Pinel’s work is considered the precursor to psychiatry. In the late 18th century, he overhauled the asylum system of Paris with his groundbreaking ideas about mental health.

Research:
Bicêtre Hospital. https://hopital-bicetre.aphp.fr/lhopital 
Boullerne, A.I., et al. “The origins and early history of neurochemistry and its societies.” Journal of Neurochemistry. 152: 8-28. 2020.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14839  
Chambers, William. “Chambers' Edinburgh journal.” Vol. 11-132. 1849. London. William Orr. https://archive.org/details/chambersedinburg1112cham/page/n179/mode/2up 
Charland, Louis C. 2018. “Lost in Myth, Lost in Translation: Philippe Pinel’s 1809 Medico-Philosophical Treatise on Mental Alienation.” International Journal of Mental Health 47 (3): 245–49. doi:10.1080/00207411.2018.1483053. 
Gallaher, John G. and Paul Stewart. “Fall of Robespierre.” EBSCO. 2023. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/fall-robespierre 
Hewitt, Jessie. “Gender and the Founding ‘Fathers’ of French Psychiatry.” Institutionalizing Gender: Madness, the Family, and Psychiatric Power in Nineteenth-Century France, Cornell University Press, 2020, pp. 19–42. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv136c5pw.5 
Huneman, Philippe. “Writing the Case—Pinel as Psychiatrist.” Republics of Letters: A Journal for the Study of Knowledge, Politics, and the Arts 3, no. 2 ( January 15, 2014): http://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/writing-case -pinel-psychiatrist. 
KAVKA, JEROME. “PINEL’S CONCEPTION OF THE PSYCHOPATHIC STATE: An Historical Critique.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 23, no. 5, 1949, pp. 461–68. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44442272 
Kendler, Kenneth S. “Philippe Pinel and the foundations of modern psychiatric nosology.” Psychological medicine vol. 50,16 (2020): 2667-2672. doi:10.1017/S0033291720004183 
Lakritz, Kenneth, MD. “Michel Foucault’s Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.” Psychiatric Times. Vol. 26, no. 6. June 4, 2009. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/michel-foucaults-madness-and-civilization-history-insanity-age-reason 
Paradowski, Robert J., PhD. “Philippe Pinel.” EBSCO. 2024. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/philippe-pinel 
Pearce, J.M.S. “The beginnings of humane psychiatry: Pinel and the Tukes.” Hektoen International. June 4, 2020. https://hekint.org/2020/06/04/the-beginnings-of-humane-psychiatry-pinel-and-the-tukes/ 
Pinel, Philippe. Tr. by Gordon Hickish, David Healy, Louis C. Charland. “MEDICO-PHILOSOPHICAL TREATISE ON MENTAL ALIENATION.” Wiley-Blackwell. 2008. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9780470712238.fmatter 
Pinel, Philippe. “A Treatise on Insanity … “ Sheffield. W. Todd. 1806. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4snWNO1lETAC/page/n7/mode/2up 
Pinel, Philippe. “A Treatise on Insanity.” New York : Published under the auspices of the Library of the New York Academy of Medicine by Hafner Pub. Co. 1962. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/treatiseoninsani0000pine/page/n1/mode/2up 
Weiner, D B. “Philippe Pinel's "Memoir on Madness" of December 11, 1794: a fundamental text of modern psychiatry.” The American journal of psychiatry. vol. 149,6 (1992): 725-32. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.6.725 
Weissmann, Gerald. “Citizen Pinel and the Madman at Bellevue.” The FASEB Journal. May 1, 2008. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fj.08-0501ufm 
WILLIAMS, ELIZABETH A. “Stomach and Psyche: Eating, Digestion, and Mental Illness in the Medicine of Philippe Pinel.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 84, no. 3, 2010, pp. 358–86. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44448968 
WOODS, EVELYN A., and ERIC T. CARLSON. “THE PSYCHIATRY OF PHILIPPE PINEL.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 35, no. 1, 1961, pp. 14–25. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44446761

Pinel&rsquo;s work is considered the precursor to psychiatry. In the late 18th century, he overhauled the asylum system of Paris with his groundbreaking ideas about mental health.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Bic&ecirc;tre Hospital. https://hopital-bicetre.aphp.fr/lhopital&nbsp;</li>
<li>Boullerne, A.I., et al. &ldquo;The origins and early history of neurochemistry and its societies.&rdquo; Journal of Neurochemistry.&nbsp;152: 8-28. 2020.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14839&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li>Chambers, William. &ldquo;Chambers' Edinburgh journal.&rdquo; Vol. 11-132. 1849. London. William Orr. https://archive.org/details/chambersedinburg1112cham/page/n179/mode/2up&nbsp;</li>
<li>Charland, Louis C. 2018. &ldquo;Lost in Myth, Lost in Translation: Philippe Pinel&rsquo;s 1809 Medico-Philosophical Treatise&nbsp;on Mental Alienation.&rdquo; International Journal of Mental Health 47 (3): 245&ndash;49. doi:10.1080/00207411.2018.1483053.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Gallaher, John G. and Paul Stewart. &ldquo;Fall of Robespierre.&rdquo; EBSCO. 2023. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/fall-robespierre&nbsp;</li>
<li>Hewitt, Jessie. &ldquo;Gender and the Founding &lsquo;Fathers&rsquo; of French Psychiatry.&rdquo; Institutionalizing Gender: Madness,&nbsp;the Family, and Psychiatric Power in Nineteenth-Century France, Cornell University Press, 2020, pp. 19&ndash;42. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv136c5pw.5&nbsp;</li>
<li>Huneman, Philippe. &ldquo;Writing the Case&mdash;Pinel as Psychiatrist.&rdquo; Republics of Letters: A Journal for the Study&nbsp;of Knowledge, Politics, and the Arts 3, no. 2 ( January 15, 2014): http://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/writing-case -pinel-psychiatrist.&nbsp;</li>
<li>KAVKA, JEROME. &ldquo;PINEL&rsquo;S CONCEPTION OF THE PSYCHOPATHIC STATE: An Historical Critique.&rdquo; Bulletin of the History&nbsp;of Medicine, vol. 23, no. 5, 1949, pp. 461&ndash;68. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44442272&nbsp;</li>
<li>Kendler, Kenneth S. &ldquo;Philippe Pinel and the foundations of modern psychiatric nosology.&rdquo; Psychological medicine vol.&nbsp;50,16 (2020): <a href="tel:2667-2672">2667-2672</a>. doi:10.1017/S0033291720004183&nbsp;</li>
<li>Lakritz, Kenneth, MD. &ldquo;Michel Foucault&rsquo;s Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.&rdquo;&nbsp;Psychiatric Times. Vol. 26, no. 6. June 4, 2009. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/michel-foucaults-madness-and-civilization-history-insanity-age-reason&nbsp;</li>
<li>Paradowski, Robert J., PhD. &ldquo;Philippe Pinel.&rdquo; EBSCO. 2024. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/philippe-pinel&nbsp;</li>
<li>Pearce, J.M.S. &ldquo;The beginnings of humane psychiatry: Pinel and the Tukes.&rdquo; Hektoen International. June 4,&nbsp;2020. https://hekint.org/2020/06/04/the-beginnings-of-humane-psychiatry-pinel-and-the-tukes/&nbsp;</li>
<li>Pinel, Philippe. Tr. by Gordon Hickish, David Healy, Louis C. Charland. &ldquo;MEDICO-PHILOSOPHICAL TREATISE ON MENTAL ALIENATION.&rdquo; Wiley-Blackwell. 2008. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9780470712238.fmatter&nbsp;</li>
<li>Pinel, Philippe. &ldquo;A Treatise on Insanity &hellip; &ldquo; Sheffield. W. Todd. 1806. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4snWNO1lETAC/page/n7/mode/2up&nbsp;</li>
<li>Pinel, Philippe. &ldquo;A Treatise on Insanity.&rdquo; New York : Published under the auspices of the Library of the New&nbsp;York Academy of Medicine by Hafner Pub. Co. 1962. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/treatiseoninsani0000pine/page/n1/mode/2up&nbsp;</li>
<li>Weiner, D B. &ldquo;Philippe Pinel's "Memoir on Madness" of December 11, 1794: a fundamental text of modern psychiatry.&rdquo; The&nbsp;American journal of psychiatry. vol. 149,6 (1992): 725-32. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.6.725&nbsp;</li>
<li>Weissmann, Gerald. &ldquo;Citizen Pinel and the Madman at Bellevue.&rdquo; The FASEB Journal. May 1, 2008.&nbsp;https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fj.08-0501ufm&nbsp;</li>
<li>WILLIAMS, ELIZABETH A. &ldquo;Stomach and Psyche: Eating, Digestion, and Mental Illness in the Medicine of Philippe&nbsp;Pinel.&rdquo; Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 84, no. 3, 2010, pp. 358&ndash;86. JSTOR,&nbsp;http://www.jstor.org/stable/44448968&nbsp;</li>
<li>WOODS, EVELYN A., and ERIC T. CARLSON. &ldquo;THE PSYCHIATRY OF PHILIPPE PINEL.&rdquo; Bulletin of the History of Medicine,&nbsp;vol. 35, no. 1, 1961, pp. 14&ndash;25. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44446761</li>
</ul>

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Stuff You Missed in History Class

Pinel’s work is considered the precursor to psychiatry. In the late 18th century, he overhauled the asylum system of Paris with his groundbreaking ideas about mental health. 

Philippe Pinel

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/ad2dc533-4a28-4b43-bb5b-b4c2015f6664/transcript