The Rebecca Riots took place in Wales in the 1830s and 1840s. While these events are often described as a protest against heavy road tolls, that was only a small part of the story. 

Research:
Age of Revolution. “Rebecca and her daughters.” https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/rebecca-and-her-daughters/
Age of Revolution. “Tollhouse designed by Thomas Telford.” https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/tollhouse-designed-by-thomas-telford/
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Rebecca Riots". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Oct. 2010, https://www.britannica.com/event/Rebecca-Riots. Accessed 26 October 2023.
Evans, Henry Tobit. “Rebecca and her daughters, being a history of the agrarian disturbances in Wales known as The Rebecca Riots. Edited by G.T. Evans.” Cardiff Educational Pub. Co. 1910.
Evans, Neil. “The Rebecca Riots.” Wales History. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/politics_rebecca_riots.shtml
Jones, David J. V. “Rebecca's children : a study of rural society, crime, and protest.” Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jones, Rhian E. “Petticoat Heroes: Gender, Culture and Popular Protest in the Rebecca Riots.” University of Wales Press. 2015.
Loveluck-Edwards, Graham. “19th Century Welsh insurrection | The Merthyr Rising | The Rebecca Riots | The Chartists Revolt.” Via YouTube. 6/17/2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZRrPJ3eDKE
Rees, Lowri Anne. “Paternalism and rural protest: the Rebecca riots and the landed interest of south-west Wales.” The Agricultural History Review , 2011, Vol. 59, No. 1 (2011). http://www.jstor.com/stable/41330097
Rees, Lowri Anne. “The woman who dared to stand up to the Rebecca rioters.” Wales Online. 3/1/2017. https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/woman-who-dared-stand-up-12596830
Seal, Graham. “Tradition and Agrarian Protest in Nineteenth-Century England and Wales.” Folklore , 1988, Vol. 99, No. 2 (1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260453
The National Archives. “Rebecca riots.” https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/rebecca-riots/
Turner, Chris. “Revisiting Rebecca Riots.” Canolfan Garth Olwg. Via YouTube. 3/4/2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0VemuEEyvI

The Rebecca Riots took place in Wales in the 1830s and 1840s. While these events are often described as a protest against heavy road tolls, that was only a small part of the story. 
Research:
<ul>
<li>Age of Revolution. “Rebecca and her daughters.” https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/rebecca-and-her-daughters/</li>
<li>Age of Revolution. “Tollhouse designed by Thomas Telford.” https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/tollhouse-designed-by-thomas-telford/</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Rebecca Riots". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Oct. 2010, https://www.britannica.com/event/Rebecca-Riots. Accessed 26 October 2023.</li>
<li>Evans, Henry Tobit. “Rebecca and her daughters, being a history of the agrarian disturbances in Wales known as The Rebecca Riots. Edited by G.T. Evans.” Cardiff Educational Pub. Co. 1910.</li>
<li>Evans, Neil. “The Rebecca Riots.” Wales History. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/politics_rebecca_riots.shtml</li>
<li>Jones, David J. V. “Rebecca's children : a study of rural society, crime, and protest.” Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. 1989.</li>
<li>Jones, Rhian E. “Petticoat Heroes: Gender, Culture and Popular Protest in the Rebecca Riots.” University of Wales Press. 2015.</li>
<li>Loveluck-Edwards, Graham. “19th Century Welsh insurrection | The Merthyr Rising | The Rebecca Riots | The Chartists Revolt.” Via YouTube. 6/17/2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZRrPJ3eDKE</li>
<li>Rees, Lowri Anne. “Paternalism and rural protest: the Rebecca riots and the landed interest of south-west Wales.” The Agricultural History Review , 2011, Vol. 59, No. 1 (2011). http://www.jstor.com/stable/41330097</li>
<li>Rees, Lowri Anne. “The woman who dared to stand up to the Rebecca rioters.” Wales Online. 3/1/2017. https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/woman-who-dared-stand-up-12596830</li>
<li>Seal, Graham. “Tradition and Agrarian Protest in Nineteenth-Century England and Wales.” Folklore , 1988, Vol. 99, No. 2 (1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260453</li>
<li>The National Archives. “Rebecca riots.” https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/rebecca-riots/</li>
<li>Turner, Chris. “Revisiting Rebecca Riots.” Canolfan Garth Olwg. Via YouTube. 3/4/2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0VemuEEyvI</li>
</ul>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

The Rebecca Riots

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/3c279810-75ee-4f05-a570-b0c1014da035/transcript

This 2022 episode covers the development of penicillin, which started – but definitely did not end – with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish.

 

This 2022 episode covers the development of penicillin, which started &ndash; but definitely did not end &ndash; with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish.
&nbsp;

SYMHC Classics: Penicillin

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/356a333a-70f6-45ac-bb41-b4830156b3c6/transcript

Tracy shares stories of her time in London. There is also a discussion of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin’s marriage.

Tracy shares stories of her time in London. There is also a discussion of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin&rsquo;s&nbsp;marriage.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Dorothy Everywhere

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/07beacac-9fb0-47a9-ad17-b4810162c46c/transcript

After earning her first-class degree in chemistry from Oxford, Dorothy embarked on an impressive career in the new field of X-ray crystallography. She would ultimately earn many, many accolades for her work.

Research:
"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints,
Biophysical Society. “Profiles in Biophysics: Dorothy Hodgkin.” 2016. https://www.biophysics.org/profiles/dorothy-hodgkin
Boon, Rachel. “Curator Rachel Boon celebrates the work of Dorothy Hodgkin.” Science Museum. 12/10/2014. https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/celebrating-dorothy-hodgkin-britains-first-female-winner-of-a-nobel-science-prize/
Bragg, Sir William. “Concerning The Nature Of Things.” London. Bell & Sons. 1932. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.222386/
Bud, Robert. "Discoverers and developers of penicillin (act. 1928–1950)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. May 21, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Jun. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-97279
Dodson, Guy. “Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910--29 July 1994.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society , Dec., 2002, Vol. 48 (Dec., 2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3650256
DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach 2026. Wed. 24 Jun 2026. https://www.nobelprize.org/stories/women-who-changed-science/dorothy-hodgkin/
Ferry, Georgina. "Dorothy Hodgkin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 May. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dorothy-Hodgkin. Accessed 24 June 2026.
Ferry, Georgina. "Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1910–1994), chemist and crystallographer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. May 21, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Jun. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-55028
Ferry, Georgina. “Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life.” Bloomsbury. 1998, 2014.
Ferry, Georgina. “Dorothy Hodgkin: on proteins and patterns.” The Lancet, 384, 1496-1497. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61912-7/fulltext
Ferry, Georgina. “The making of an exceptional scientist.” Nature. Vol. 464. April 29, 2010.
Gamble, Jessa. “When Hodgkin met Thatcher.” Nature. Vol. 514. October 16, 2014.
Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot. “The X-ray analysis of complicated molecules.” Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/hodgkin-lecture-1.pdf
Hodgkin, Dorothy. “The Pugwash Movement.” India International Centre Quarterly. Vol. 13, No. 2. June 1986. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001474
Howard, Judith A.K. “Dorothy Hodgkin and her contributions to biochemistry.” Nature Reviews. Vol. 4. November 2003.
gale.com/apps/doc/K1631003072/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=8d7c4045. Accessed 23 June 2026.
Pearce, JMS. “Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin OM, FRS (1910-1994).” Hektoen International. https://hekint.org/2020/11/04/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin-om-frs-1910-1994/
Perutz, Max. “Dorothy Crowfoot ” The Independent. Via The Crystallographic Community. https://www.iucr.org/people/crystallographers/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin-by-m.f.-perutz
Pietzsch, Jochim. “Perspectives: Enhancing X-ray vision.” Nobel Prize. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1964/perspectives/
Ramaseshan, S. “Dorothy Hodgkin and the Indian Connection.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London , Jan., 1996. http://www.jstor.com/stable/531845
Root-Bernstein, Robert. “Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Structure as Art.” Leonardo , 2007, Vol. 40, No. 3 (2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20206415
Science History Institute Museum and Library. “Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.” https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin/
The Royal Society. “Dorothy Hodgkin FRS.” https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/diversity-inclusion/case-studies/scientists-with-disabilities/dorothy-hodgkin/
“Science for peace Building cultures of cooperation and non-violence through scientific collaboration.” 2025. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep73183.6
University of Oxford History of Science Museum. “Modelling the Structure of Penicillin.” https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/backfromthedead/exhibition/the-structure-of-penicillin/index.html
Vijayan, M. “An outstanding scientist and great humanist: An obituary of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.” Current Science, 10 August 1994, Vol. 67, No. 3 (10 August 1994). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24095820
Wallace, Rob. “Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Captured by Crystals.” National World War II 3/16/2022. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/dorothy-hodgkin-penicillin-insulin

After earning her first-class degree in chemistry from Oxford, Dorothy embarked on an impressive career in the new field of X-ray crystallography. She would ultimately earn many, many accolades for her work.
Research:
<ul>
<li>"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints,</li>
<li>Biophysical Society. &ldquo;Profiles in Biophysics: Dorothy Hodgkin.&rdquo; 2016. https://www.biophysics.org/profiles/dorothy-hodgkin</li>
<li>Boon, Rachel. &ldquo;Curator Rachel Boon celebrates the work of Dorothy Hodgkin.&rdquo; Science Museum. 12/10/2014. https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/celebrating-dorothy-hodgkin-britains-first-female-winner-of-a-nobel-science-prize/</li>
<li>Bragg, Sir William. &ldquo;Concerning The Nature Of Things.&rdquo; London. Bell &amp; Sons. 1932. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.222386/</li>
<li>Bud, Robert. "Discoverers and developers of penicillin (act. 1928&ndash;1950)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. May 21, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Jun. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-97279</li>
<li>Dodson, Guy. &ldquo;Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910--29 July 1994.&rdquo; Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society , Dec., 2002, Vol. 48 (Dec., 2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3650256</li>
<li>DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach 2026. Wed. 24 Jun 2026. https://www.nobelprize.org/stories/women-who-changed-science/dorothy-hodgkin/</li>
<li>Ferry, Georgina. "Dorothy Hodgkin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 May. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dorothy-Hodgkin. Accessed 24 June 2026.</li>
<li>Ferry, Georgina. "Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1910&ndash;1994), chemist and crystallographer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. May 21, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Jun. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-55028</li>
<li>Ferry, Georgina. &ldquo;Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life.&rdquo; Bloomsbury. 1998, 2014.</li>
<li>Ferry, Georgina. &ldquo;Dorothy Hodgkin: on proteins and patterns.&rdquo; The Lancet, 384, 1496-1497. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61912-7/fulltext</li>
<li>Ferry, Georgina. &ldquo;The making of an exceptional scientist.&rdquo; Nature. Vol. 464. April 29, 2010.</li>
<li>Gamble, Jessa. &ldquo;When Hodgkin met Thatcher.&rdquo; Nature. Vol. 514. October 16, 2014.</li>
<li>Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot. &ldquo;The X-ray analysis of complicated molecules.&rdquo; Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/hodgkin-lecture-1.pdf</li>
<li>Hodgkin, Dorothy. &ldquo;The Pugwash Movement.&rdquo; India International Centre Quarterly. Vol. 13, No. 2. June 1986. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001474</li>
<li>Howard, Judith A.K. &ldquo;Dorothy Hodgkin and her contributions to biochemistry.&rdquo; Nature Reviews. Vol. 4. November 2003.</li>
<li>gale.com/apps/doc/K1631003072/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=8d7c4045. Accessed 23 June 2026.</li>
<li>Pearce, JMS. &ldquo;Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin OM, FRS (1910-1994).&rdquo; Hektoen International. https://hekint.org/2020/11/04/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin-om-frs-1910-1994/</li>
<li>Perutz, Max. &ldquo;Dorothy Crowfoot &rdquo; The Independent. Via The Crystallographic Community. https://www.iucr.org/people/crystallographers/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin-by-m.f.-perutz</li>
<li>Pietzsch, Jochim. &ldquo;Perspectives: Enhancing X-ray vision.&rdquo; Nobel Prize. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1964/perspectives/</li>
<li>Ramaseshan, S. &ldquo;Dorothy Hodgkin and the Indian Connection.&rdquo; Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London , Jan., 1996. http://www.jstor.com/stable/531845</li>
<li>Root-Bernstein, Robert. &ldquo;Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Structure as Art.&rdquo; Leonardo , 2007, Vol. 40, No. 3 (2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20206415</li>
<li>Science History Institute Museum and Library. &ldquo;Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.&rdquo; https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin/</li>
<li>The Royal Society. &ldquo;Dorothy Hodgkin FRS.&rdquo; https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/diversity-inclusion/case-studies/scientists-with-disabilities/dorothy-hodgkin/</li>
<li>&ldquo;Science for peace Building cultures of cooperation and non-violence through scientific collaboration.&rdquo; 2025. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep73183.6</li>
<li>University of Oxford History of Science Museum. &ldquo;Modelling the Structure of Penicillin.&rdquo; https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/backfromthedead/exhibition/the-structure-of-penicillin/index.html</li>
<li>Vijayan, M. &ldquo;An outstanding scientist and great humanist: An obituary of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.&rdquo; Current Science, 10 August 1994, Vol. 67, No. 3 (10 August 1994). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24095820</li>
<li>Wallace, Rob. &ldquo;Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Captured by Crystals.&rdquo; National World War II 3/16/2022. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/dorothy-hodgkin-penicillin-insulin</li>
</ul>

After earning her first-class degree in chemistry from Oxford, Dorothy embarked on an impressive career in the new field of X-ray crystallography. She would ultimately earn many, many accolades for her work.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin’s Crystalline Chemistry, Part 2

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/9d2b3652-ed9f-4e0f-a56f-b47e012b5061/transcript

The Rebecca Riots

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