Charles Francis Hall was inspired by expeditions like Sir John Franklin’s push to find the Northwest Passage, but he repeated the pattern of doom when he made a try for the North Pole – though he was the only one from his expedition to die. 

Research:
Besselss, Emil, and William Barr. “Polaris: The Chief Scientist's Recollections of the American North Pole Expedition, 1871-73.” University of Calgary Press. 2016.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Charles Francis Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Francis-Hall
Dodge, Ernest S. and C.C. Loomis. “HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hall_charles_francis_10E.html
Harper, Ken. “Murder at Repulse Bay Part 1.” Nunatsiaq News. Sept. 7, 2007. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Murder_at_Repulse_Bay_Part_1/
Harper, Ken. “Murder at Repulse Bay Part 2.” Nunatsiaq News. September 14, 2007. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Murder_at_Repulse_Bay_Part_2/
Loomis, Chauncey C. “Weird and tragic shores; the story of Charles Francis Hall, explorer.” New York. Knopf. 1971. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/weirdtragicshore0000loom/page/388/mode/2up
MOSELEY, H.  Besselss' Account of the “Polaris” Expedition1 . Nature 24, 194–197 (1881). https://doi.org/10.1038/024194a0
Niekrasz, Emily. “Wait. Did That Really Happen? Potential Poison on the Polaris.” Smithsonian Institution Archives. August 13, 2020. https://siarchives.si.edu/blog/wait-did-really-happen-potential-poison-polaris
Page, Jake. “Arctic Arsenic.” Smithsonian. Feb. 1, 2001. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/arctic-arsenic-71724451/
Phillips, Braden. “This Arctic murder mystery remains unsolved after 150 years.” National Geographic. Nov. 22, 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2022/11/this-arctic-murder-mystery-remains-unsolved-after-150-years
“The Story of the Ice.” The New York Herald. Sept. 21, 1873. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1873-09-21/ed-1/seq-5/

Charles Francis Hall was inspired by expeditions like Sir John Franklin’s push to find the Northwest Passage, but he repeated the pattern of doom when he made a try for the North Pole – though he was the only one from his expedition to die. 
Research:
<ul>
<li>Besselss, Emil, and William Barr. “Polaris: The Chief Scientist's Recollections of the American North Pole Expedition, 1871-73.” University of Calgary Press. 2016.</li>
<li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Charles Francis Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Francis-Hall</li>
<li>Dodge, Ernest S. and C.C. Loomis. “HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hall_charles_francis_10E.html</li>
<li>Harper, Ken. “Murder at Repulse Bay Part 1.” Nunatsiaq News. Sept. 7, 2007. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Murder_at_Repulse_Bay_Part_1/</li>
<li>Harper, Ken. “Murder at Repulse Bay Part 2.” Nunatsiaq News. September 14, 2007. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Murder_at_Repulse_Bay_Part_2/</li>
<li>Loomis, Chauncey C. “Weird and tragic shores; the story of Charles Francis Hall, explorer.” New York. Knopf. 1971. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/weirdtragicshore0000loom/page/388/mode/2up</li>
<li>MOSELEY, H.  Besselss' Account of the “Polaris” Expedition1 . Nature 24, 194–197 (1881). https://doi.org/10.1038/024194a0</li>
<li>Niekrasz, Emily. “Wait. Did That Really Happen? Potential Poison on the Polaris.” Smithsonian Institution Archives. August 13, 2020. https://siarchives.si.edu/blog/wait-did-really-happen-potential-poison-polaris</li>
<li>Page, Jake. “Arctic Arsenic.” Smithsonian. Feb. 1, 2001. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/arctic-arsenic-71724451/</li>
<li>Phillips, Braden. “This Arctic murder mystery remains unsolved after 150 years.” National Geographic. Nov. 22, 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2022/11/this-arctic-murder-mystery-remains-unsolved-after-150-years</li>
<li>“The Story of the Ice.” The New York Herald. Sept. 21, 1873. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1873-09-21/ed-1/seq-5/</li>
</ul>

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Charles Francis Hall was inspired by expeditions like Sir John Franklin’s push to find the Northwest Passage, but he repeated the pattern of doom when he made a try for the North Pole – though he was the only one from his expedition to die.

Charles Francis Hall and His Mysterious Arctic Death

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/51c69b24-607e-49b2-8257-b1270177077e/transcript

Holly and Tracy talk about their coffee preferences. Then Tracy traces the path that led her from a listener mail to the topic of Fort Mose.

Holly and Tracy talk about their coffee preferences. Then Tracy traces the path that led her from a listener mail to the topic of Fort Mose.

Behind the Scenes Minis: Coffee, 'Pirats' and Sea Robbers

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/7ed338fa-030e-4940-9351-b3f7017dd7cf/transcript

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what’s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.

Research:
Blumetti, Jordan. “The First Floridians.” The Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-first-floridians-fort-mose-st-augustine
Cancio-Donlebún Ballvé, J. Á. (2021). The King of Spain’s Slaves in St. Augustine, Florida (1580–1618). Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 74, pp. 1-81. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports
curtis, Marcus. “Fort Mose: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.” 3/2/2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2f5446036d2d4e109439baade4e1f4e7
Dunlop, J.G. “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.” The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952
org. “Francisco Menéndez.” https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-92885/
Florida Frontiers. “Fort Mose: America’s First Free Black Community.” 12/11/2016. https://www.pbs.org/video/florida-frontiers-fort-mose-americas-first-free-black-community/
Florida Museum. “Fort Mose.” https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/st-augustine/fort-mose/
Fort Mose Historical Society. “The Fort Mose Story.” https://fortmose.org/about-fort-mose/
Halbirt, Carl D. “La Ciudad de San Agustín: A European Fighting Presidio in Eighteenth-Century ‘La Florida.’” Historical Archaeology , 2004, Vol. 38, No. 3, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617179
Hurston, Zora Neale and John R. Lynch. “The Journal of Negro History , Oct., 1927, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1927). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714042
Landers, Jane. “Black Frontier Settlements in Spanish Colonial Florida.” OAH Magazine of History , Spring, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2, The Frontier (Spring, 1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162596
Landers, Jane. “Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.” The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952
Landers, Jane. “The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Menéndez.” From Biography and the Black Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014.
MacMahon, Darcie and Kathleen Deagan. “Legacy of Fort Mose.” Archaeology , September/October 1996, Vol. 49, No. 5 (September/October 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771187
Proenza-Coles, Christina. “Freedom Seekers.” Lapham’s Quarterly. 3/19/2019. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/freedom-seekers
Wasserman, Adam. “Forming a nation: the free black settlement at Fort Mose.” From A People’s History of Florida. Via Libcom.org.6/28/2009. https://libcom.org/article/forming-nation-free-black-settlement-fort-mose
Weiss, Daniel. “Freedom Fort.” Archaeology. Mar/Apr2024, Vol. 77 Issue 2, p36-41.

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what&rsquo;s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Blumetti, Jordan. &ldquo;The First Floridians.&rdquo; The Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-first-floridians-fort-mose-st-augustine</li>
<li>Cancio-Donleb&uacute;n Ballv&eacute;, J. &Aacute;. (2021). The King of Spain&rsquo;s Slaves in St. Augustine, Florida (1580&ndash;1618). Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 74, pp. 1-81. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports</li>
<li>curtis, Marcus. &ldquo;Fort Mose: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.&rdquo; 3/2/2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2f5446036d2d4e109439baade4e1f4e7</li>
<li>Dunlop, J.G. &ldquo;Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952</li>
<li>org. &ldquo;Francisco Men&eacute;ndez.&rdquo; https://enslaved.org/fullStory/16-23-92885/</li>
<li>Florida Frontiers. &ldquo;Fort Mose: America&rsquo;s First Free Black Community.&rdquo; 12/11/2016. https://www.pbs.org/video/florida-frontiers-fort-mose-americas-first-free-black-community/</li>
<li>Florida Museum. &ldquo;Fort Mose.&rdquo; https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/st-augustine/fort-mose/</li>
<li>Fort Mose Historical Society. &ldquo;The Fort Mose Story.&rdquo; https://fortmose.org/about-fort-mose/</li>
<li>Halbirt, Carl D. &ldquo;La Ciudad de San Agust&iacute;n: A European Fighting Presidio in Eighteenth-Century &lsquo;La Florida.&rsquo;&rdquo; Historical Archaeology , 2004, Vol. 38, No. 3, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617179</li>
<li>Hurston, Zora Neale and John R. Lynch. &ldquo;The Journal of Negro History , Oct., 1927, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1927). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714042</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;Black Frontier Settlements in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; OAH Magazine of History , Spring, 1988, Vol. 3, No. 2, The Frontier (Spring, 1988). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162596</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida.&rdquo; The American Historical Review , Feb., 1990, Vol. 95, No. 1 (Feb., 1990). https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162952</li>
<li>Landers, Jane. &ldquo;The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Men&eacute;ndez.&rdquo; From Biography and the Black Atlantic. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2014.</li>
<li>MacMahon, Darcie and Kathleen Deagan. &ldquo;Legacy of Fort Mose.&rdquo; Archaeology , September/October 1996, Vol. 49, No. 5 (September/October 1996). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41771187</li>
<li>Proenza-Coles, Christina. &ldquo;Freedom Seekers.&rdquo; Lapham&rsquo;s Quarterly. 3/19/2019. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/freedom-seekers</li>
<li>Wasserman, Adam. &ldquo;Forming a nation: the free black settlement at Fort Mose.&rdquo; From A People&rsquo;s History of Florida. Via Libcom.org.6/28/2009. https://libcom.org/article/forming-nation-free-black-settlement-fort-mose</li>
<li>Weiss, Daniel. &ldquo;Freedom Fort.&rdquo; Archaeology. Mar/Apr2024, Vol. 77 Issue 2, p36-41.</li>
</ul>

Fort Mose was the first officially sanctioned settlement for free Black people in what’s now the United States. It was established as a place where people who escaped enslavement in the U.S. could live in the Spanish territory of Florida.

Francisco Menéndez & Fort Mose 

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/5b049b08-769d-4554-bd7f-b3f7014a725b/transcript

Melitta Bentz invented the coffee filter in 1908 and changed coffee culture forever. Through the decades and after reckoning with its relationship with the Third Reich, the company she founded in her Dresden apartment endures today.

Research:
“The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - EdexcelChanges in society, 1924–29.” https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9y64j6/revision/8#:~:text=Hourly%20wages%20rose%20in%20real,crisis%2C%20such%20as%20the%20hyperinflation
DEUTSCHES REICH REICHSPATENTAMТ PATENTSCHRIFT. “Melitta-Werke Akt.-Ges. in Minden, Westf. Filterpapiereinsatz für Kaffeeaufbrühfilter u. dgl.” https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/de653796a_melitta1937.pdf
German Patent and Trademark Office. “The invention of the coffee filters.” https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/110jahrekaffeefilter/index.html
“The History of Leipziger Messe.” https://www.leipziger-messe.de/en/company/portrait/history/
KOSSACK, KRISTAN. “Betriebsalltag und Unternehmensentwicklung eines NS-Musterbetriebs im Spiegel seiner Werkzeitung.” Westfälische Zeitschrift 155. 2005. http://www.westfaelische-zeitschrift.lwl.org
“Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.” Europeana. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/melitta-bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter
“Melitta Bentz KG - coffee filter.” Deutsches-Kunststoff Museum. https://www.deutsches-kunststoff-museum.de/sammlung/virtuelles-museum/k-2002-00982/
Morris, Jonathan. “Coffee: A Global History.” Reaktion Books. 2019.
Moses, Claire. “Overlooked No More: Melitta Bentz, Who Invented the Coffee Filter.” New York Times. Sept. 5, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/obituaries/melitta-bentz-overlooked.html
“Our History.” Melitta Group. https://www.melitta-group.com/en/unternehmen/unsere-geschichte
Wierling, Dorothee. “Coffee.” International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/coffee/

Melitta Bentz invented the coffee filter in 1908 and changed coffee culture forever. Through the decades and after reckoning with its relationship with the Third Reich, the company she founded in her Dresden apartment endures today.
Research:
<ul>
<li>&ldquo;The Weimar Republic 1918-1929 - EdexcelChanges in society, 1924&ndash;29.&rdquo; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9y64j6/revision/8#:~:text=Hourly%20wages%20rose%20in%20real,crisis%2C%20such%20as%20the%20hyperinflation</li>
<li>DEUTSCHES REICH REICHSPATENTAMТ PATENTSCHRIFT. &ldquo;Melitta-Werke Akt.-Ges. in Minden, Westf. Filterpapiereinsatz f&uuml;r Kaffeeaufbr&uuml;hfilter u. dgl.&rdquo; https://www.dpma.de/docs/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/de653796a_melitta1937.pdf</li>
<li>German Patent and Trademark Office. &ldquo;The invention of the coffee filters.&rdquo; https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/ingeniouswomen/110jahrekaffeefilter/index.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;The History of Leipziger Messe.&rdquo; https://www.leipziger-messe.de/en/company/portrait/history/</li>
<li>KOSSACK, KRISTAN. &ldquo;Betriebsalltag und Unternehmensentwicklung eines NS-Musterbetriebs im Spiegel seiner Werkzeitung.&rdquo; Westf&auml;lische Zeitschrift 155. 2005. http://www.westfaelische-zeitschrift.lwl.org</li>
<li>&ldquo;Melitta Bentz - the woman who invented the coffee filter.&rdquo; Europeana. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/melitta-bentz-the-woman-who-invented-the-coffee-filter</li>
<li>&ldquo;Melitta Bentz KG - coffee filter.&rdquo; Deutsches-Kunststoff Museum. https://www.deutsches-kunststoff-museum.de/sammlung/virtuelles-museum/k-2002-00982/</li>
<li>Morris, Jonathan. &ldquo;Coffee: A Global History.&rdquo; Reaktion Books. 2019.</li>
<li>Moses, Claire. &ldquo;Overlooked No More: Melitta Bentz, Who Invented the Coffee Filter.&rdquo; New York Times. Sept. 5, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/obituaries/melitta-bentz-overlooked.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;Our History.&rdquo; Melitta Group. https://www.melitta-group.com/en/unternehmen/unsere-geschichte</li>
<li>Wierling, Dorothee. &ldquo;Coffee.&rdquo; International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/coffee/</li>
</ul>

Melitta Bentz and the Coffee Filter

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/6cdbab9a-d6e9-466d-aad6-b3f7003a76c5/transcript

Charles Francis Hall and His Mysterious Arctic Death

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