Pope Leo XIII sought to find a way forward for the Catholic church at a time when the world was rapidly changing and the church was often at odds with those changes.

Research:
Aubert, Roger-François-Marie. "Leo XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-XIII
“ELECTION OF POPE LEO XIII.” New York Times. Feb. 21, 1878. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/02/21/issue.html
Jedin, Hubert and John Patrick Dolan. “History of the Church: The Church in the Industrial age.” Burns & Oates. 1981. https://books.google.com/books?id=h5LYAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Masci, David. “A look at popes and their encyclicals.” Pew Research Center. June 9, 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/09/a-look-at-popes-and-their-encyclicals/
Miller, James Martin. “The life of Pope Leo XIII : containing a full and authentic account of the illustrious pontiff's life and work.” G.H. Harr. Omaha, Nebraska. 1908. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/lifeofleo1300milluoft/page/n5/mode/2up
O’Reilly, Bernard. “Life of Leo XIII, from an authentic memoir furnished by his order.” Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London. 1903. https://archive.org/details/lifeofleoxiiifro0000orei/page/n9/mode/2up
Pope Leo XIII. “AETERNI PATRIS.” 1879. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_04081879_aeterni-patris.html
Pope Leo XIII. “INSCRUTABILI DEI CONSILIO.” 1878. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_21041878_inscrutabili-dei-consilio.html
Pope Leo XIII. “RERUM NOVARUM.” https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html
Pope Leo XIII. “Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae.” 1899. https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13teste.htm
“Religious.” Chicago Tribune. February 24, 1878. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349728621/?match=1&terms=Pope%20Leo%20XIII
“Vatican country profile.” BBC. Nov. 17, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17994868

 

Pope Leo XIII sought to find a way forward for the Catholic church at a time when the world was rapidly changing and the church was often at odds with those changes.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Aubert, Roger-Fran&ccedil;ois-Marie. "Leo XIII".&nbsp;Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-XIII</li>
<li>&ldquo;ELECTION OF POPE LEO XIII.&rdquo; New York Times. Feb. 21, 1878. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/02/21/issue.html</li>
<li>Jedin, Hubert and John Patrick Dolan. &ldquo;History of the Church: The Church in the Industrial age.&rdquo; Burns &amp; Oates. 1981. https://books.google.com/books?id=h5LYAAAAMAAJ&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</li>
<li>Masci, David. &ldquo;A look at popes and their encyclicals.&rdquo; Pew Research Center. June 9, 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/09/a-look-at-popes-and-their-encyclicals/</li>
<li>Miller, James Martin. &ldquo;The life of Pope Leo XIII : containing a full and authentic account of the illustrious pontiff's life and work.&rdquo; G.H. Harr. Omaha, Nebraska. 1908. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/lifeofleo1300milluoft/page/n5/mode/2up</li>
<li>O&rsquo;Reilly, Bernard. &ldquo;Life of Leo XIII, from an authentic memoir furnished by his order.&rdquo; Sampson Low, Marston &amp; Co. London. 1903. https://archive.org/details/lifeofleoxiiifro0000orei/page/n9/mode/2up</li>
<li>Pope Leo XIII. &ldquo;AETERNI PATRIS.&rdquo; 1879. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_04081879_aeterni-patris.html</li>
<li>Pope Leo XIII. &ldquo;INSCRUTABILI DEI CONSILIO.&rdquo; 1878. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_21041878_inscrutabili-dei-consilio.html</li>
<li>Pope Leo XIII. &ldquo;RERUM NOVARUM.&rdquo; https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html</li>
<li>Pope Leo XIII. &ldquo;Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae.&rdquo; 1899. https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13teste.htm</li>
<li>&ldquo;Religious.&rdquo; Chicago Tribune. February 24, 1878. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349728621/?match=1&amp;terms=Pope%20Leo%20XIII</li>
<li>&ldquo;Vatican country profile.&rdquo; BBC. Nov. 17, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17994868</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Pope Leo XIII sought to find a way forward for the Catholic church at a time when the world was rapidly changing and the church was often at odds with those changes.

Pope Leo XIII

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/94b4c442-2747-47c4-9a41-b2f30108c952/transcript

Tracy and Holly talk about corporal punishment in schools and student loans. Tracy relays her experience at the British Museum.

Tracy and Holly talk about corporal punishment in schools and student loans. Tracy relays her experience at the British Museum.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Paddles and The British Museum

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/8486d104-03ca-4bf8-bceb-b4bf00f0fffb/transcript

Ashurbanipal was the ruler of the Assyrian empire in the 7th century BCE. His 38-year reign was marked by both scholarship and a terrifying brutality.

Research:
"Babylon." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2025. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBabylon%2F11618&ebboatid=9265928. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.
Ashurbanipal Library Project. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/index.html
" Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631000306/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f497ef8d. Accessed 14 Aug. 2026.
Bonatz, Dominik. “Ashurbanipal's Headhunt: An Anthropological Perspective.” Iraq , 2004, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part One (2004). https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200564
“Ashurbanipal.” https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/ashurbanipal
Fincke, Jeanette C. “The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project.” Iraq , 2004, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part One (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200559
Hughes, Tristan. “Ashurbanipal: The Last Great King of Assyria.” The Ancients podcast. 8/20/2025. https://shows.acast.com/the-ancients/episodes/ashurbanipal-the-last-great-king-of-assyria
Osborne, James. “He tried to conquer knowledge itself – instead this ancient Mesopotamian king resorted to rule with terror.” History Extra. 8/14/2025. https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/he-tried-to-conquer-knowledge-itself/
Taylor, Jonathan. 'About the project', Ashurbanipal Library Project, The Ashurbanipal Library Project, Department of the Middle East, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, 2022 http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/Abouttheproject/
The British Museum. “Who was Ashurbanipal?” https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-ashurbanipal
Urbanus, Jason. “Royal Bibliophile.” Archaeology. Jul/Aug2024, Vol. 77 Issue 4, p40-41.
Wilkes, Jonny. “Ashurbanipal 'the Great', the Lion of Assyria.” History Extra. https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/who-was-ashurbanipal-lion-assyria-facts/
Wiseman, Donald John. "Ashurbanipal". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashurbanipal. Accessed 17 August 2026
Wisnom, Selena. “The Library of Ashurbanipal.” History Today. 4/4/2025. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/library-ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal was the ruler of the Assyrian empire in the 7th century BCE. His 38-year reign was marked by both scholarship and a terrifying brutality.
Research:
<ul>
<li>"Babylon." Britannica Library, Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2025. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&amp;ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBabylon%2F11618&amp;ebboatid=9265928. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.</li>
<li>Ashurbanipal Library Project. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/index.html</li>
<li>" Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631000306/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=f497ef8d. Accessed 14 Aug. 2026.</li>
<li>Bonatz, Dominik. &ldquo;Ashurbanipal's Headhunt: An Anthropological Perspective.&rdquo; Iraq , 2004, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part One (2004). https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200564</li>
<li>&ldquo;Ashurbanipal.&rdquo; https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/ashurbanipal</li>
<li>Fincke, Jeanette C. &ldquo;The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project.&rdquo; Iraq , 2004, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part One (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200559</li>
<li>Hughes, Tristan. &ldquo;Ashurbanipal: The Last Great King of Assyria.&rdquo; The Ancients podcast. 8/20/2025. https://shows.acast.com/the-ancients/episodes/ashurbanipal-the-last-great-king-of-assyria</li>
<li>Osborne, James. &ldquo;He tried to conquer knowledge itself &ndash; instead this ancient Mesopotamian king resorted to rule with terror.&rdquo; History Extra. 8/14/2025. https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/he-tried-to-conquer-knowledge-itself/</li>
<li>Taylor, Jonathan. 'About the project', Ashurbanipal Library Project, The Ashurbanipal Library Project, Department of the Middle East, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, 2022 http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/Abouttheproject/</li>
<li>The British Museum. &ldquo;Who was Ashurbanipal?&rdquo; https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-ashurbanipal</li>
<li>Urbanus, Jason. &ldquo;Royal Bibliophile.&rdquo; Archaeology. Jul/Aug2024, Vol. 77 Issue 4, p40-41.</li>
<li>Wilkes, Jonny. &ldquo;Ashurbanipal 'the Great', the Lion of Assyria.&rdquo; History Extra. https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/who-was-ashurbanipal-lion-assyria-facts/</li>
<li>Wiseman, Donald John. "Ashurbanipal". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashurbanipal. Accessed 17 August 2026</li>
<li>Wisnom, Selena. &ldquo;The Library of Ashurbanipal.&rdquo; History Today. 4/4/2025. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/library-ashurbanipal</li>
</ul>

Ashurbanipal was the ruler of the Assyrian empire in the 7th century BCE. His 38-year reign was marked by both scholarship and a terrifying brutality.

Ashurbanipal

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/a973b4c3-8c45-436d-a1a3-b4bc013edd1b/transcript

This episode takes a quick look at six U.S. Supreme Court cases that all have to do with the rights of children in public primary and secondary schools.
Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/374/203
Bowman, Kristine. “West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943).” Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/west-virginia-state-board-of-education-v-barnette/
Cornell Law School. “Engel v. Vitale (1962).) https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/engel_v._vitale_(1962)
Dynia, Philip A. “Rights of Students.” Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University. 8/11/2023, updated 5/27/2026.  https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/rights-of-students/
Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/370/421/
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/484/260/
Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/651/
Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/651/
National Education Association. “Corporal Punishment in Schools Still Legal in Many States.” https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/corporal-punishment-schools-still-legal-many-states
Oyez. “West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette.” https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/319us624
Pfeffer, Leo. “THE NEW YORK REGENTS’ PRAYER CASE (ENGEL V. VITALE).” Journal of Church and State, vol. 4, no. 2, 1962, pp. 150–58. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/stable/23913195. Accessed 13 Aug. 2026.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969) https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/503/
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943) https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/319/624/#tab-opinion-1937809
Zinn Education Project. “June 14, 1943: Supreme Court Finds Compulsory Flag Salutes Unconstitutional.” https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/compulsory-flag-salutes-unconstitutional/

 

This episode takes a quick look at six U.S. Supreme Court cases that all have to do with the rights of children in public primary and secondary schools.
<ul>
<li>Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/374/203</li>
<li>Bowman, Kristine. &ldquo;West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943).&rdquo; Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/west-virginia-state-board-of-education-v-barnette/</li>
<li>Cornell Law School. &ldquo;Engel v. Vitale (1962).) https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/engel_v._vitale_(1962)</li>
<li>Dynia, Philip A. &ldquo;Rights of Students.&rdquo; Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University. 8/11/2023, updated 5/27/2026.&nbsp; https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/rights-of-students/</li>
<li>Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/370/421/</li>
<li>Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/484/260/</li>
<li>Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/651/</li>
<li>Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/651/</li>
<li>National Education Association. &ldquo;Corporal Punishment in Schools Still Legal in Many States.&rdquo; https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/corporal-punishment-schools-still-legal-many-states</li>
<li>Oyez. &ldquo;West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette.&rdquo; https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/319us624</li>
<li>Pfeffer, Leo. &ldquo;THE NEW YORK REGENTS&rsquo; PRAYER CASE (ENGEL V. VITALE).&rdquo; Journal of Church and State, vol. 4, no. 2, 1962, pp. 150&ndash;58. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/stable/23913195. Accessed 13 Aug. 2026.</li>
<li>Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969) https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/503/</li>
<li>West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943) https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/319/624/#tab-opinion-1937809</li>
<li>Zinn Education Project. &ldquo;June 14, 1943: Supreme Court Finds Compulsory Flag Salutes Unconstitutional.&rdquo; https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/compulsory-flag-salutes-unconstitutional/</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;

This episode takes a quick look at six U.S. Supreme Court cases that all have to do with the rights of children in public primary and secondary schools.

Six Impossible Episodes: Back-to-Court

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/dbbf0180-490f-4022-aac4-b4ba0156a4a5/transcript

Pope Leo XIII

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