John Jacob Astor came to the U.S. from Germany not long after the colonies gained their independence as a nation. He made his first fortune in the fur trade, and then diversified his income and built a legendary fortune.

Research:
Irving, Washington. “Astoria, Or, Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains.” G.P. Putnams Sons. 1861. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Astoria/DAzBRmfcZloC?hl=en&gbpv=0
“ROMANCE OF THE HISTORIC EDEN FARM OWNED BY ASTOR FAMILY SINCE 1803.” New York Times. Feb. 29, 1920. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/02/29/118265256.html?pageNumber=80
Shachtman, Tom. “The Founding Fortunes: How the Wealthy Paid for and Profited from America's Revolution.” St. Martin's Press. 2020.
“John Jay’s Treaty, 1794–95.” U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty
Youngman, Anna. “The Fortune of John Jacob Astor.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 6, 1908, pp. 345–68. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1820664
Youngman, Anna. “The Fortune of John Jacob Astor: II.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 7, 1908, pp. 436–41. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1820843
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "John Jacob Astor". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Jacob-Astor-American-businessman-1763-1848
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "American Fur Company". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Fur-Company
Ziak, Rex. “The Astor Dynasty.” The Astorian. Dec. 7, 2018. https://www.dailyastorian.com/news/the-astor-dynasty/article_d9163297-dfb7-5c77-83d8-3db1340017f7.html
Madsen, Axel. “John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire.” Wiley. 2001.

John Jacob Astor came to the U.S. from Germany not long after the colonies gained their independence as a nation. He made his first fortune in the fur trade, and then diversified his income and built a legendary fortune.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Irving, Washington. “Astoria, Or, Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains.” G.P. Putnams Sons. 1861. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Astoria/DAzBRmfcZloC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0</li>
<li>“ROMANCE OF THE HISTORIC EDEN FARM OWNED BY ASTOR FAMILY SINCE 1803.” New York Times. Feb. 29, 1920. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/02/29/118265256.html?pageNumber=80</li>
<li>Shachtman, Tom. “The Founding Fortunes: How the Wealthy Paid for and Profited from America's Revolution.” St. Martin's Press. 2020.</li>
<li>“John Jay’s Treaty, 1794–95.” U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty</li>
<li>Youngman, Anna. “The Fortune of John Jacob Astor.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 6, 1908, pp. 345–68. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1820664</li>
<li>Youngman, Anna. “The Fortune of John Jacob Astor: II.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 7, 1908, pp. 436–41. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1820843</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "John Jacob Astor". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Jacob-Astor-American-businessman-1763-1848</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "American Fur Company". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Fur-Company</li>
<li>Ziak, Rex. “The Astor Dynasty.” The Astorian. Dec. 7, 2018. https://www.dailyastorian.com/news/the-astor-dynasty/article_d9163297-dfb7-5c77-83d8-3db1340017f7.html</li>
<li>Madsen, Axel. “John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire.” Wiley. 2001.</li>
</ul>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

John Jacob Astor came to the U.S. from Germany not long after the colonies gained their independence as a nation. He made his first fortune in the fur trade, and then diversified his income and built a legendary fortune.

John Jacob Astor

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/4de686fe-a895-4169-b5bd-af6b0059093e/transcript

Holly and Tracy talk about their coffee preferences. Then Tracy traces the path that led her from a listener mail to the topic of Fort Mose.

Holly and Tracy talk about their coffee preferences. Then Tracy traces the path that led her from a listener mail to the topic of Fort Mose.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Coffee, 'Pirats' and Sea Robbers

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/7ed338fa-030e-4940-9351-b3f7017dd7cf/transcript

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what’s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.

Research:
Blumetti, Jordan. “The First Floridians.” The Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-first-floridians-fort-mose-st-augustine
Cancio-Donlebún Ballvé, J. Á. (2021). The King of Spain’s Slaves in St. Augustine, Florida (1580–1618). Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 74, pp. 1-81. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports
curtis, Marcus. “Fort Mose: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.” 3/2/2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2f5446036d2d4e109439baade4e1f4e7
Dunlop, J.G. “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.” The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952
org. “Francisco Menéndez.” https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-92885/
Florida Frontiers. “Fort Mose: America’s First Free Black Community.” 12/11/2016. https://www.pbs.org/video/florida-frontiers-fort-mose-americas-first-free-black-community/
Florida Museum. “Fort Mose.” https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/st-augustine/fort-mose/
Fort Mose Historical Society. “The Fort Mose Story.” https://fortmose.org/about-fort-mose/
Halbirt, Carl D. “La Ciudad de San Agustín: A European Fighting Presidio in Eighteenth-Century ‘La Florida.’” Historical Archaeology , 2004, Vol. 38, No. 3, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617179
Hurston, Zora Neale and John R. Lynch. “The Journal of Negro History , Oct., 1927, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1927). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714042
Landers, Jane. “Black Frontier Settlements in Spanish Colonial Florida.” OAH Magazine of History , Spring, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2, The Frontier (Spring, 1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162596
Landers, Jane. “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.” The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952
Landers, Jane. “The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Menéndez.” From Biography and the Black Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014.
MacMahon, Darcie and Kathleen Deagan. “Legacy of Fort Mose.” Archaeology , September/October 1996, Vol. 49, No. 5 (September/October 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771187
Proenza-Coles, Christina. “Freedom Seekers.” Lapham’s Quarterly. 3/19/2019. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/freedom-seekers
Wasserman, Adam. “Forming a nation: the free black settlement at Fort Mose.” From A People’s History of Florida. Via Libcom.org.6/28/2009. https://libcom.org/article/forming-nation-free-black-settlement-fort-mose
Weiss, Daniel. “Freedom Fort.” Archaeology. Mar/Apr2024, Vol. 77 Issue 2, p36-41.

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what&rsquo;s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Blumetti, Jordan. &ldquo;The First Floridians.&rdquo; The Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-first-floridians-fort-mose-st-augustine</li>
<li>Cancio-Donleb&uacute;n Ballv&eacute;, J. &Aacute;. (2021). The King of Spain&rsquo;s Slaves in St. Augustine, Florida (1580&ndash;1618). Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 74, pp. 1-81. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports</li>
<li>curtis, Marcus. &ldquo;Fort Mose: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.&rdquo; 3/2/2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2f5446036d2d4e109439baade4e1f4e7</li>
<li>Dunlop, J.G. &ldquo;Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952</li>
<li>org. &ldquo;Francisco Men&eacute;ndez.&rdquo; https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-92885/</li>
<li>Florida Frontiers. &ldquo;Fort Mose: America&rsquo;s First Free Black Community.&rdquo; 12/11/2016. https://www.pbs.org/video/florida-frontiers-fort-mose-americas-first-free-black-community/</li>
<li>Florida Museum. &ldquo;Fort Mose.&rdquo; https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/st-augustine/fort-mose/</li>
<li>Fort Mose Historical Society. &ldquo;The Fort Mose Story.&rdquo; https://fortmose.org/about-fort-mose/</li>
<li>Halbirt, Carl D. &ldquo;La Ciudad de San Agust&iacute;n: A European Fighting Presidio in Eighteenth-Century &lsquo;La Florida.&rsquo;&rdquo; Historical Archaeology , 2004, Vol. 38, No. 3, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617179</li>
<li>Hurston, Zora Neale and John R. Lynch. &ldquo;The Journal of Negro History , Oct., 1927, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1927). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714042</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;Black Frontier Settlements in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; OAH Magazine of History , Spring, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2, The Frontier (Spring, 1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162596</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Men&eacute;ndez.&rdquo; From Biography and the Black Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014.</li>
<li>MacMahon, Darcie and Kathleen Deagan. &ldquo;Legacy of Fort Mose.&rdquo; Archaeology , September/October 1996, Vol. 49, No. 5 (September/October 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771187</li>
<li>Proenza-Coles, Christina. &ldquo;Freedom Seekers.&rdquo; Lapham&rsquo;s Quarterly. 3/19/2019. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/freedom-seekers</li>
<li>Wasserman, Adam. &ldquo;Forming a nation: the free black settlement at Fort Mose.&rdquo; From A People&rsquo;s History of Florida. Via Libcom.org.6/28/2009. https://libcom.org/article/forming-nation-free-black-settlement-fort-mose</li>
<li>Weiss, Daniel. &ldquo;Freedom Fort.&rdquo; Archaeology. Mar/Apr2024, Vol. 77 Issue 2, p36-41.</li>
</ul>

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what’s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.

Francisco Menéndez & Fort Mose 

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/5b049b08-769d-4554-bd7f-b3f7014a725b/transcript

Melitta Bentz invented the coffee filter in 1908 and changed coffee culture forever. Through the decades and after reckoning with its relationship with the Third Reich, the company she founded in her Dresden apartment endures today.

Research:
“The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - EdexcelChanges in society, 1924–29.” https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9y64j6/revision/8#:~:text=Hourly%20wages%20rose%20in%20real,crisis%2C%20such%20as%20the%20hyperinflation
DEUTSCHES REICH REICHSPATENTAMТ PATENTSCHRIFT. “Melitta-Werke Akt.-Ges. in Minden, Westf. Filterpapiereinsatz für Kaffeeaufbrühfilter u. dgl.” https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/de653796a_melitta1937.pdf
German Patent and Trademark Office. “The invention of the coffee filters.” https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/110jahrekaffeefilter/index.html
“The History of Leipziger Messe.” https://www.leipziger-messe.de/en/company/portrait/history/
KOSSACK, KRISTAN. “Betriebsalltag und Unternehmensentwicklung eines NS-Musterbetriebs im Spiegel seiner Werkzeitung.” Westfälische Zeitschrift 155. 2005. http://www.westfaelische-zeitschrift.lwl.org
“Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.” Europeana. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/melitta-bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter
“Melitta Bentz KG - coffee filter.” Deutsches-Kunststoff Museum. https://www.deutsches-kunststoff-museum.de/sammlung/virtuelles-museum/k-2002-00982/
Morris, Jonathan. “Coffee: A Global History.” Reaktion Books. 2019.
Moses, Claire. “Overlooked No More: Melitta Bentz, Who Invented the Coffee Filter.” New York Times. Sept. 5, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/obituaries/melitta-bentz-overlooked.html
“Our History.” Melitta Group. https://www.melitta-group.com/en/unternehmen/unsere-geschichte
Wierling, Dorothee. “Coffee.” International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/coffee/

Melitta Bentz invented the coffee filter in 1908 and changed coffee culture forever. Through the decades and after reckoning with its relationship with the Third Reich, the company she founded in her Dresden apartment endures today.
Research:
<ul>
<li>&ldquo;The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - EdexcelChanges in society, 1924&ndash;29.&rdquo; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9y64j6/revision/8#:~:text=Hourly%20wages%20rose%20in%20real,crisis%2C%20such%20as%20the%20hyperinflation</li>
<li>DEUTSCHES REICH REICHSPATENTAMТ PATENTSCHRIFT. &ldquo;Melitta-Werke Akt.-Ges. in Minden, Westf. Filterpapiereinsatz f&uuml;r Kaffeeaufbr&uuml;hfilter u. dgl.&rdquo; https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/de653796a_melitta1937.pdf</li>
<li>German Patent and Trademark Office. &ldquo;The invention of the coffee filters.&rdquo; https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/110jahrekaffeefilter/index.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;The History of Leipziger Messe.&rdquo; https://www.leipziger-messe.de/en/company/portrait/history/</li>
<li>KOSSACK, KRISTAN. &ldquo;Betriebsalltag und Unternehmensentwicklung eines NS-Musterbetriebs im Spiegel seiner Werkzeitung.&rdquo; Westf&auml;lische Zeitschrift 155. 2005. http://www.westfaelische-zeitschrift.lwl.org</li>
<li>&ldquo;Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.&rdquo; Europeana. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/melitta-bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter</li>
<li>&ldquo;Melitta Bentz KG - coffee filter.&rdquo; Deutsches-Kunststoff Museum. https://www.deutsches-kunststoff-museum.de/sammlung/virtuelles-museum/k-2002-00982/</li>
<li>Morris, Jonathan. &ldquo;Coffee: A Global History.&rdquo; Reaktion Books. 2019.</li>
<li>Moses, Claire. &ldquo;Overlooked No More: Melitta Bentz, Who Invented the Coffee Filter.&rdquo; New York Times. Sept. 5, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/obituaries/melitta-bentz-overlooked.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;Our History.&rdquo; Melitta Group. https://www.melitta-group.com/en/unternehmen/unsere-geschichte</li>
<li>Wierling, Dorothee. &ldquo;Coffee.&rdquo; International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/coffee/</li>
</ul>

Melitta Bentz and the Coffee Filter

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/6cdbab9a-d6e9-466d-aad6-b3f7003a76c5/transcript

John Jacob Astor

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