republic , Summer, 2003, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer, 2003). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125037
Sumner, Charles. “Barbarism of Slavery.” 6/4/1860. https://dotcw.com/documents/barbarism_of_slavery.htm
Sumner, Charles. “Freedom National; Slavery Sectional.” 8/26/1852. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Freedom_National;_Slavery_Sectional
Sumner, Charles. “The equal rights of all.” Washington, Printed at the Congressional globe office. 1866. https://archive.org/details/equalrightsofall00sumn
Tameez, Zaakir. “Charles Sumner: Conscience of a Nation.” Henry Holt and Co. 2025.
United States Senate. "The Crime Against Kansas.” https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Crime_Against_Kansas.htm
United States Senate. “REPORT.” 5/28/1856. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/SumnerInvestigation1856.pdf
United States Senate. “The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner.” https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm
Various, “Southern Newspapers Praise the Attack on Charles Sumner,” SHEC: Resources for Teachers, accessed October 31, 2025, https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1548.

The third installment of our Charles Sumner episode covers how, two days after Charles Sumner delivered an incendiary speech before the senate, Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina came into the Senate chamber and attacked Sumner at his desk.
&nbsp;
Research:
<ul>
<li>"Sumner, Charles (1811-1874)." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A148425674/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=95485851. Accessed 31 Oct. 2025.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Roberts v. City of Boston, 5 Cush. 198, 59 Mass. 198 (1849).&rdquo; Caselaw Access Project. Harvard Law School. https://case.law/caselaw/?reporter=mass&amp;volume=59&amp;case=0198-01</li>
<li>&ldquo;The Prayer of One Hundred Thousands.&rdquo; https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/PrayerofOneHundredThousand.pdf</li>
<li>Alexander, Edward. &ldquo;The Caning of Charles Sumner.&rdquo; Battlefields.org. 3/6/2024. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/caning-charles-sumner</li>
<li>Beecher, Henry Ward. &ldquo;Charles Sumner.&rdquo; Advocate of Peace (1847-1884) , MAY, 1874. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27905613</li>
<li>Berry, Stephen and James Hill Welborn III. &ldquo;The Cane of His Existence Depression, Damage, and the Brooks&ndash;Sumner Affair.&rdquo; Southern Cultures , Vol. 20, No. 4 (WINTER 2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26217562</li>
<li>Boston African American National Historic Site. &ldquo;Abiel Smith School.&rdquo; https://www.nps.gov/boaf/learn/historyculture/abiel-smith-school.htm</li>
<li>Boston African American National Historic Site. &ldquo;The Sarah Roberts Case.&rdquo; https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-sarah-roberts-case.htm</li>
<li>Child, Lydia Maria. &ldquo;Letters of Lydia Maria Child.&rdquo; Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 1883. https://archive.org/details/lettersoflydiam00chil</li>
<li>Commonwealth Museum. &ldquo;Roberts v. The City of Boston, 1849.&rdquo; https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/commonwealth-museum/exhibits/online/freedoms-agenda/freedoms-agenda-8.htm</li>
<li>Frasure, Carl M. &ldquo;Charles Sumner and the Rights of the Negro.&rdquo; The Journal of Negro History , Apr., 1928, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Apr., 1928). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713959</li>
<li>Gershon, Livia. &ldquo;Political Divisions Led to Violence in the US Senate in 1856.&rdquo; JSTOR Daily. 1/7/2021. https://daily.jstor.org/violence-in-the-senate-in-1856/</li>
<li>History, Art and Archives. &ldquo;South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks&rsquo;s Attack on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts.&rdquo; U.S. House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/South-Carolina-Representative-Preston-Brooks-s-attack-on-Senator-Charles-Sumner-of-Massachusetts/</li>
<li>Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site. &ldquo;An Era of Romantic Friendships: Sumner, Longfellow, and Howe.&rdquo; https://www.nps.gov/articles/an-era-of-romantic-friendships-sumner-longfellow-and-howe.htm</li>
<li>Lyndsay Campbell; The &ldquo;Abolition Riot&rdquo; Redux: Voices, Processes. The New England Quarterly 2021; 94 (1): 7&ndash;46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00877</li>
<li>Mahr, Michael. &ldquo;Sumner vs. Cane.&rdquo; National Museum of Civil War Medicine. 5/24/2023. https://www.civilwarmed.org/sumner-vs-cane/</li>
<li>Meriwether, Robert L. &ldquo;Preston S. Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner.&rdquo; The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine , Jan., 1951, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan., 1951). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27571254</li>
<li>Mount Auburn Cemetery. &ldquo;Charles Sumner (1811-1874): U.S. Senator, Abolitionist, &amp; Orator.&rdquo; https://mountauburn.org/notable-residents/charles-sumner-1811-1874/</li>
<li>National Park Service. &ldquo;Charles Sumner and Romantic Friendships.&rdquo; https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/charles-sumner-and-romantic-friendships.htm</li>
<li>Potenza, Bob. &ldquo;Charles Sumner.&rdquo; West End Museum. https://thewestendmuseum.org/history/era/west-boston/charles-sumner/</li>
<li>Ruchames, Louis. &ldquo;Charles Sumner and American Historiography.&rdquo; The Journal of Negro History , Apr., 1953, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 1953). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715536</li>
<li>Senate Historical Office. &ldquo;Senate Stories | Charles Sumner: After the Caning.&rdquo; United States Senate. 5/4/2020. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/senate-stories/charles-sumner-after-the-caning.htm</li>
<li>Sinha, Manisha. &ldquo;The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War.&rdquo; Journal of the Early Republic , Summer, 2003, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer, 2003). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125037</li>
<li>Sumner, Charles. &ldquo;Barbarism of Slavery.&rdquo; 6/4/1860. https://dotcw.com/documents/barbarism_of_slavery.htm</li>
<li>Sumner, Charles. &ldquo;Freedom National; Slavery Sectional.&rdquo; 8/26/1852. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Freedom_National;_Slavery_Sectional</li>
<li>Sumner, Charles. &ldquo;The equal rights of all.&rdquo; Washington, Printed at the Congressional globe office. 1866. https://archive.org/details/equalrightsofall00sumn</li>
<li>Tameez, Zaakir. &ldquo;Charles Sumner: Conscience of a Nation.&rdquo; Henry Holt and Co. 2025.</li>
<li>United States Senate. "The Crime Against Kansas.&rdquo; https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Crime_Against_Kansas.htm</li>
<li>United States Senate. &ldquo;REPORT.&rdquo; 5/28/1856. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/SumnerInvestigation1856.pdf</li>
<li>United States Senate. &ldquo;The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner.&rdquo; https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm</li>
<li>Various, &ldquo;Southern Newspapers Praise the Attack on Charles Sumner,&rdquo; SHEC: Resources for Teachers, accessed October 31, 2025, https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1548.</li>
</ul>

The third installment of our Charles Sumner episode covers how, two days after Charles Sumner delivered an incendiary speech before the senate, Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina came into the Senate chamber and attacked Sumner at his desk.

Charles Sumner Revisited (part 3)

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/a46ea2da-20e4-4107-aabe-b3a6000ac58f/transcript

SYMHC Classics: Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

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