Part two of our episode on Francisco de Miranda covers his travels after he left North America following the American Revolution, and explores his involvement with the French revolution before he focused on independence for Latin American colonies.

Research:
"Francisco de Miranda." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000176/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=7ecb650a. Accessed 5 June 2024.
"Lessons from a liberal swashbuckler; Bello." The Economist, vol. 420, no. 8999, 23 July 2016, p. 28(US). Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A458950088/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9bc28a69. Accessed 5 June 2024.
“Unveiling Memories: Spain and the Hispanic Contribution to U.S. Independence.” https://www.unveilingmemories.com/
Alejandro E. Gómez, “The ‘Pardo Question’”, Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos [En ligne], Matériaux de séminaires, mis en ligne le 08 juin 2008, consulté le 11 juin 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/34503
Bolufer, Mónica. “A Latin American Casanova? Sex, Gender, Enlightenment and Revolution in the Life and Writings of Francisco de Miranda.” Gender & History, Vol.34 No.1 March 2022, pp. 22–41.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Francisco de Miranda". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Mar. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-de-Miranda. Accessed 5 June 2024.
Cook, Sue. “Francisco de Miranda - the Venezuelan revolutionary with a Yorkshire wife.” BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog6a.shtml
Miller, Gary. "Miranda, Francisco de (1750–1816)." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, edited by Jay Kinsbruner and Erick D. Langer, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 620-622. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3078903669/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=cbbd0b6b. Accessed 5 June 2024.
Navas, Claudia Isabel. “Francisco de Miranda and the United States.” Library of Congress Hispanic Division. 10/11/2017. https://loc.gov/item/2021690630
Racine, Karen. “Francisco de Miranda: A Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution.” Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003.
Robertson, William Spence. “Francisco de Miranda and the revolutionizing of Spanish America.” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1907. Government Printing Office. 1908.
Sutton, Mallory. “Treaty of Aranjuez (1779).” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/treaty-of-aranjuez-1779/
Teaching History. “Spain in the American Revolution.” https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22894

Part two of our episode on Francisco de Miranda covers his travels after he left North America following the American Revolution, and explores his involvement with the French revolution before he focused on independence for Latin American colonies.
Research:
<ul>
<li>"Francisco de Miranda." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000176/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=7ecb650a. Accessed 5 June 2024.</li>
<li>"Lessons from a liberal swashbuckler; Bello." The Economist, vol. 420, no. 8999, 23 July 2016, p. 28(US). Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A458950088/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=9bc28a69. Accessed 5 June 2024.</li>
<li>“Unveiling Memories: Spain and the Hispanic Contribution to U.S. Independence.” https://www.unveilingmemories.com/</li>
<li>Alejandro E. Gómez, “The ‘Pardo Question’”, Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos [En ligne], Matériaux de séminaires, mis en ligne le 08 juin 2008, consulté le 11 juin 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/34503</li>
<li>Bolufer, Mónica. “A Latin American Casanova? Sex, Gender, Enlightenment and Revolution in the Life and Writings of Francisco de Miranda.” Gender &amp; History, Vol.34 No.1 March 2022, pp. 22–41.</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Francisco de Miranda". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Mar. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-de-Miranda. Accessed 5 June 2024.</li>
<li>Cook, Sue. “Francisco de Miranda - the Venezuelan revolutionary with a Yorkshire wife.” BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog6a.shtml</li>
<li>Miller, Gary. "Miranda, Francisco de (1750–1816)." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, edited by Jay Kinsbruner and Erick D. Langer, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 620-622. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3078903669/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=cbbd0b6b. Accessed 5 June 2024.</li>
<li>Navas, Claudia Isabel. “Francisco de Miranda and the United States.” Library of Congress Hispanic Division. 10/11/2017. https://loc.gov/item/2021690630</li>
<li>Racine, Karen. “Francisco de Miranda: A Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution.” Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003.</li>
<li>Robertson, William Spence. “Francisco de Miranda and the revolutionizing of Spanish America.” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1907. Government Printing Office. 1908.</li>
<li>Sutton, Mallory. “Treaty of Aranjuez (1779).” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/treaty-of-aranjuez-1779/</li>
<li>Teaching History. “Spain in the American Revolution.” https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22894</li>
</ul>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Part two of our episode on Francisco de Miranda covers his travels after he left North America following the American Revolution, and explores his involvement with the French revolution before he focused on independence for Latin American colonies.

Francisco de Miranda, Part 2

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/52f055b1-9113-40e5-a162-b19a00391c18/transcript

Tracy shares a story of looking for an article in the wrong historical journal. Holly reads a section of the U.S. flag code, and waxes rhapsodic about toys.

Tracy shares a story of looking for an article in the wrong historical journal. Holly reads a section of the U.S. flag code, and waxes rhapsodic about toys.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Mary, Beulah, Baby Alive

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/2189beac-5612-4af1-9eea-b4b1015c8da5/transcript

Beulah was such a prolific inventor in the early 20th century that the press nicknamed her Lady Edison. She was an outlier as an unmarried woman who got her foot in the door as an inventor by pounding the pavement in 1920s New York. 

Research:
Bengtson, Harlan H. “Beulah Louise Henry.” EBSCO. 2021. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/beulah-louise-henry
“Beulah Louise Henry.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/beulah-louise-henry
Dick, Gerry. “Beulah henry Sits in Chiffon Laboratory Inventing Almost Everything But Excuses.” The Rockford Argus. April 8. 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/531344097/?match=1&terms=%22Beulah%20Henry%22&search-id=22e1b59c-1edb-4d9c-895d-9454b6343852&search-rank=7
Hart, Alicia. “Meet Beulah henry, the Inventor.” The Salisbury Post. Sept. 1, 1955. https://www.newspapers.com/image/1026874682/?match=1&terms=%22Beulah%20Henry%22&search-id=be53d62d-90f0-4084-8868-9b0e0a4dbb37&search-rank=3
Henry, B.L. “DOUBLE CHAIN STITCH SEWING MACHINE.” April 21, 1936. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-2037901-A?source=USPAT&requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiI4NTA2NjMxNi1kZTRmLTRlNzQtOGJhYS1kYTRjMzhhMGZkNmYiLCJ2ZXIiOiJjY2M5MGE0NS02ZGRhLTQ5YTAtOTQzZS1lOTIyMzBhMjI0MjEiLCJleHAiOjB9
Henry, B.L. “DUPLICATING ATTACHMENT FOR TYPEWRITERS.” Aug. 30, 1932. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e7/a5/7d/a7e3bbcd163f09/US1874749.pdf
Henry, B.L. “Hand Bag.” U.S. Patent Office. May 27, 1913. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0a/6d/16/4d8139d4025580/US1063031.pdf
Henry, B.L. “Ice Cream Freezer.” U.S. Patent Office. Sept. 3, 1912. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/dc/d8/5c/1c61ca65b0339b/US1037762.pdf
Henry, B.L. “Indicator Top.” U.S. Patent Office. March 2, 1926. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-1575264-A?source=USPAT&requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiIxMzU2NTdlNi03OWNkLTQyZGUtYTgwNi0yYzRhYmM3OGU5OGIiLCJ2ZXIiOiI2MzIxNTg0Yy1iOTZjLTRhYmItOTZhNC04OGUxNTI3ODY3NjUiLCJleHAiOjB9
Henry, B.L. “Parasol.” U.S. Patent Office. Nov. 18, 1913. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/6e/fe/25/726c19533c2b0f/US1079240.pdf
Henry, B.L. “Parasol.” U.S. Patent Office. May 6, 1924. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5c/ad/88/868b750b1d9c44/US1492725.pdf
Henry, B.L. “Radio Doll.” U.S. Patent Office. Dec. 8, 1925. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-1565145-A?source=USPAT&requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiJhMTUwM2E5YS04MzYzLTRmYTgtYjRmOS1lZDU5OGIyMDllNGEiLCJ2ZXIiOiI2MjZkN2M5OS05OGVkLTQzY2EtOGE2YS02NTU2ZWIzYzY0MzgiLCJleHAiOjB9
Henry, B.L. “SEAM AND METHOD OF FORMING SEAMS.” U.S. Patent Office. Feb 4. 1941. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-2230896-A?source=USPAT&requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiI4NTA2NjMxNi1kZTRmLTRlNzQtOGJhYS1kYTRjMzhhMGZkNmYiLCJ2ZXIiOiJjY2M5MGE0NS02ZGRhLTQ5YTAtOTQzZS1lOTIyMzBhMjI0MjEiLCJleHAiOjB9
Henry, B.L. “Simulated Dispensing Device.” U.S. Patent Office. Dec. 11, 1951. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/6d/80/75/d6a9df36c75df0/US2577849.pdf
Henry, B.L. “Water Sport Apparatus.” U.S. Patent Office. August 16, 1927. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-1639607-A?source=USPAT&requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiIxMzU2NTdlNi03OWNkLTQyZGUtYTgwNi0yYzRhYmM3OGU5OGIiLCJ2ZXIiOiI2MzIxNTg0Yy1iOTZjLTRhYmItOTZhNC04OGUxNTI3ODY3NjUiLCJleHAiOjB9
Jones, Stacy. “A Single Unit Serves for Mailing and Also Returning.” New York Times. Jan. 27, 1962. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/01/27/90129637.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
LaRiccia, Dante. “Electricity Consumption: Culture, Gender and Power.” Energy History Online. Yale University. https://energyhistory.yale.edu/electricity-consumption-culture-gender-and-power/
Mydans, Seth. “Overlooked No More: Beulah Henry, Inventor With an Endless Imagination.” New York Times. March 14, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/14/obituaries/beulah-henry-overlooked.html
“Synesthesia.” Cleveland Clinic. May 3, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/24995-synesthesia
“"There's a better way of doing that." USPTO. https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/theres-better-way-doing

Beulah was such a prolific inventor in the early 20th century that the press nicknamed her Lady Edison. She was an outlier as an unmarried woman who got her foot in the door as an inventor by pounding the pavement in 1920s New York.&nbsp;
Research:
<ul>
<li>Bengtson, Harlan H. &ldquo;Beulah Louise Henry.&rdquo; EBSCO. 2021. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/beulah-louise-henry</li>
<li>&ldquo;Beulah Louise Henry.&rdquo; National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/beulah-louise-henry</li>
<li>Dick, Gerry. &ldquo;Beulah henry Sits in Chiffon Laboratory Inventing Almost Everything But Excuses.&rdquo; The Rockford Argus. April 8. 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/531344097/?match=1&amp;terms=%22Beulah%20Henry%22&amp;search-id=22e1b59c-1edb-4d9c-895d-9454b6343852&amp;search-rank=7</li>
<li>Hart, Alicia. &ldquo;Meet Beulah henry, the Inventor.&rdquo; The Salisbury Post. Sept. 1, 1955. https://www.newspapers.com/image/1026874682/?match=1&amp;terms=%22Beulah%20Henry%22&amp;search-id=be53d62d-90f0-4084-8868-9b0e0a4dbb37&amp;search-rank=3</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;DOUBLE CHAIN STITCH SEWING MACHINE.&rdquo; April 21, 1936. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-2037901-A?source=USPAT&amp;requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiI4NTA2NjMxNi1kZTRmLTRlNzQtOGJhYS1kYTRjMzhhMGZkNmYiLCJ2ZXIiOiJjY2M5MGE0NS02ZGRhLTQ5YTAtOTQzZS1lOTIyMzBhMjI0MjEiLCJleHAiOjB9</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;DUPLICATING ATTACHMENT FOR TYPEWRITERS.&rdquo; Aug. 30, 1932. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e7/a5/7d/a7e3bbcd163f09/US1874749.pdf</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Hand Bag.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. May 27, 1913. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0a/6d/16/4d8139d4025580/US1063031.pdf</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Ice Cream Freezer.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. Sept. 3, 1912. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/dc/d8/5c/1c61ca65b0339b/US1037762.pdf</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Indicator Top.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. March 2, 1926. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-1575264-A?source=USPAT&amp;requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiIxMzU2NTdlNi03OWNkLTQyZGUtYTgwNi0yYzRhYmM3OGU5OGIiLCJ2ZXIiOiI2MzIxNTg0Yy1iOTZjLTRhYmItOTZhNC04OGUxNTI3ODY3NjUiLCJleHAiOjB9</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Parasol.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. Nov. 18, 1913. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/6e/fe/25/726c19533c2b0f/US1079240.pdf</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Parasol.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. May 6, 1924. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5c/ad/88/868b750b1d9c44/US1492725.pdf</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Radio Doll.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. Dec. 8, 1925. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-1565145-A?source=USPAT&amp;requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiJhMTUwM2E5YS04MzYzLTRmYTgtYjRmOS1lZDU5OGIyMDllNGEiLCJ2ZXIiOiI2MjZkN2M5OS05OGVkLTQzY2EtOGE2YS02NTU2ZWIzYzY0MzgiLCJleHAiOjB9</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;SEAM AND METHOD OF FORMING SEAMS.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. Feb 4. 1941. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-2230896-A?source=USPAT&amp;requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiI4NTA2NjMxNi1kZTRmLTRlNzQtOGJhYS1kYTRjMzhhMGZkNmYiLCJ2ZXIiOiJjY2M5MGE0NS02ZGRhLTQ5YTAtOTQzZS1lOTIyMzBhMjI0MjEiLCJleHAiOjB9</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Simulated Dispensing Device.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. Dec. 11, 1951. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/6d/80/75/d6a9df36c75df0/US2577849.pdf</li>
<li>Henry, B.L. &ldquo;Water Sport Apparatus.&rdquo; U.S. Patent Office. August 16, 1927. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/US-1639607-A?source=USPAT&amp;requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiIxMzU2NTdlNi03OWNkLTQyZGUtYTgwNi0yYzRhYmM3OGU5OGIiLCJ2ZXIiOiI2MzIxNTg0Yy1iOTZjLTRhYmItOTZhNC04OGUxNTI3ODY3NjUiLCJleHAiOjB9</li>
<li>Jones, Stacy. &ldquo;A Single Unit Serves for Mailing and Also Returning.&rdquo; New York Times. Jan. 27, 1962. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/01/27/90129637.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&amp;ip=0</li>
<li>LaRiccia, Dante. &ldquo;Electricity Consumption: Culture, Gender and Power.&rdquo; Energy History Online. Yale University. https://energyhistory.yale.edu/electricity-consumption-culture-gender-and-power/</li>
<li>Mydans, Seth. &ldquo;Overlooked No More: Beulah Henry, Inventor With an Endless Imagination.&rdquo; New York Times. March 14, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/14/obituaries/beulah-henry-overlooked.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;Synesthesia.&rdquo; Cleveland Clinic. May 3, 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/24995-synesthesia</li>
<li>&ldquo;"There's a better way of doing that." USPTO. https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/theres-better-way-doing</li>
</ul>

Beulah was such a prolific inventor in the early 20th century that the press nicknamed her Lady Edison. She was an outlier as an unmarried woman who got her foot in the door as an inventor by pounding the pavement in 1920s New York. 

Beulah Louise Henry

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/672c2068-677e-4442-b1d6-b4b0013873f7/transcript

Mary Mallon became known as Typhoid Mary in the early 20th century. She has often been vilified in in modern references, though her story is actually quite complex. 

Research:
"Mary Mallon." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 21, Gale, 2001. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007781/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=23f34010. Accessed 3 Aug. 2026.
Brooks, J. “The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary.” CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne vol. 154,6 (1996): 915-6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1487781/
Brooks, Janet. “The Sad and Tragic Life of Typhoid Mary.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 154, No. 6. 3/15/1996.
Cutter, Laura. “Typhoid Mary/Mary Mallon: An Asymptomatic Carrier of Salmonella typhi.” National Museum of Health and Medicine. 6/18/2020. https://medicalmuseum.health.mil/micrograph/index.cfm/posts/2020/typhoid_mary_mary_mallon_salmonella
“Research Starter: Typhoid Mary.” https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/life-sciences/typhoid-mary
Faherty, Anna. “The cook who became a pariah.” Wellcome Collection. 6/29/2017. https://wellcomecollection.org/stories/WsT4Ex8AAHruGfW_
Leavitt, Judith Walzer. “‘Typhoid Mary’ Strikes Back: Bacteriological Theory and Practice in Early Twentieth-Century Public Health.” Isis , Dec., 1992, Vol. 83, No. 4 (Dec., 1992). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/234261
Leavitt, Judith Walzer. "Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public Health." Beacon Press. 1997. 
Mallon, Mary. Letter to Dr. William H. Park. June 1909. Via PBS NOVA. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html
Marineli, Filio et al. “Mary Mallon (1869-1938) and the history of typhoid fever.” Annals of gastroenterology vol. 26,2 (2013): 132-134. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3959940/
Mason, W.P. “Typhoid Mary.” Science. Vol. 30, No. 760. 7/23/1909. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1635174
Murtagh, Joseh. “David DeKok presents gripping, heartbreaking view into Ithaca’s 1903 typhoid outbreak.” Ithica.com. 4/11/2012. https://www.ithaca.com/visit_ithaca/david-dekok-presents-gripping-heartbreaking-view-into-ithaca-s-1903-typhoid-outbreak/article_943a556c-6b6d-11e0-92b9-001cc4c002e0.html
New York Times. “Hospital Epidemic from Typhoid Mary.” 3/28/1915.
New York Times. “HOSPITAL EPIDEMIC FROM TYPHOID MARY; Germ Carrier, Cooking Under False Name, Spread Disease in Sloane Institution. CAUGHT HIDING IN QUEENS Blamed for Twenty-five Cases of Fever Among Doctors and Nurses -- Now In Quarantine.” 2/28/1915. https://www.nytimes.com/1915/03/28/archives/hospital-epidemic-from-typhoid-mary-germ-carrier-cooking-under.html?eafs_enabled=false
Ogan, ML. “Immunization in a Typhoid Outbreak in the Sloane Hospital for Women.” New York Medical Journal. 3/27/1915. 609-610.
Othman, Amani and William W. Darrow. “The Wall, the Ban, and the Objectification of Women.” The International Journal of Social Quality, Winter 2019, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Winter 2019). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26948452
Poczai P and Karvalics LZ (2022) The little-known history of cleanliness and the forgotten pioneers of handwashing. Front. Public Health 10:979464. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.979464
Prabhu, Maya. “The tragedy of Typhoid Mary.” Gavi. 6/18/2021. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tragedy-typhoid-mary
Pusey, Allen. “Precedents.” ABA Journal. Vol. 104, No. 3. March 2018. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26516280
Sawyer, Wilbur. “The Efficiency of Various Anti-Typhoid Vaccines.” Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. LXV, No. 17. 10/13/2015.
Soper, G A. “The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine vol. 15,10 (1939): 698-712. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1911442/
Soper, George A. “The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary.” Read May 10, 1939 before the Section of Historical and Cultural Medicine. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. Vol. 15, No. 10. October 1939. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1911442/
Soper, George A. “Typhoid Mary.” The Military Surgeon. Vol. XLV. No. 1. July 1919.
Soper, George. A. “The Work of a Chronic Typhoid Germ Distributor.” Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. XLVIII. No. 24. 6/15/1907.
Teicher, Amir. “Typhoid Mary Was Not a Super-Spreader (and Super-Spreaders Are Not "Typhoid Marys").” American journal of public health vol. 113,12 (2023): 1249-1253. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2023.307434

Mary Mallon became known as Typhoid Mary in the early 20th century. She has often been vilified in in modern references, though her story is actually quite complex.&nbsp;
Research:
<ul>
<li>"Mary Mallon." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 21, Gale, 2001. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007781/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&amp;sid=bookmark-GPS&amp;xid=23f34010. Accessed 3 Aug. 2026.</li>
<li>Brooks, J. &ldquo;The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne vol. 154,6 (1996): 915-6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1487781/</li>
<li>Brooks, Janet. &ldquo;The Sad and Tragic Life of Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 154, No. 6. 3/15/1996.</li>
<li>Cutter, Laura. &ldquo;Typhoid Mary/Mary Mallon: An Asymptomatic Carrier of Salmonella typhi.&rdquo; National Museum of Health and Medicine. 6/18/2020. https://medicalmuseum.health.mil/micrograph/index.cfm/posts/2020/typhoid_mary_mary_mallon_salmonella</li>
<li>&ldquo;Research Starter: Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/life-sciences/typhoid-mary</li>
<li>Faherty, Anna. &ldquo;The cook who became a pariah.&rdquo; Wellcome Collection. 6/29/2017. https://wellcomecollection.org/stories/WsT4Ex8AAHruGfW_</li>
<li>Leavitt, Judith Walzer. &ldquo;&lsquo;Typhoid Mary&rsquo; Strikes Back: Bacteriological Theory and Practice in Early Twentieth-Century Public Health.&rdquo; Isis , Dec., 1992, Vol. 83, No. 4 (Dec., 1992). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/234261</li>
<li>Leavitt, Judith Walzer. "Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public Health." Beacon Press. 1997.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Mallon, Mary. Letter to Dr. William H. Park. June 1909. Via PBS NOVA. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html</li>
<li>Marineli, Filio et al. &ldquo;Mary Mallon (1869-1938) and the history of typhoid fever.&rdquo; Annals of gastroenterology vol. 26,2 (2013): 132-134. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3959940/</li>
<li>Mason, W.P. &ldquo;Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; Science. Vol. 30, No. 760. 7/23/1909. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1635174</li>
<li>Murtagh, Joseh. &ldquo;David DeKok presents gripping, heartbreaking view into Ithaca&rsquo;s 1903 typhoid outbreak.&rdquo; Ithica.com. 4/11/2012. https://www.ithaca.com/visit_ithaca/david-dekok-presents-gripping-heartbreaking-view-into-ithaca-s-1903-typhoid-outbreak/article_943a556c-6b6d-11e0-92b9-001cc4c002e0.html</li>
<li>New York Times. &ldquo;Hospital Epidemic from Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; 3/28/1915.</li>
<li>New York Times. &ldquo;HOSPITAL EPIDEMIC FROM TYPHOID MARY; Germ Carrier, Cooking Under False Name, Spread Disease in Sloane Institution. CAUGHT HIDING IN QUEENS Blamed for Twenty-five Cases of Fever Among Doctors and Nurses -- Now In Quarantine.&rdquo; 2/28/1915. https://www.nytimes.com/1915/03/28/archives/hospital-epidemic-from-typhoid-mary-germ-carrier-cooking-under.html?eafs_enabled=false</li>
<li>Ogan, ML. &ldquo;Immunization in a Typhoid Outbreak in the Sloane Hospital for Women.&rdquo; New York Medical Journal. 3/27/1915. 609-610.</li>
<li>Othman, Amani and William W. Darrow. &ldquo;The Wall, the Ban, and the Objectification of Women.&rdquo; The International Journal of Social Quality, Winter 2019, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Winter 2019). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26948452</li>
<li>Poczai P and Karvalics LZ (2022) The little-known history of cleanliness and the forgotten pioneers of handwashing. Front. Public Health 10:979464. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.979464</li>
<li>Prabhu, Maya. &ldquo;The tragedy of Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; Gavi. 6/18/2021. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tragedy-typhoid-mary</li>
<li>Pusey, Allen. &ldquo;Precedents.&rdquo; ABA Journal. Vol. 104, No. 3. March 2018. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26516280</li>
<li>Sawyer, Wilbur. &ldquo;The Efficiency of Various Anti-Typhoid Vaccines.&rdquo; Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. LXV, No. 17. 10/13/2015.</li>
<li>Soper, G A. &ldquo;The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine vol. 15,10 (1939): 698-712. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1911442/</li>
<li>Soper, George A. &ldquo;The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; Read May 10, 1939 before the Section of Historical and Cultural Medicine. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. Vol. 15, No. 10. October 1939. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1911442/</li>
<li>Soper, George A. &ldquo;Typhoid Mary.&rdquo; The Military Surgeon. Vol. XLV. No. 1. July 1919.</li>
<li>Soper, George. A. &ldquo;The Work of a Chronic Typhoid Germ Distributor.&rdquo; Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. XLVIII. No. 24. 6/15/1907.</li>
<li>Teicher, Amir. &ldquo;Typhoid Mary Was Not a Super-Spreader (and Super-Spreaders Are Not "Typhoid Marys").&rdquo; American journal of public health vol. 113,12 (2023): 1249-1253. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2023.307434</li>
</ul>

Mary Mallon became known as Typhoid Mary in the early 20th century. She has often been vilified in in modern references, though her story is actually quite complex. 

Mary Mallon & Typhoid Revisited

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Francisco de Miranda, Part 2

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