This 2019 episode covers Sarah Josepha Hale's well-known poetry, and her publication Godey's Lady's Book, the most popular magazine in the U.S. in the middle of the 19th century,
Happy Saturday. Since the US holiday of Thanksgiving is coming up today, we are sharing our episode on Sarah Jessefa Hale, who was one of the people who really drove the effort to make Thanksgiving a national holiday. At the time, the holiday was not associated with a fictionalized or romanticized story about a first Thanksgiving celebration supposedly bringing together Indigenous people and colonists, but Hale was hoping a national holiday for giving thanks would help keep the nation together as it became increasingly divided over the issue of slavery. This originally came out on August twenty eighth, twenty nineteen, So enjoy Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, and Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. Lately, I've been thinking a lot about etiquette on the Internet and how sometimes there's sort of not any and how etiquette isn't something that just springs forth from people unprompted. The idea of what is and isn't polite or rude has to be kind of cultivated and created and reinforced intentionally, including through things like etiquette manuals and advice columns and magazines, and that whole line of thought led me to something that has been on my list for a long time and has also been requested by a lot of our listeners. That's Gotie's Lady's Book, and it's editor, Sarah Josepha Hale. I will say that I have heard historians and archivists say this as Goati's and as goddies. I have also on occasion heard good Days. I think that's just people trying to make us sound fancy. That does sound like an attempt for fanciness. Yeah, A bunch of folks that I have listened to from Vassar who she was associated with, all said goaties. So that's the one that we're going to go with. This was the most popular magazine in the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century, and although it's mostly well known at this point for its hands tinted fashion plates, the content of the magazine was this collection of all kinds of material, including poetry and fiction and household tips and music and yes, etiquette, and it was incredibly influential in terms of both the actual magazine content and Hale's work outside of his pages in a lot of ways that are still felt today. In Europe. The first magazines were launched in the seventeenth century, thanks to advances in printing technology and mail distribution, as well as increased literacy rates. The word magazine is much older than that, but it was first used to describe a periodical filled with works by various writers, often on a range of subjects, aimed at a general audience, and that was in seventeen thirty one. That was when Edward Cave started publishing The Gentleman's Magazine. He called it a magazine because of the word's earlier meaning of storehouse. The Gentleman's Magazine was meant to be a storehouse of knowledge. Magazines aimed specifically at women were part of this whole ecosystem by seventeen fifty nine, that's when the Royal Female Magazine or the Ladies General Repository of Pleasure and Improvement was first published. In England and the United States, the first women's magazine was called Ladies Magazine and it was founded in seventeen ninety two. Various women's magazines came and went on both sides of the Atlantic. In the US, most of them folded within a year or two until Sarah Josepha Hale started publishing Her Lady's Magazine, which was the first women's magazine in the US that lasted more than five years. That is, in fact, a different ladies magazine than the one that was founded in seventeen ninety two. And we're going to go back up for a minute and talk about how Hale got there. She was born Sarah Josepha Buell in Newport, New Hampshire, on October twenty fourth, seventeen eighty eight. Her parents were Captain Gordon Buell and Martha Whittlesey Yule, and her father had fought in the Revolutionary War. Sarah was the third of their four children. Sarah's parents thought that girls should have access to education, and for the Buell daughters that meant being tutored at home by their mother along with their brothers. It did not, however, mean that Sarah could go to college. Of all her siblings, Sarah was closest to her brother Horatio, and when he went to Dartmouth, he actively encouraged her self study and he shared his books with her when he was home. In her words quote, he seemed very unwilling that I should be deprived of all his collegiate advantages. Sarah became a teacher when she was eighteen, and in eighteen thirteen, when she was twenty five, she married David Hale, who was a lawyer. David encouraged her to continue educating herself again. In her words quote, we commenced soon after our marriage a system of study and reading, which we pursued while he lived. The hours allowed were from eight o'clock in the evening till ten two hours in the twenty four How I enjoyed those hours in all our mental pursuits. It seemed the aim of my husband to enlighten my reason, strengthen my judgment, and give me confidence in my own powers of mind, which he estimated much higher than I. But this approbation which he bestowed on my talents has been of great encouragement to me and attempting the duties that have since become my portion. Sadly, David did not live long. He died of pneumonia in eighteen twenty two, nine years into their marriage. By then they had four children together. They were David, Horatio, Frances Anne, and Sarah Josepha. The elder Sarah was pregnant with their fifth child, William, who was born not long after his father's death. Sarah was understandably devastated, and she wore black for the rest of her life, although this was also influenced by the fact that she found black flattering on her and she also thought it made her look taller. Sarah knew that she was going to have to work to support her family, but that a teacher's salary was never going to be enough to support her in five children. Before her marriage, she hadn't even been supporting herself on teacher's page. She'd been living at home and using that salary to help cover her father's medical expenses. David had been a Freemason, though, and his brothers at the Masonic Lodge helped get Sarah and her sister in law, Hannah established with a millinery business that, along with dressmaking, was one of the very few business opportunities that was considered appropriate for middle class women. The Masonic Lodge also funded the publication of a book of poetry that Sarah had written that was called The Genius of Oblivion and Other Original Poems, and it was published under the byline A Lady of New Hampshire. Sarah earned enough money from this book that she was able to leave Hannah in charge of what actually seems to have become quite a thriving millinery business, and instead Sarah focused on writing. Sarah submitted poems and stories to magazines and journals, and in eighteen twenty seven she published a novel called Northwood, A Tale of New England. Northwood contrasted a woman's life in New England to what she imagined to be a woman's life in the South. At this point, Hale was really concerned that the issue of slavery was going to lead to a civil war or otherwise just destroy the country, and Northwood reflects these fears, as well as the era's prevailing racism and Hale's own biases. The book condemned the institution of slavery and the idea of a widening divide between the North and the South, while also treating white women of both the North and the South with a lot of sympathy. Northwood was very well received, and it caught the eye of the Reverend John Loris Blake, who approached Hale about starting a magazine for women. This was not an easy decision for her, if the magazine was successful, she would probably make enough money to send all five of her children to college. But taking the job was also going to mean leaving her older children with relatives while she moved to Boston to work. Her oldest child, David, was thirteen at this point and was getting ready to head to West Point, but the rest of her children were years away from leaving home, and her youngest child was only five. In the end, Hale did take this job. She spent a few months at home in New Hampshire preparing and planning out the magazine's first issues, before sending her middle three children to live with various aunts and uncles. She took William with her when she left for Boston in the spring of eighteen twenty eight. And we'll talk about that magazine after we first paused for a little sponsor break. The magazine that Sarah Joseppa Hale launched in eighteen twenty eight was initially known as Ladies Magazine and Literary Gazette. It's believed to be the first magazine edited by a woman. After a while, its name was shortened to just Ladies Magazine and then expanded to American Ladies Magazine. This was supposed to distinguish it from a different ladies magazine that was being public in Britain, and also to highlight what Hale saw as the magazine's American focus. At the time, most magazines being published in the United States were being created primarily through a practice called clipping that was just republishing material from other magazines without any kind of acknowledgment or attribution or payment to its original creators. Most of the time, the clipped content in the US was coming from British publications, and we have talked a little bit about the publications that worked in that style when we have talked about Poe's era and his rivals, and also also other people that worked in literary efforts, etc. It came up, I think in Our windsor Mackay episodes possibly, But Hale bless her did not approve of this practice of clipping, and she wanted this to be an American magazine by and for American women, meaning middle and upper class white women. She did the vast majority of the original writing herself. In the magazine's pages included poetry, fiction essays, news articles, household tips, and editorials where she advocated things like property rights for married women. Some things that Hale did not want this magazine to include were fashion plates. These were illustrations of people in fashionable clothing and appealing surroundings, usually done as etchings or engravings. She really wanted her magazine to be dedicated to the education and enrichment of women, and that did not, in her mind, include fashion. In her words, quote, there is no part of our duty as editor of a lady's journal which we feel so reluctant to perform as to quote or exhibit the fashions of dress. This is where I retract my blessing upon her. But fashion plates were incredibly popular, and Hale started losing subscribers as competing magazines started publishing more of them. By late eighteen thirty, Hale realized that she really did have to include fashion plates if she wanted her magazine to stay afloat. So the first few issues that included fashion plates bemoaned the lack of original American fashions to feature, or offered commentary that criticized fashion, or printed an essay on the facing page that used the plate as some kind of moral lesson. Eventually, though, Hale moved on to publishing plates without all of the Judgy commentary, and she was sort of like, if I have to do this, I'm just gonna be as foot draggy and complaining about it as I can now. Irony is though she wore black her whole life because she thought it made her look stunning, So she was into fashion, she just wouldn't acknowledge it. Yeah, and also this magazine, and then also Godey's Ladies Book, which you're going to talk about more in a bit. I mean, they became incredibly famous for all these fashion plates. So Ladies Magazine stopped publishing fashion plates toward the very end of its run, but it's not clear whether that contributed to the magazines to line. By eighteen thirty four, the magazine had started to struggle, in part due to the financial fallout from President Andrew Jackson's efforts to try to dismantle the Bank of the United States. Hale started appealing to her subscribers to try to support the magazine and for the ones whose subscriptions were in arrears to pay their bills. So during these lean years, a man named Lewis and Tuan Goady approached Hale about moving to Philadelphia to edit his magazine. His name does appear French, but he was born in the US who were going with the Lewis pronunciation. Gody was born in New York, as I said in the US, on June sixth, eighteen oh four, and like Hale, most of his education had come through self study. He had owned a small bookstore and newsstand for a while before he became a scissors editor at the Philadelphia Daily Chronicle. In eighteen thirty, he started publishing a magazine called Ladies Book, which was like so many other magazines created through clipping, and it also included fashion plates. But Gody also didn't want this magazine to just be years standard clipping shop. He wanted it to be, in his words quote, the guiding star of female education, the beacon light of refined taste, pure morals, and practical wisdom. And he hoped that if he hired Hale, she could take it in that direction. In spite of her own magazine struggles, Hale actually turned him down. This was largely because she didn't want to leave Boston. Her son, William was about to start college at Harvard and she didn't want to leave until he graduated. And she also wasn't quite ready to give up her own magazine. At this point, she was its co owner. Hale had been very busy during her whole tenure as editor of American Ladies Magazine. She had written numerous books on top of all the writing she was doing for the magazine. This included publishing poems for our children, including Mary Had a Little Lamb, which was published in eighteen thirty Its poems were quote written to inculcate moral truths and virtuous sentiments. She was also hugely active in fundraising efforts for the complete of the Bunker Hill Monument, and she helped found the Seamen's Aid Society and become its first president. She kept up this pace as her magazine struggled, but she really was not able to turn things around. In eighteen thirty six, Goady made another proposal that he could buy American Ladies Magazine, merge it with his Lady's Book, and let Hale edit the combined magazine from Boston until her son, William graduated from college in eighteen forty one. This time Hale agreed. As of its first issue in eighteen thirty seven, she was the editor of Goady's Lady's Book, and she took it in a similar direction as she had taken American Lady's Magazine, which is what Gody had been hoping for, moving it away from clipping toward original content. Hale also focused on hiring women for as many roles as she could. Eventually this included a staff of one hundred and fifty women to hand color the fashion plates. That means hand coloring them for every copy of the magazine, which was a feat and also meant that sometimes different people's copies would be in different colors because they ran out of one. Obviously, that's one of the things we said before that this magazine became really famous for. Also, in keeping with her distaste for covering fashion in a lady's magazine at all, fashion was the only section of Gody's Lady's Book that Hale did not personally oversee. There was a lot in the magazine beyond the fashion plates and other fashion coverage. Hale still wanted to quote provide quality material to benefit and educate the female reader, So, like her earlier magazine, Godey's Lady's Book began publishing poetry, fiction essays, biographical vignettes, news advice, and household tips. She introduced stories and articles for children meant to be read to them by their mothers. Each issue included sheet music, and there were also sewing and embroidery patterns, also recipes, anything that Hale thought would be educational, edifying, and useful for American Ladies. This meant that Godey's This Lady's Book also became a publishing outlet for some of the United States leading writers at the time. The magazine published work by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth, Longfellow in Washington, Irving Edgar Allan Poe was a contributor as well, publishing stories and poems, including The Cask of Amontiado. Under the leadership of Hale as editor and godi A's publisher, Godey's Lady's Book became incredibly successful. We mentioned earlier that Hale's American Ladies Magazine was the first women's magazine in the US to last more than five years. Gody's Lady's Book lasted for almost seventy from eighteen thirty to eighteen ninety eight. It outlived both its editor and its publisher. It also became hugely popular. It had about ten thousand subscribers when Hale came on as editor. At its peak in eighteen sixty, it had about one hundred and fifty thousand subscribers, which was the largest circulation of any magazine in the u United States at all. This was in spite of an annual subscription cost of three dollars, which was considered expensive for the time. It's always tricky to make these comparisons, but this is usually cited as between eighty five and ninety dollars a year today. It's also tricky to compare that to current magazine subscription rates because there are so many bundles and deals and digital only subscriptions and whatnot. But the current bundle subscription rate for Vogue is twenty one dollars and ninety nine cents a year, and the cover price for a year of Martha Stewart Living is forty nine dollars and ninety cents. That is according to each of their websites. It was also read well beyond its subscriber base. Its intended audience was ladies. In the mindset of the time, that meant white Protestant women who were mostly middle class or more affluent, but it was also read beyond that demographic, with women pooling their money to share a subscription, or boarding houses sharing one copy among all its residents, or patrons reading copies and libraries in reasa rooms. So today Godey's Lady's Book is a huge source of information about middle class white women in the nineteenth century, and it and Hale were also enormously influential, which we'll get to in a moment after a quick sponsor break. Like we've said a couple of times at this point, Sarah Josepha Hale and Godey's Lady's Book were enormously influential. Under her leadership, the magazine reinforced several traditions that are a big part of life for many Americans today. Things like Christmas trees and white wedding dresses, which were being popularized in Britain thanks to Queen Victoria, were popularized in the United States thanks in part to Gody's Lady's Book. The first picture of a Christmas tree in the magazine's pages actually was copied from an engraving that had run in the Illustrated London News. That engraving depicted Queen Victoria and her family around a Christmas tree. The Goady's version took out the Queen's crown and Albert's sash and mustache, and some German biscuits from under the tree. Otherwise, though it was the same picture supposed to be an American family. The biggest and most obvious example of Hale's influence in this regard is the American Thanksgiving holiday. In the United States, Thanksgiving was already celebrated in various parts of the country, especially in the Northeast. Before she became an editor. Hale started publicly advocating for a Thanksgiving holiday to be celebrated nationwide, and she began that quest in eighteen thirty seven. It was something that went on within and outside the pages of Godey's Ladies Book, but her interest in Thanksgiving as a holiday went back before that. She had written a lot about Thanksgiving before Godey's Lady's Book was even founded. There's a whole stretch in her first novel, Northwood, that's focused on Thanksgiving, including a New England family explaining to a visitor from elsewhere that it's not celebrated in the whole country, but hopefully one day will be with one character saying, quote, Thanksgiving, like the fourth of July, should be considered a national festival and observed by all our people. The Thanksgiving meal is described in her writing this way quote the roasted turkey took precedence on this occasion, being placed at the head of the table, and well did it become its lordly station, sending forth a rich odor of its savory stuffing, and finally covered with the froth of the basting. At the foot of the board, a surloin of beef, flanked on either side by a leg of pork and loin of mutton, seemed placed as a bastion to defend innumerable bowls of gravy and plates of vegetables disposed in that quarter. A goose and pair of ducklings occupied side stations on the table, the middle being graced, as it always is on such occasions, by that rich burgomaster of the provisions, called a chicken pie. This pie, which is wholly formed of the choicest parts of fowls, enriched and seasoned with a profusion of butter and pepper, and covered with an excellent puff paste, is like the celebrated pumpkin pie, an indispensable part of a good and true Yankee Thanksgiving, the size of the pie, usually denoting the gratitude of the party who prepares the feast, and then it goes on to describe sideboards laden with a whole other course, plus a collection of desserts, including pumpkin pie. I have made some Thanksgiving meals, and thank goodness, I did not have to make all of those different fowls. This is simultaneously familiar sounding to a lot of people in terms of the turkey and the pie and the vast quantity of food, but it also seems even bigger than like the over the top Thanksgivings that a lot of people have. Yeah, by the time we got to Mutton, I was like, are you kidding me? This was also depicting a meal that was going to be for a whole lot of people, but still it's a lot. There are other references to Thanksgiving and Hale's work after that, and then in eighteen thirty seven she wrote an editorial in Gody's Lady's Book that advocated a Thanksgiving holiday to be celebrated in every state on the last Thursday of November. She started contacting state governments with this proposal, along with contacting a series of US presidents continuing on until President Abraham Lincoln gave his Thanksgiving Proclamation in eighteen sixty three. That proclamation said, in part quote, it has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, as with one heart and one voice, by the whole American people. I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a day of Thanksgiving and prayer to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens. At this point, the Thanksgiving holiday wasn't really associated with a romanticized first dinner involving the Pilgrims and the Wampanog. That association didn't really evolve until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so a few decades after Lincoln issued his proclamation, and it was decades after that before Thanksgiving officially became a national holiday. That romanticized first Thanksgiving story was reinforced in the early twentieth century through school lessons connecting it to ideas like freedom and good citizenship and construction paper pilgrim hats in my case, yeah and problematic Yeah, comped headdresses, yes, quotation marks. So today, the first Thanksgiving story, and consequently the holiday as a whole, has been really criticized for erasing centuries of exploitation and genocide of North America's native peoples at the hands of colonists in the government. But even without that connection to that romanticized story, Hale's Thanksgiving campaign has its own problems. One of the reasons she was so dedicated to a nowtional Thanksgiving holiday goes back to her thought that slavery might tear the nation apart. So she thought a national Thanksgiving holiday might help unify the nation in the face of its division over the issue of slavery. So, in other words, she thought this holiday might help keep the country together without actually addressing the underlying issue of slavery. I have so many thoughts that I'm just going to keep in my head. Hale thought slavery was wrong, but she also didn't agree with radical opposition to it. She advocated the resettlement of enslaved Africans in Liberia where they would be free, rather than the abolition of slavery within the United States. This resettlement plan, we have talked about it on some episodes before, had a lot of advocates arguing from all kinds of perspectives, including people of African descent who thought that this was the only way that they might truly be free, and people who were simply racist and wanted the enslaved population removed. For more detail, you can check out our previous episode on Marcus Garvey and Thomas Morris Chester. So this same mindset also influenced the editorial direction of Godey's Lady's Book. When Hale was editing American Lady's Magazine, she'd written various editorials that clearly stated her political opinions, but Gody wanted the Ladies Book to appeal to women regardless of what their political views were. And of course this wasn't a distinction he was consciously making in his mind, but the default woman here was white and usually middle class. He was also interested in quote avoiding nationalism or any political entanglements within the pages of the journal, and he also said, quote I allow no man's religion to be attacked or sneered at, or the subject of politics to be mentioned in my magazine. So sometimes you'll see Godey's Lady's Book described as not being political, But it would be more accurate to say that the magazine avoided overt political controversy. Really it was incredibly political. It avoided direct discussion of the Civil War or the movement for abolition. That's an inherently political decision. Instead, in the years leading up to the US Civil War, it published poetry, essays, and stories that highlighted the potential tragedies of war and also emphasized the idea of national unity. Although the hope was that this would avoid offending either side, in reality it meant that the magazine's readership peaked in eighteen sixty just before the war. Afterward, people started gravitating toward publications where they could get news about what was happening. On top of that, in a different political direction, Godie's Lady's Book heavily reinforced a very specific idea of what a woman should be. Sarah Josepha Hale believed that women were more moral and compassionate than men were, and Hale's words quote God has given to man authority to woman influence. She wanted women to influence men to be better so that men could put their authority to better use. The magazine focused on the idea that a woman's role given by God was to be a moral force in her sphere of influence, which was the home. Although the magazine never took a clear position one way or the other, Hale herself was against the idea of women's suffrage because it was outside of women's sphere of influence, and because women had fewer opportunities for education and political engagement, thus they were less likely to be informed voters. Instead, Godi's Lady's Book really enforced the idea that a true woman was pious, pure, submissive, and domestic, a collection of ideas known as the cult of true womanhood or the cult of domesticity. Yeah, that's come up in a few episodes lately, including Packard versus Packard. It was an incredibly common idea of what a woman was supposed to be at the time, and elements of it continue to today. Hale did advocate for better opportunities for women, but only within this framework. This included supporting Elizabeth Blackwell and hers to become the first woman in the United States to earn an MD. In Hale's mind, medicine could be within a woman's sphere. In her words written in March of eighteen fifty two, quote, the study of medicine belongs to a woman's department of knowledge. Its practice is in harmony with the duties of mother and nurse, which she must fulfill. It is not going out of her sphere to prescribe for the sick. She must do this by the fireside, the bedside, in the inner chamber, where her true place is. It is man who is there out of his sphere. Hale also advocated for women to have better educational opportunities, especially when it came to an education in the liberal arts. She was a huge advocate for Vasser Female College after its founding in eighteen sixty one, as well as corresponding extensively with its founder, Matthew Vasser on everything from the student's dress to the number of female faculty to whether to keep the word female in the name. But there were also a lot of limits to Hale's advocacy for women's education, all connecting back to the idea of what a woman's sphere was. For example, she didn't seem to think that women should study the physical sciences for their own sake. Various articles in Godie's Lady's Books suggest that science has a use in a woman's life, like how understanding scientific concepts can help her keep a better home. But it doesn't really support the idea that a woman should just become a chemist or a physicist because she wants to. And there were also limits to which women she was writing for and depicting in the magazine. The women in the magazine's famous fashion plates, some of which were large enough that they were printed on fold out pages, were all white and all affluent, with similarly attractive features and the same slender body type. They reinforced the ideas of heterosexual marriage and motherhood as unifying forces in women's lives. Really, for most of its existence, the magazine didn't address the experience of native people, or enslaved people, or free black people or immigrants at all. In the words of a piece in the July eighteen ninety seven issue, which was after Haile and Gody had both died, quote, a little over a century ago, colored women had no social status, and indeed, only thirty years ago the term womanhood was not large enough in this Christian republic to include any woman of African descent. That's from a piece that was clearly written for white women to let them know that quote. The thousands of cultured and delightfully useful women of the colored race who are worth knowing and who are prepared to cooperate with white women in all good efforts are simply up to date new women in the best sense of that much abused term. Uh. Even so, the magazine was widely read and widely respected. In the words of the Philadelphia City Item in eighteen seventy quote, it has been well remarked that where Goati's is taken, there is domestic neatness, comfort, elegance, virtue, which we think is saying a good deal for the American woman. God bless godies and keep it with us. Many years Gody sold the publication to John Hill, says Hallenbeech, in eighteen seventy seven, after he and Hale both retired. As of their retirement, she was eighty nine and he was seventy three, so they worked on this magazine almost until the end of their lives. Lewis Antwine Gody died the following year. On November twenty ninth, eighteen seventy eight. Sarah J. Hale, who called herself an editress, died on April thirtieth, eighteen seventy nine. She had continued to write for much of her life, publishing poems, fiction essays, recipe books, etiquette manuals, and a women's encyclopedia titled Woman's Record or Sketches of All Distinguished Women from the Creation to Ady eighteen fifty four, arranged in four eras with selections from female writers of every age. That was all the title, But in her day she was so associated with Godey's Lady's Book that people called it missus Hale's magazine. She's pretty complicated. Yeah, you know, I want to like her in some ways, but that whole like nose down at fashion thing is a problem, and then it's a funny thing. Where just as as the magazine was claiming that it did not take a political stance but obviously did because of its refusal to acknowledge certain things, I feel like similarly, and obviously on a much more important level, that's also how she dealt with fashion, right, She's like, I don't want fashion, which is in itself a commentary on fashion right, and she would consult on women's apparel at Vassar but didn't want fashion involved. It's a fascinating thing to me. He's got a lot of contradictions. You can There are scans of a lot of these, a lot of issues of this book that you can see online. You can read through. I mean, there's it goes on for years. There's pages and pages of stuff you can dive into if you were interested in little glimpses of life for nineteenth century white women. Slash the kinds of standards the magazine was really heavily reinforcing. Yeah, thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since this episode is out of the archive, if you heard an email address or a Facebook RL or something similar over the course of the show, that could be obsolete now. Our current email address is History podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can find us all over social media at missed in History, and you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the iHeartRadio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.