Holly talks about the lack information about Pinel’s family, and how much she’d like to see Oscar Wilde use social media. Tracy discusses the way the Cooley episode narrowed down the scope of her originally planned topic.

Holly talks about the lack information about Pinel&rsquo;s family, and how much she&rsquo;d like to see Oscar Wilde use social media. Tracy discusses the way the Cooley episode narrowed down the scope of her originally planned topic.

Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio.

Stuff You Missed in History Class

Listen to this collection of top episodes from iHeartRadio and iHeartPodcasts. 

Listen to this collection of top episodes from iHeartRadio and iHeartPodcasts.&nbsp;

Podcasts from iHeartRadio

Behind the Scenes Minis: Progressive Medicine

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/609c4640-48f8-4c70-93b1-b4c700e201eb/transcript

Robert Moses is responsible for so much of the infrastructure of New York, including parks, bridges, highways and more. And he remains a divisive figure. The first part of this two-parter covers his rise in New York government.

Research:
“15% OF THE FAIR STILL UNFINISHED; 15 Pavilions and 3 Shows in Amusement Area Delayed.” New York Times. April 22, 1964. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/15-of-the-fair-still-unfinished-15-pavilions-and-3-shows-in.html
Ballon, Hilary, Phd. and Kenneth T. Jackson, eds. “Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York.” W.W. Norton & Co. 2008.
Balme, Bob. “His Pen Blisters, His Voice Stings – Robert Moses, at 71, Churns Ahead.” Buffalo News. December 5, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/868298578/?match=4&terms=Robert%20Moses&search-id=e5e8b520-6c56-44d0-96ef-7303b5705343&search-rank=6
Brewer, Sam Pope. “MOSES SLUM ROLE STIRRED DISPUTE; His 'Dead Duck' Remark on Title I Projects Aroused Urban Renewal Backers.” New York Times. Feb. 28, 1960. https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/28/archives/moses-slum-role-stirred-dispute-his-dead-duck-remark-on-title-i.html
Britannica Editors. "Robert Moses". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Jul. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Moses
Caro, Robert A. “The Power Broker.” Knopf. 1974.
Caro, Robert A. “The Power Broker – I: How Robert Moses Transformed New York.” The New Yorker. July 15, 1974. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1974/07/22/the-power-broker-i-the-best-bill-drafter-in-albany?_sp=012e2621-7c64-4868-8288-8d1d8c093dfc.1788137489337
Chronopoulos, T. (2014). “Robert Moses and the Visual Dimension of Physical Disorder: Efforts to Demonstrate Urban Blight in the Age of Slum Clearance.” Journal of Planning History, 13(3), 207-233. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1538513213487149
Crawford, F. C. “New York State Reorganization.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 20, no. 1, 1926, pp. 76–79. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1945100
Ellis, Robert P. “Robert Moses.” Ebsco. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/robert-moses#lifes-work
“EX-COSTELLO AIDE BARRED BY MAYOR ON SLUM PROJECTS.” The New York Times. July 3, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/03/archives/excostello-aide-barred-by-mayor-on-slum-projects-pokrass.html
“GOVERNOR BY MERIT.” New York Times. Nov. 7, 1934. https://www.nytimes.com/1934/11/07/archives/governor-by-merit.html
Grutzner, Charles. “MOSES SAYS TITLE I IS A 'DEAD DUCK'; DECRIES CHARGES; 'Ruinous' Attacks Kill All but Union Slum-Clearing Jobs for Future, He Asserts MAYOR STANDING FIRM He Repeats His Opposition to Any Project That Uses Kessler as Architect.” New York Times. July 4, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/04/archives/moses-says-title-i-is-a-dead-duck-decries-charges-ruinous-attacks.html
Gutman, Marta. “Race, Place, and Play: Robert Moses and the WPA Swimming Pools in New York City.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 67, no. 4, 2008, pp. 532–61. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.532
“History of City–Owned Beaches.” Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/beaches/city-owned-beaches
“History of Parks' Swimming Pools.” Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/pools
“Jones Beach State Park - 80 Years of Service : 1929 – 2009.” https://jonesbeach.com/index.php?id=165%3A80-years&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=100054
JONES BEACH STATE PARK.” Long Island Exchange. https://web.archive.org/web/20130121130008/http://www.longislandexchange.com/jones-beach.html
Kaufman, Herbert. “Robert Moses: Charismatic Bureaucrat.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 90, no. 3, 1975, pp. 521–38. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2148299
Kaufman, Michael T. “Moses Rips Into ‘Venomous’ Biography.” New York Times. Aug. 27, 1974. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/moses-rips-into-venomous-biography-vindictive-canards-rejects.html
Lambert, Bruce. “One Man's Dream, Blissful Jones Beach Is Like No Other Place.” New York Times. Sept. 28, 1997. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/28/nyregion/one-man-s-dream-blissful-jones-beach-is-like-no-other-place.html
“Moses Must Go!” Met Council on Housing. May 14, 2012. https://www.metcouncilonhousing.org/moses-must-go/
Moses, Robert. “Public Works: A Dangerous Trade.” New York. McGraw-Hill. 1970. https://archive.org/details/publicworksdange00mose/page/n7/mode/2up
Moses, Robert. “Slums and City Planning.” The Atlantic. January 1945. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/01/slums-and-city-planning/306544/
Paquette, Carol. “Showcasing the Career of Robert Moses.” New York Times. Oct. 1, 1995. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/01/nyregion/showcasing-the-career-of-robert-moses.html
Phillips, Wayne. “Title I and Slum Clearance: A Decade of Controversy; Partnership of City and U. S. Has Built 8,000 Apartments -- Disputes Involve Moses and Aims of Program.” New York Times. June 29, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/29/archives/title-i-and-slum-clearance-a-decade-of-controversy-partnership-of.html
“POKRASS BAN IS ASKED; Senator Bids Housing Aides Act on Costello Associate.” New York Times. July 9, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/09/archives/pokrass-ban-is-asked-senator-bids-housing-aides-act-on-costello.html
Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow. “Robert Caro and Robert Moses Redux.” SiteLINES: A Journal of Place. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 2007), pp. 16-18. Foundation for Landscape Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24889293
Smith, Red. “Robert Moses, the Empire Builder.” New York Times. Aug. 5, 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/05/sports/red-smith-robert-moses-the-empire-builder.html
Sokolsky, George. “Robert Moses Is a Selfless Man.” Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. June 18, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/524545077/?match=1&terms=Robert%20Moses&search-id=e5e8b520-6c56-44d0-96ef-7303b5705343&search-rank=2
“Texts of Statements by Moses and Rockefeller; Statement by Mr. Moses Letter to the Governor Letter to Mr. Moses Statement by Governor 'New Phase' of Park Work Letters Exchanged.” New York Times. Dec. 1, 1962. https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/01/archives/texts-of-statements-by-moses-and-rockefeller-statement-by-mr-moses.html
“Title I, Very Much Alive.” New York Times. July 8, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/08/archives/title-i-very-much-alive.html
Wallock, L. (1991). The Myth of the Master Builder: Robert Moses, New York, and the Dynamics of Metropolitan Development Since World War II: Robert Moses, New York, and the Dynamics of Metropolitan Development Since World War II. Journal of Urban History, 17(4), 339-362. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009614429101700401

Robert Moses is responsible for so much of the infrastructure of New York, including parks, bridges, highways and more. And he remains a divisive figure. The first part of this two-parter covers his rise in New York government.
Research:
<ul>
<li>&ldquo;15% OF THE FAIR STILL UNFINISHED; 15 Pavilions and 3 Shows in Amusement Area Delayed.&rdquo; New York Times. April 22, 1964. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/15-of-the-fair-still-unfinished-15-pavilions-and-3-shows-in.html</li>
<li>Ballon, Hilary, Phd. and Kenneth T. Jackson, eds. &ldquo;Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York.&rdquo; W.W. Norton &amp; Co. 2008.</li>
<li>Balme, Bob. &ldquo;His Pen Blisters, His Voice Stings &ndash; Robert Moses, at 71, Churns Ahead.&rdquo; Buffalo News. December 5, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/868298578/?match=4&amp;terms=Robert%20Moses&amp;search-id=e5e8b520-6c56-44d0-96ef-7303b5705343&amp;search-rank=6</li>
<li>Brewer, Sam Pope. &ldquo;MOSES SLUM ROLE STIRRED DISPUTE; His 'Dead Duck' Remark on Title I Projects Aroused Urban Renewal Backers.&rdquo; New York Times. Feb. 28, 1960. https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/28/archives/moses-slum-role-stirred-dispute-his-dead-duck-remark-on-title-i.html</li>
<li>Britannica Editors. "Robert Moses".&nbsp;Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Jul. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Moses</li>
<li>Caro, Robert A. &ldquo;The Power Broker.&rdquo; Knopf. 1974.</li>
<li>Caro, Robert A. &ldquo;The Power Broker &ndash; I: How Robert Moses Transformed New York.&rdquo; The New Yorker. July 15, 1974. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1974/07/22/the-power-broker-i-the-best-bill-drafter-in-albany?_sp=012e2621-7c64-4868-8288-8d1d8c093dfc.1788137489337</li>
<li>Chronopoulos, T. (2014). &ldquo;Robert Moses and the Visual Dimension of Physical Disorder: Efforts to Demonstrate Urban Blight in the Age of Slum Clearance.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of Planning History,&nbsp;13(3), 207-233. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1538513213487149</li>
<li>Crawford, F. C. &ldquo;New York State Reorganization.&rdquo;&nbsp;The American Political Science Review, vol. 20, no. 1, 1926, pp. 76&ndash;79.&nbsp;JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1945100</li>
<li>Ellis, Robert P. &ldquo;Robert Moses.&rdquo; Ebsco. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/robert-moses#lifes-work</li>
<li>&ldquo;EX-COSTELLO AIDE BARRED BY MAYOR ON SLUM PROJECTS.&rdquo; The New York Times. July 3, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/03/archives/excostello-aide-barred-by-mayor-on-slum-projects-pokrass.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;GOVERNOR BY MERIT.&rdquo; New York Times. Nov. 7, 1934. https://www.nytimes.com/1934/11/07/archives/governor-by-merit.html</li>
<li>Grutzner, Charles. &ldquo;MOSES SAYS TITLE I IS A 'DEAD DUCK'; DECRIES CHARGES; 'Ruinous' Attacks Kill All but Union Slum-Clearing Jobs for Future, He Asserts MAYOR STANDING FIRM He Repeats His Opposition to Any Project That Uses Kessler as Architect.&rdquo; New York Times. July 4, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/04/archives/moses-says-title-i-is-a-dead-duck-decries-charges-ruinous-attacks.html</li>
<li>Gutman, Marta. &ldquo;Race, Place, and Play: Robert Moses and the WPA Swimming Pools in New York City.&rdquo;&nbsp;Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 67, no. 4, 2008, pp. 532&ndash;61.&nbsp;JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.532</li>
<li>&ldquo;History of City&ndash;Owned Beaches.&rdquo; Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks &amp; Recreation. https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/beaches/city-owned-beaches</li>
<li>&ldquo;History of&nbsp;Parks' Swimming Pools.&rdquo; Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks &amp; Recreation. https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/pools</li>
<li>&ldquo;Jones Beach State Park - 80 Years of Service : 1929 &ndash; 2009.&rdquo; https://jonesbeach.com/index.php?id=165%3A80-years&amp;format=pdf&amp;option=com_content&amp;Itemid=100054</li>
<li>JONES BEACH STATE PARK.&rdquo; Long Island Exchange. https://web.archive.org/web/20130121130008/http://www.longislandexchange.com/jones-beach.html</li>
<li>Kaufman, Herbert. &ldquo;Robert Moses: Charismatic Bureaucrat.&rdquo;&nbsp;Political Science Quarterly, vol. 90, no. 3, 1975, pp. 521&ndash;38.&nbsp;JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2148299</li>
<li>Kaufman, Michael T. &ldquo;Moses Rips Into &lsquo;Venomous&rsquo; Biography.&rdquo; New York Times. Aug. 27, 1974. https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/moses-rips-into-venomous-biography-vindictive-canards-rejects.html</li>
<li>Lambert, Bruce. &ldquo;One Man's Dream, Blissful Jones Beach Is Like No Other Place.&rdquo; New York Times. Sept. 28, 1997. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/28/nyregion/one-man-s-dream-blissful-jones-beach-is-like-no-other-place.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;Moses Must Go!&rdquo; Met Council on Housing. May 14, 2012. https://www.metcouncilonhousing.org/moses-must-go/</li>
<li>Moses, Robert. &ldquo;Public Works: A Dangerous Trade.&rdquo; New York. McGraw-Hill. 1970. https://archive.org/details/publicworksdange00mose/page/n7/mode/2up</li>
<li>Moses, Robert. &ldquo;Slums and City Planning.&rdquo; The Atlantic. January 1945. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/01/slums-and-city-planning/306544/</li>
<li>Paquette, Carol. &ldquo;Showcasing the Career of Robert Moses.&rdquo; New York Times. Oct. 1, 1995. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/01/nyregion/showcasing-the-career-of-robert-moses.html</li>
<li>Phillips, Wayne. &ldquo;Title I and Slum Clearance: A Decade of Controversy; Partnership of City and U. S. Has Built 8,000 Apartments -- Disputes Involve Moses and Aims of Program.&rdquo; New York Times. June 29, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/29/archives/title-i-and-slum-clearance-a-decade-of-controversy-partnership-of.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;POKRASS BAN IS ASKED; Senator Bids Housing Aides Act on Costello Associate.&rdquo; New York Times. July 9, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/09/archives/pokrass-ban-is-asked-senator-bids-housing-aides-act-on-costello.html</li>
<li>Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow. &ldquo;Robert Caro and Robert Moses Redux.&rdquo; SiteLINES: A Journal of Place. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 2007), pp. 16-18. Foundation for Landscape Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24889293</li>
<li>Smith, Red. &ldquo;Robert Moses, the Empire Builder.&rdquo; New York Times. Aug. 5, 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/05/sports/red-smith-robert-moses-the-empire-builder.html</li>
<li>Sokolsky, George. &ldquo;Robert Moses Is a Selfless Man.&rdquo; Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. June 18, 1959. https://www.newspapers.com/image/524545077/?match=1&amp;terms=Robert%20Moses&amp;search-id=e5e8b520-6c56-44d0-96ef-7303b5705343&amp;search-rank=2</li>
<li>&ldquo;Texts of Statements by Moses and Rockefeller; Statement by Mr. Moses Letter to the Governor Letter to Mr. Moses Statement by Governor 'New Phase' of Park Work Letters Exchanged.&rdquo; New York Times. Dec. 1, 1962. https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/01/archives/texts-of-statements-by-moses-and-rockefeller-statement-by-mr-moses.html</li>
<li>&ldquo;Title I, Very Much Alive.&rdquo; New York Times. July 8, 1959. https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/08/archives/title-i-very-much-alive.html</li>
<li>Wallock, L. (1991). The Myth of the Master Builder: Robert Moses, New York, and the Dynamics of Metropolitan Development Since World War II: Robert Moses, New York, and the Dynamics of Metropolitan Development Since World War II.&nbsp;Journal of Urban History,&nbsp;17(4), 339-362. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009614429101700401</li>
</ul>

Robert Moses is responsible for so much of the infrastructure of New York, including parks, bridges, highways and more. And he remains a divisive figure. The first part of this two-parter covers his rise in New York government.

Robert Moses and the Shaping of New York, Part 1

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/1584f46f-24c8-475f-93f8-b4c7010a0a18/transcript

This 2021 episode covers smallpox, a viral disease that has existed for millennia. But it’s now one of only two diseases that’s been eradicated through human activity, and a global plan was enacted to do it.

 

This 2021 episode covers smallpox, a viral disease that has existed for millennia. But it&rsquo;s now one of only two diseases that&rsquo;s been eradicated through human activity, and a global plan was enacted to do it.
&nbsp;

SYMHC Classics: Eradication of Smallpox

https://api.omny.fm/orgs/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/clips/98c6e154-7280-4b24-aee0-b4c70105433a/transcript

William B. Coley started using a bacterial infection to treat cancers in the late 19th century, one of the earliest uses of immunotherapy.

Research:
Ahuja, Sana and Sufian Zaheer. “The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives.” Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2024; 20(2): 51-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14216/kjco.24009
Atkins, Douglas. “Helen Coley Nauts: Advocate for Immunotherapy.” National Library of Medicine. 4/19/2016. https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/04/19/helen-coley-nauts-advocate-for-immunotherapy/
Cancer Research Institute. “The History of Cancer Immunotherapy.”
Coley, William B. “Therapeutic Value of the Mixed Toxins of the Streptococcus of Erysipelas and Bacillus Prodigiosus in the Treatment of Inoperable Malignant Tumors. With a Report of 160 Cases.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences. September 1896.
College of Physicians of Philadelphia. “Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy.” History of Vaccines. https://historyofvaccines.org/vaccines-101/future-immunization/cancer-vaccines-and-immunotherapy/
Colley, William B. “The Treatment of Inoperable Sarcoma by Bacterial Toxins (the Mixed Toxins of the Streptococcus erysipelas and the Bacillus prodigiosus).” Reprinted from the “ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine,” November, 1909. London. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, LTD. 1909. https://archive.org/details/b22425949/mode/1up
Decker WK, da Silva RF, Sanabria MH, Angelo LS, Guimarães F, Burt BM, Kheradmand F and Paust S (2017) Cancer Immunotherapy: Historical Perspective of a Clinical Revolution and Emerging Preclinical Animal Models. Front. Immunol. 8:829. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00829
Devaraja, K. et al. “Coley’s Toxin to First Approved Therapeutic Vaccine—A Brief Historical Account in the Progression of Immunobiology-Based Cancer Treatment.” Biomedicines 2024, 12, 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122746
Dobosz, Paula and Tomasz Dzieciatkowski.” The Intriguing History of Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology. 12/17/2019. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02965
Hall, Stephen S. “A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death, and the Immune System.” Henry Holt and Company. Excerpted at New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hall-commotion.html 
Harutyunyan, Mariam. “How William Coley Became The Father of Cancer Immunotherapy.” OncoDaily Magazine. 7/31/2026. https://oncodaily.com/magazine/william-coley-549446
Hiroaki Ikeda, Cancer immunotherapy in progress—an overview of the past 130 years, International Immunology, Volume 37, Issue 5, May 2025, Pages 253–260, https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf002
Journal of the American Medical Association. “Erysipelas Toxins in the Treatment of Malignant Tumors.” 10/27/1894.
Journal of the American Medical Association. “The Failure of the Erysipelas Toxins.” Vol 23 Iss 24. 12/15/1894.
Kokolus, Katie. “The History of Immunotherapy: Toxins, Targets & T Cells.” LabRoots. 10/18/2021. https://www.labroots.com/trending/cancer/21449/history-immunotherapy-toxins-targets-cells?srsltid=AfmBOooP1eoVP2LbWKR5m-HLu1PSBFhOyPH1jSJWWcxvyK6EA4-hBu47
Levine, David B. “The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled: William Bradley Coley, third Surgeon-in-Chief 1925-1933.” HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery vol. 4,1 (2008): 1-9. doi:10.1007/s11420-007-9063-2
McCarthy, Edward F. “The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-tissue Sarcomas.” The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. Vol. 26.
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. “MSK Immunotherapy — Timeline of Progress.” https://www.mskcc.org/timeline/immunotherapy-msk
National Library of Medicine. “Harnessing the Power of You: The History of Immunotherapy.” https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/the-history-of-immunotherapy/index.html
Nauts, Helen Coley. “Coley’s Toxins – The First Century.” Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. June 2004.
Nawrat, Allie. “Charting the history of immunotherapy, cancer treatment’s fourth pillar.” Pharmaceutical Technology. 7/28/2020. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/charting-the-history-of-immunotherapy-cancer-treatments-fourth-pillar/?cf-view&cf-closed
Oiseth SJ, Aziz MS. “Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead.” J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2017;3:250-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2017.41
Tontonoz, Matthew. “What Ever Happened to Coley’s Toxins?.” Cancer Research Institute. 4/2/2015. https://www.cancerresearch.org/blog/what-ever-happened-to-coleys-toxins

William B. Coley started using a bacterial infection to treat cancers in the late 19th century, one of the earliest uses of immunotherapy.
Research:
<ul>
<li>Ahuja, Sana and Sufian Zaheer. &ldquo;The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives.&rdquo; Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2024; 20(2): 51-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14216/kjco.24009</li>
<li>Atkins, Douglas. &ldquo;Helen Coley Nauts: Advocate for Immunotherapy.&rdquo; National Library of Medicine. 4/19/2016. https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/04/19/helen-coley-nauts-advocate-for-immunotherapy/</li>
<li>Cancer Research Institute. &ldquo;The History of Cancer Immunotherapy.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Coley, William B. &ldquo;Therapeutic Value of the Mixed Toxins of the Streptococcus of Erysipelas and Bacillus Prodigiosus in the Treatment of Inoperable Malignant Tumors. With a Report of 160 Cases.&rdquo; American Journal of the Medical Sciences. September 1896.</li>
<li>College of Physicians of Philadelphia. &ldquo;Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy.&rdquo; History of Vaccines. https://historyofvaccines.org/vaccines-101/future-immunization/cancer-vaccines-and-immunotherapy/</li>
<li>Colley, William B. &ldquo;The Treatment of Inoperable Sarcoma by Bacterial Toxins (the Mixed Toxins of the Streptococcus erysipelas and the Bacillus prodigiosus).&rdquo; Reprinted from the &ldquo; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine,&rdquo; November, 1909. London. John Bale, Sons &amp; Danielsson, LTD. 1909. https://archive.org/details/b22425949/mode/1up</li>
<li>Decker WK, da Silva RF, Sanabria MH, Angelo LS, Guimar&atilde;es F, Burt BM, Kheradmand F and Paust S (2017) Cancer Immunotherapy: Historical Perspective of a Clinical Revolution and Emerging Preclinical Animal Models. Front. Immunol. 8:829. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00829</li>
<li>Devaraja, K. et al. &ldquo;Coley&rsquo;s Toxin to First Approved Therapeutic Vaccine&mdash;A Brief Historical Account in the Progression of Immunobiology-Based Cancer Treatment.&rdquo; Biomedicines 2024, 12, 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122746</li>
<li>Dobosz, Paula and Tomasz Dzieciatkowski.&rdquo; The Intriguing History of Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology. 12/17/2019. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02965</li>
<li>Hall, Stephen S. &ldquo;A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death, and the Immune System.&rdquo; Henry Holt and Company. Excerpted at New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hall-commotion.html&nbsp;</li>
<li>Harutyunyan, Mariam. &ldquo;How William Coley Became The Father of Cancer Immunotherapy.&rdquo; OncoDaily Magazine. 7/31/2026. https://oncodaily.com/magazine/william-coley-549446</li>
<li>Hiroaki Ikeda, Cancer immunotherapy in progress&mdash;an overview of the past 130 years, International Immunology, Volume 37, Issue 5, May 2025, Pages 253&ndash;260, https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaf002</li>
<li>Journal of the American Medical Association. &ldquo;Erysipelas Toxins in the Treatment of Malignant Tumors.&rdquo; 10/27/1894.</li>
<li>Journal of the American Medical Association. &ldquo;The Failure of the Erysipelas Toxins.&rdquo; Vol 23 Iss 24. 12/15/1894.</li>
<li>Kokolus, Katie. &ldquo;The History of Immunotherapy: Toxins, Targets &amp; T Cells.&rdquo; LabRoots. 10/18/2021. https://www.labroots.com/trending/cancer/21449/history-immunotherapy-toxins-targets-cells?srsltid=AfmBOooP1eoVP2LbWKR5m-HLu1PSBFhOyPH1jSJWWcxvyK6EA4-hBu47</li>
<li>Levine, David B. &ldquo;The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled: William Bradley Coley, third Surgeon-in-Chief 1925-1933.&rdquo; HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery vol. 4,1 (2008): 1-9. doi:10.1007/s11420-007-9063-2</li>
<li>McCarthy, Edward F. &ldquo;The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-tissue Sarcomas.&rdquo; The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. Vol. 26.</li>
<li>Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. &ldquo;MSK Immunotherapy &mdash; Timeline of Progress.&rdquo; https://www.mskcc.org/timeline/immunotherapy-msk</li>
<li>National Library of Medicine. &ldquo;Harnessing the Power of You: The History of Immunotherapy.&rdquo; https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/the-history-of-immunotherapy/index.html</li>
<li>Nauts, Helen Coley. &ldquo;Coley&rsquo;s Toxins &ndash; The First Century.&rdquo; Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. June 2004.</li>
<li>Nawrat, Allie. &ldquo;Charting the history of immunotherapy, cancer treatment&rsquo;s fourth pillar.&rdquo; Pharmaceutical Technology. 7/28/2020. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/charting-the-history-of-immunotherapy-cancer-treatments-fourth-pillar/?cf-view&amp;cf-closed</li>
<li>Oiseth SJ, Aziz MS. &ldquo;Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead.&rdquo; J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2017;3:250-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2017.41</li>
<li>Tontonoz, Matthew. &ldquo;What Ever Happened to Coley&rsquo;s Toxins?.&rdquo; Cancer Research Institute. 4/2/2015. https://www.cancerresearch.org/blog/what-ever-happened-to-coleys-toxins</li>
</ul>

William B. Coley started using a bacterial infection to treat cancers in the late 19th century, one of the earliest uses of immunotherapy.

Coley's Toxins and the Origins of Immunotherapy

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