Montserrat is a culturally important place with a lot of stories. This episode focuses on three to show its importance as a religious center, as a strategic military location, and finally, as a place that has been home to political protest.

Research:

• Buttery, Helen. “The Dark Queen.” National Post. March 31, 2001. https://www.newspapers.com/image/513661243/?terms=madonna%20montserrat&match=1
• “Basque Country and Catalonia: Different Paths to Recognition.” Centre on Constitutional Change. June 3, 2019. https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/news-and-opinion/basque-country-and-catalonia-different-paths-recognition
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "ETA". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ETA
• Dawson, Paul. “Napoleon’s Peninsular War: The French Experience of the War in Spain from Vimeiro to Corunna, 1808–1809.” Frontline Books. 2020.
• “Defendents Backed By Protestors.” Arizona Daily Star. Dec. 14, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/image/164623929/?terms=montserrat%20protest&match=1
• Duricy, Michael P. “Montserrat Black Madonna: Black Madonnas: Our Lady of Montserrat.” University of Dayton. https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/montserrat-black-madonna.php#:~:text=the%20dark%20color%20of%20Our,most%20celebrated%20images%20in%20Spain.
• Duricy, Michael P. “Black Madonnas: Origin, History, Controversy.” University of Dayton. https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/black-madonnas-origin-history-controversy.php
• Eder, Richard. “Burgos Court: Stage for Basque Case.” New York Times. Dec. 7, 1970. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/07/archives/burgos-court-stage-for-basque-cause.html
• Eder, Richard. “Trial of Basques Starts in Burgos.” New York Times. December 4, 1970. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/04/archives/trial-of-basques-starts-in-burgos-15-are-charged-in-slaying-of.html
• Gipson, Ferren. “The Story of the Black Madonnas.” Art UK. Oct. 11, 2018. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/the-story-of-the-black-madonnas
• Jeffrey, Simon. “Timeline: ETA.” The Guardian. March 11, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/11/spain.simonjeffery
• “Limit to Free Speech.” Des Moines Tribune. Dec. 16, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/image/325193542/?terms=montserrat%20protest&match=1
• Nurse, Charlie. “The Burgos Show Trial of 1970. Ihr.world. Dec. 3, 2020. https://ihr.world/en/2020/12/03/the-burgos-showtrial-of-1970/
• Oman, Charles William Chadwick. “A History of the Peninsular War.” Oxford. 1902. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/historyofpeninsu04oman/page/n9/mode/2up
• “Police Surround Montserrat Monastery.” Redlands Daily Facts. Dec. 14, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/image/5016668/?terms=montserrat%20monastery&match=1
• Roccasalvo, Joan L., C.S.J. “Elegance Personified: The Black Madonna of Montserrat.” The Institute for Sacred Architecture. Volume 21. https://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/elegance_personified
• Scheer, Monique. “From Majesty to Mystery: Change in the Meanings of Black Madonnas from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries.” The American Historical Review, vol. 107, no. 5, 2002, pp. 1412–40. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1086/532852
• “Sit-in Staged at Monastery.” Tulsa World. Dec. 14, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/image/888773559/?terms=montserrat%20monastery&match=1
• “Spanish Police Given Special Arrest Powers.” York Daily Record. Dec. 15, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/image/553332476/?terms=montserrat%20protest&match=1
• “Time Won for the Basques.” The Guardian. Dec. 18, 1970. https://www.newspapers.com/image/260548322/?terms=montserrat%20protest&match=1
• Wilkinson, Isambard. “Montserrat Black Virgin ‘was white originally.’” The Telegraph. April 13, 2001. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1316133/Montserrat-Black-Virgin-was-white-originally.html
• “History of the Museum.” Museu de Montserrat. https://www.museudemontserrat.com/es/el-museo/historiadelmdm/1
• Pattullo, Polly. "Montserrat". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Oct. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/place/Montserrat-island-West-Indies
• Pujol i Camps, Celestino. “The Bruch Drum.” Biblioteca Virtual Miguel De Cervantes. https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/el-tambor-del-bruch-0/html/004bc4e8-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html
• “History.” Abadia de Montserrat. https://abadiamontserrat.cat/en/history/#