Ridiculous History is a production of I Heart Radio. Welcome to the show Ridiculous Historians. As always, thank you so much for tuning in. My name is Ben. This is an interesting one today. I gotta ask, um, you know, when you hear the word fudge, what do you think of inferior chocolate? Here we go, Uh, super producer, Casey Pegrom, what about you? I like fudge, So I'm gonna say it is a not a superior chocolate per se, but you know it's on equal footing with milk chocolate or chocolate or any of the other fine chocolate products. That to disagree, my friend, I will I will say, like I do have experiences of going to like Helen Georgia and like getting fudged there and it's just too much. It's just too heavy and you feel sick for like the rest of the day after you consume it. So moderation, But um, yeah, I like, I like a little fudge now. And then I guess my thing is I'm known by the way, I just don't know what it is like is it's like it's almost chocolate, it's almost caramel, it's bordering on cake. It's just it occupies this liminal space of confections that I just can't quite wrap my head around. Yeah, yeah, that that's my take on fudge. It's also a fun substitute word for a naughty word aspect of it. It's funny. We Uh, we were supposed to start recording about a half hour ago, but we ended up just shooting the breeze about multiple things, including the most famous use of fudge as a curse word I think was in the Christmas Story. Uh. And you're right, I like the freeze liminal space here because I like, maybe like you k cy, I like many people associate fudge with stuff you would see in like a country store on a rural road trip, next to the pepper jelly or whatever. And I think most of us associate fudge with chocolate. But it doesn't have to be right. There's maple fudge. There's all kinds of fudge in there, like a seventies kind of southern rock band called Vanilla Fudge. Oh. Absolutely, there is anybody that saw the Tarantino movie once by a time in Hollywood. The climax of that movie is a vanilla fudge. Oh that's the uh set me for you? Why don't you babe that that whole thing's somebody else's song, but it's their version, and if you go on YouTube and look up the live version, it is the most seventies thing you will ever see in your life. I love it. Well, we've got to stop the show for a second because we have to check out Vanilla Fudge. I can't believe someone beat us to that name. We're gonna have to come up with something new for our band. But while we're exploring that, we have to tell you, I don't know about you, guys, but I just found out that I didn't know anything about fudge, like the history of fudge, the actual origin story, in the genesis of it. Fudge is first off, much more recent invention than I had thought. I don't know about you guys. And secondly, as we're gonna find today, fudge was in its heyday associated not with like rural country stores or cracker barrels or whatever, but it was associated instead with a bit of rebellion. Yeah, it's true. I didn't realize it was such a relatively modern invention too. I assumed it was like developed on the prairie by the pioneers, you know, or even earlier than that. It's just I just assumed fudge should always kind of been you know, you you'd turn your butter and you'd make your fudge. But that's not the case at all. Um, let's start with a little bit of etymology. Fudge it wasn't the other way around. Fudge wasn't a word derived from the chocolate a thing. It was the other way around. Fudge was a verb before it was a confection around the seventeenth century. Um, it was something you would use to say, Oh, I'm gonna fudge that, you know, sort of cheat something to the left or to the right a little bit like maybe you've got some woodworking that you're doing. I don't know, just an example, and you need to fudge two pieces so they become flush. That's not a great example, obviously, I'm not a carpenter. Bank can you think of a better example of fudging something in the physical sense? Yeah, I think the woodworking example is good. I think that I don't know how accessible this is to our fellow listeners, but I think the three of all us have all fudged a little something in production where we maybe don't have the ideal audio we wants, but we're like we could play with this a little bit, so we've been able to fudge around. You know, it's interesting because etymologists now think that fudge came from an older, obsolete term fadge, which sounds like fudge with a weird New England accent f A d G right, exactly, f A d G E with the silent e, which I still don't understand. One of the great mysteries of the English language, the silent e. But that's the story for another day. Yeah, the Oxford English Dictionary. Um, there's an article on the invention of fudge on Chowhound and they referred to that entry where it describes fudge or fadge as meaning to fit together or even the idea of something turning out well, the implication maybe being despite less than ideal circumstances. But the implication is more that it wasn't about a mistake exactly. But we also know that there is at least legend fudge legend uh fudging about the idea that someone was trying to make a batch of caramels. As I was saying earlier, like what is fudge and they ended up with fudge? Um, because fudge contains sugar crystals, and that's actually something that kind of is a no no in baking. For the most part, you don't want there to be sugar crystals because that can give a grainy kind of texture, and fudge is sort of the exception to that rule. Uh. It's these micro crystals of sugar that give it that firm texture, and they're small enough so they do melt in your mouth and they don't feel weird and sand like on your tongue, but they melt so quickly that it has sort of a smooth consistency. And I think that's part of my weirdness with fudge, is the consistency. It doesn't act quite like chocolate because the crystals are there. It's a little bigger, so it has more of a I don't know, gloopy kind of thing. I don't want to nag fudge for anybody, but clearly, yeah, it's uh it's got almost a paste like consistency. Uh. For anyone familiar with um, the Middle Eastern North African food hulva, which is a popular snack, it's like that. Uh. That might not be the best comparison, but you're spot on with the weird state and importance of the sugar crystals. So in a previous episode, we we endeavored to clumsily teach you how to whistle, and you, guys, I listened back to that part. It's actually it was worth it. It was pretty hilarious. I made my kid listen to it. I held the phone up to her ear just during the mouth sounds part, and she just made the most offended face. But then she started laughing uncontrollably, because it's just it's I don't know, not to like talk about ourselves, but it is simultaneously disgusting and endearing, you know. For that one, I think it's okay for us to talk about ourselves this way, because we're not saying we did a good job. I think the fun part of that was the brilliant fact that none of the three of us pointed out that maybe we shouldn't try to explain how to put fingers in our mouths while we were doing it. But but still, it's pretty hilarious. So now we're gonna attempt to teach you the secret to cooking udge. This is with help from the Exploratorium. So now that you've mastered that weird problematic wolf whistle, it's time to begin your fudge career. Likenell said, you want these crystals to form. Forget all the other stuff you hear about candy. This is not applied to fudge. But you want them to form at a certain time, as certain temperatures. So if you want to avoid that gross kind of grainy fudge, it's not so much how you cook it as it is how you cool it. So you'll see a fudge recipe that will call for just in general, call for heating all the ingredients to two hundred and thirty four degrees fahrenheit. That's what's called the softball stage, where you can kind of mold it and then you allow it to cool, don't touch it, allow it to cool to about a hundred and ten degrees fahrenheit, and then when it hits one ten, that's when you start stirring. And you keep stirring and stirring and stirring as the candy becomes thicker and thicker and thicker. And what's happening is every time you stir, you're creating more crystal seeds, and you get lots and lots of tiny ones instead of the big ones. And I think that that goes to the texture you're talking about, right, Yeah, it absolutely does. And you know, if you stirch too much, you don't get the crystals at all, I guess, or there's so many of them that doesn't give you the same consistency. Don't stir enough, it becomes grainy and unpleasant. So it really is. I mean, honestly, fudge making is kind of an art, you know, if you have to really keep an eye on the temperature. Uh, it's not something that you can just go in and do without knowing what you're doing. So kudos to all the fudge stirs the fudge and I don't know what's what's the word for a fudge maker, fudge enthusiast. I like it. I like it, But you're right, Casey. I do think about, like, you know, the little candy stores on the boardwalk in Savannah or in Hell and where you can get a free sample, you know, and you can see their whole assembly line for like making fudge and prelins or saltwater taffy and all that. That's definitely what I think of when I think of this treat. So yeah, like chocolate caramels could be seen as being kind of the progenitor, is that the right word or the precursor I guess to to to fudge, and those have been around since the eighteen sixties. We found a recipe uh in an eighteen seventy cookbook from Maryland, um very very similar process. Uh So totally understand the notion that fudge was created by fudging this caramel recipe, because if you end up with these crystals like we're talking about, which you would not want in a sticky, chewy kind of caramel, you would end up with a little bit more of a crumbly and substantial kind of like we said, fudgie. Really for lack of I mean, that's really it's the best word for it, because that's kind of what it is. Really nothing else quite like it, and that's one theory behind it. But we really still aren't quite a hundred percent sure of who truly invented the dessert. But we do know is where it came from, which is a college, Vassar University in eighteen nine two or thereabouts. Yeah, be not confused, folks, Fudge is marketed in a dishonest way. Fudge is a food of the elite. Okay, it's not. It wasn't a case where somebody was selling produce on the side of the road and accidentally also made fudge. No, this comes from a storied institution, like you said, Noel Uh. The earliest origin of it dates back to a document by one Immelin Battersby Heartridge. She wrote a letter describing her encounter with fudge. But she says this happened while she was attending classes at Vassar in the eighties eight eight six. But she says there was already fudge in play. There was a store in Baltimore that was selling it for like forty cents a pound, So we know it originated around that time, but we don't know exactly who invented it. For a long time, Heartridge was credited with inventing the substance fudge, but Vasser itself disagrees. They have an article in their encyclopedia called Vasser Myths and Legends that says, essentially, look Emmelyn Heartridge described fudge. That's the first known written account we have of fudge. But she in her own letter said that she got the instructions to make it from someone else. Well good on Vassar were trying to set the record straight and not just you know, co opting fudge for themselves, because we know that Vasser has a really interesting history when it comes to food. Was originally a women's college. Now it's a co ed private school. UM that happened in a nineteen sixty nine pretty recently. Was founded in eighteen sixty one by Matthew Asser. UM very remarkable architecture. Uh. There's a pub on the campus called the Mug for short, which is the full name is Matthews Mug named after the the owner and founder, who is a brewer. And Vasser, as many of you will know, is located in one of my favorite cities to say out loud in New York, but Keepsie. And it's fun to look at because it looks like it would be spelled poof Keepsie because it's p o U g h k e E p s i E. But it's Pokeepsie. It's a good one. I'm a shoeboygan man myself, but that's just because of our our recent episode. Um, you know what, one day, forget it. One day, let's just do an episode, perhaps a listener mail episode, where we just read off weird place names. I don't know about you, guys. It's always hilarious to me when we have someone right in and they're like, you know that weird cacophonous agglomeration of consonants and vowels that you tried to pronounce is actually pronounced papoloia And you're like, no, there's not a p in there. Those are all g anyway proper names. So there's another one in like Boston, for example, that's you know, it looks peabody, but they say it's pbody, pbody, pbody. You know, who's to know unless you've heard it spoken, unless you grew up in that area. But you know, our listeners are always super respectful when they correct us, and we appreciate that. I want to do this before we move on. UM. I don't know about u k s here, you know, but being a nerd, I spent the vast majority of things I learned I learned by reading, which doesn't help with pronunciation, right. Uh So I want to give a shout out to the person who wrote to us on our if you guys are our wolf Whistle episode and said it's pronounced Boson, not boatswain, So we see, we hear you, thank you. It was all of us what that now. I don't accept that. I reject that someone made a horrible mistake. They did, But I mean, what is a living language but a mixed tape of horrible mistakes that we all accepted. But it's a boat job. It's a job that takes place on a boat. How can you take the boat out of this boat job? It's yeah, it's weird. There's so many maritime traditions, you know what I mean? And boatswain has pronounced boson. So there we have it. Which I learned something anyway, Speaking of learning, back to Poughkeepsie. So it's interesting because Vassar has this fascinating history with food and it exists before fudge. We would introduce you to one Ellen Swallow Richards class of eighteen seventy, widely acknowledged as America's first professional female chemist. Not the first female chemist, of course, just the first one who had the full time job doing it. And one thing that she is known for today was a book she wrote called Food as a Factor in Student Life. This convinced the Boston School Committee to change its usual pol sees about diet. She was so ahead of her time, you know, even I think we've all even in recent years, uh started to understand the link between nutrition and development, especially in kids, right in elementary schools and middle schools. Uh, this goes on when you're in college. And she has a quote she went to the Women's Congress at the eight ninety three Chicago's World Fair and raised an excellent point. I don't know, you want to do the honors? Sure? Yeah. And I think it's interesting too because we know that there's a history of college students eating like trash. You know, the idea of like ramen and and you know Kraft mcarnie. And she's pervades to this day because it's like a period where you don't really have a lot of money and you're kind of trying to let just make it on what you've got. So definitely an argument that continues to be part of student life, right. Um. And she was really ahead of the curve. So she says the following. A cow is worth to the state perhaps a hundred dollars a year. A trained my mind, one hundred thousand dollars a year. A nation which so carefully feeds its cattle should take care of its young men and women with promising brains. In fact, the future of our nation may be said to depend on the feeding of the students now in the schools. Yep, yeah, and that's I mean, she makes an excellent point, and you make an excellent point as well. No, the only thing that I am not with you on is that Ramen is amazing cheap ramen. I I want to thank my college days and my like my traveling hobo days, for lack of a better word, for teaching me how amazing. Robin is you a little sesame oil and that bad boy a soft boiled egg. Well, yeah, of course it tastes good. Bad I love ramen, but the sodium content is like through the roof of the noodles are deep fried, and you know, it's just like there's really nothing of value and its unless you, you know, sex it up a little bit and add a little cabbage or a little vegetable or a soft boiled egg. Like you said, that is the beauty of ramen. Though it's very adaptable. But I don't think that kids and dorms are doing a whole lot of that's true. Oh gosh, yeah, that's true. And you make a good point about nutrition. I just I just have to go to bat fork Man, I missed going out to like a Ramen place, but you're right, You're right, And Richards has this interest in the science of nutrition right now. Historians believe this is partially inspired by some classes she took with Vassar's professor of astronomy, Maria Mitchell. Maria Mitchell held weekly gatherings for her classes at her own apartment, which was inside the observatory. How cool is that? And students really look forward to this time because they would have kind of a social visit, almost a salon, right, They would drink coffee, they would have you know, cookies and snacks or and then they would get to meet Professor Mitchell's friends, right, her fellow intellectuals who included, uh, quite prominent activists and forward thinkers like Elizabeth Katie Stanton and Lucy Stone Blackwell. This was a great opportunity for these kids. But there's a question was were they there because they wanted to learn more about the suffrage movement uh and abolition and other progressive policies, or were they there because Ms. Mitchell's cookies were better fair than they could get normally. Yeah, it's a good question. Um. Vassar has all these great resources like the encyclopedia we talked about, and and a and a very um intense archive that shows that Hannah Lionman, who's the college's first woman principle, really was into this Victorian idea that women are frail and delicate creatures and need to subsist only on biscuits and bland t I'm I'm you know, editorializing there a little bit, but the idea that they didn't need any kind of robust flavors or anything, or any you know, hearty um food. They just needed the word is bland nourishment. That that was in the archives. Um. And in eighteen sixty six she wrote this letter to Vaster's president, and she complained that new students were getting too many packages from home with unhealthy foods and treats. Since she wrote this, the short supply and improper selection of food during the first months had the effect of exalting eating into a prominent theme of conversation and of perpetuating a habit I had hoped measurably to eradicate love old letters of receiving boxes from home. Um, yeah, so that's where she was coming from. Boxes from home, by the way, is italicized so picked her it as occur word. Yeah, you know, I think a lot of us who are in college now or are planning to go to college, or have attended. Uh know that food is food has always been more than just nutrition, right, Food is conversation, breaking bread not for nothing? Do some of the oldest works of literature talk about the importance of eating together. Um, So these students, these kids, some of the best and brightest in the country, weren't content to sit around with the equivalent of just uh, I guess the plane non spiced food. Like we all look, I'll say it, we all hear that stereotype nowadays about you know, quote unquote white people not spicing their food. Not only was this happening at vaster but they they had like a scientific, they're perceived scientific basis for that. I don't know, is that going too far? Like they explicitly say, bland food and lack of spices. Did you say that, no question about it? Okay, okay, so they said that we're not making that up. But anyway, in this fertile cultural soil, ellicit fudge parties begin. So these kids, who again are brilliant, they say, look, if we can't get the kind of cool stuff we want, the kind of sweets we want or something, then will begin making them for ourselves. And this is very mcgiver and it's as dangerous as that dryer we were talking about earlier off air. That's an Easter egg for just the three of us. I guess um they would take their their gaslights that they used in their dorms at night and they would use the gas from the gaslight where they would use spirit lamps from the chemistry lab to heat up these confections and they would like make fudge basically with the stuff they could find in their rumor on campus. Yeah, at great like physical peril to themselves and others. I mean, think about it. They're using these very dangerous like lab items in a dorm arm that could easily be you know what if they get into the throes of fudge ecstasy and they're like fudge drunk and then they knock over a Bunsen burner and the whole place goes up. You know, I'm just speculating here, but uh, surely fudge drunkenness is a thing. But luckily it didn't happen, But it was controversial activity. These were considered illicit fudge parties. Oh no, no, no, no, no, uh hold the fudge, hold the fudge phone. Casey just pointed something out off Mike the Casey. I feel like you have to you have to be on air. We want to be transparent. You have you have admonished us, and quite correctly. You know, it's one of those things where we're we're rounding the thirty minute mark and uh, the ending is nowhere in sight. So I think we all know what that means. I think it is a bifurcated podcast that we're that we're doing right now. And hey, not gonna lie. Uh that is perfectly serendipitous because all three of us, I think, are out on vacation next week. So hey, you gotta feed the content monster. And I think this one actually is worthy, much more so than I realized on the on the onset that there's a lot of stuff wrapped up in in fudge, not literally but just you know, historically speaking sometimes literally though, I think that's a good point. Yeah, we have so much more fudge to get to. We have so much to sling there we go, we have we have so much more fudge to unpack, to to heat up this. We have not yet begun to fudge. It's true, so we are going to make this a super parter. So please join us for the studying conclusion to this fudge saga on the next episode of Ridiculous History. In the meantime, hughes thanks to producer Casey Pegraham, Alex Williams who composed our theme, and of course Christopher haciotis here in spirit. Big Old thanks to Gabe Muisier, who I will I will title as the Emperor of Fudge in a tangential Wallace Stevens reference uh and big thanks of worse as always to our pure podcaster Eve's Jeff Coke. While you're waiting for part two of our continuing fudge stravaganza, why not check out her show This Day in History. You can also continue the conversation with your favorite or at least favorite fudge recipes on the internet with the best part of this show, your fellow listeners. Find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. Check out Ridiculous Historians on Facebook and pro tip you can find us as individuals if you would. If you would like to send us your best worst fudge puns, It's true, you can find me exclusively on Instagram where I am at how Now Noel Brown and you can find me on Twitter where I'm at Ben Bolland hs W. You can find me on Instagram where I am at Ben Bolland. Who knows. Maybe I'll try this mash potato fludge recipe I found and post the results. You see you next time. Books. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows

Ridiculous History is a production of I Heart Radio. Welcome to the show Ridiculous Historians. As always, thank you so much for tuning in. My name is Ben. This is an interesting one today. I gotta ask, um, you know, when you hear the word fudge, what do you think of inferior chocolate? Here we go, Uh, super producer, Casey Pegrom, what about you? I like fudge, So I'm gonna say it is a not a superior chocolate per se, but you know it's on equal footing with milk chocolate or chocolate or any of the other fine chocolate products. That to disagree, my friend, I will I will say, like I do have experiences of going to like Helen Georgia and like getting fudged there and it's just too much. It's just too heavy and you feel sick for like the rest of the day after you consume it. So moderation, But um, yeah, I like, I like a little fudge now. And then I guess my thing is I'm known by the way, I just don't know what it is like is it's like it's almost chocolate, it's almost caramel, it's bordering on cake. It's just it occupies this liminal space of confections that I just can't quite wrap my head around. Yeah, yeah, that that's my take on fudge. It's also a fun substitute word for a naughty word aspect of it. It's funny. We Uh, we were supposed to start recording about a half hour ago, but we ended up just shooting the breeze about multiple things, including the most famous use of fudge as a curse word I think was in the Christmas Story. Uh. And you're right, I like the freeze liminal space here because I like, maybe like you k cy, I like many people associate fudge with stuff you would see in like a country store on a rural road trip, next to the pepper jelly or whatever. And I think most of us associate fudge with chocolate. But it doesn't have to be right. There's maple fudge. There's all kinds of fudge in there, like a seventies kind of southern rock band called Vanilla Fudge. Oh. Absolutely, there is anybody that saw the Tarantino movie once by a time in Hollywood. The climax of that movie is a vanilla fudge. Oh that's the uh set me for you? Why don't you babe that that whole thing's somebody else's song, but it's their version, and if you go on YouTube and look up the live version, it is the most seventies thing you will ever see in your life. I love it. Well, we've got to stop the show for a second because we have to check out Vanilla Fudge. I can't believe someone beat us to that name. We're gonna have to come up with something new for our band. But while we're exploring that, we have to tell you, I don't know about you, guys, but I just found out that I didn't know anything about fudge, like the history of fudge, the actual origin story, in the genesis of it. Fudge is first off, much more recent invention than I had thought. I don't know about you guys. And secondly, as we're gonna find today, fudge was in its heyday associated not with like rural country stores or cracker barrels or whatever, but it was associated instead with a bit of rebellion. Yeah, it's true. I didn't realize it was such a relatively modern invention too. I assumed it was like developed on the prairie by the pioneers, you know, or even earlier than that. It's just I just assumed fudge should always kind of been you know, you you'd turn your butter and you'd make your fudge. But that's not the case at all. Um, let's start with a little bit of etymology. Fudge it wasn't the other way around. Fudge wasn't a word derived from the chocolate a thing. It was the other way around. Fudge was a verb before it was a confection around the seventeenth century. Um, it was something you would use to say, Oh, I'm gonna fudge that, you know, sort of cheat something to the left or to the right a little bit like maybe you've got some woodworking that you're doing. I don't know, just an example, and you need to fudge two pieces so they become flush. That's not a great example, obviously, I'm not a carpenter. Bank can you think of a better example of fudging something in the physical sense? Yeah, I think the woodworking example is good. I think that I don't know how accessible this is to our fellow listeners, but I think the three of all us have all fudged a little something in production where we maybe don't have the ideal audio we wants, but we're like we could play with this a little bit, so we've been able to fudge around. You know, it's interesting because etymologists now think that fudge came from an older, obsolete term fadge, which sounds like fudge with a weird New England accent f A d G right, exactly, f A d G E with the silent e, which I still don't understand. One of the great mysteries of the English language, the silent e. But that's the story for another day. Yeah, the Oxford English Dictionary. Um, there's an article on the invention of fudge on Chowhound and they referred to that entry where it describes fudge or fadge as meaning to fit together or even the idea of something turning out well, the implication maybe being despite less than ideal circumstances. But the implication is more that it wasn't about a mistake exactly. But we also know that there is at least legend fudge legend uh fudging about the idea that someone was trying to make a batch of caramels. As I was saying earlier, like what is fudge and they ended up with fudge? Um, because fudge contains sugar crystals, and that's actually something that kind of is a no no in baking. For the most part, you don't want there to be sugar crystals because that can give a grainy kind of texture, and fudge is sort of the exception to that rule. Uh. It's these micro crystals of sugar that give it that firm texture, and they're small enough so they do melt in your mouth and they don't feel weird and sand like on your tongue, but they melt so quickly that it has sort of a smooth consistency. And I think that's part of my weirdness with fudge, is the consistency. It doesn't act quite like chocolate because the crystals are there. It's a little bigger, so it has more of a I don't know, gloopy kind of thing. I don't want to nag fudge for anybody, but clearly, yeah, it's uh it's got almost a paste like consistency. Uh. For anyone familiar with um, the Middle Eastern North African food hulva, which is a popular snack, it's like that. Uh. That might not be the best comparison, but you're spot on with the weird state and importance of the sugar crystals. So in a previous episode, we we endeavored to clumsily teach you how to whistle, and you, guys, I listened back to that part. It's actually it was worth it. It was pretty hilarious. I made my kid listen to it. I held the phone up to her ear just during the mouth sounds part, and she just made the most offended face. But then she started laughing uncontrollably, because it's just it's I don't know, not to like talk about ourselves, but it is simultaneously disgusting and endearing, you know. For that one, I think it's okay for us to talk about ourselves this way, because we're not saying we did a good job. I think the fun part of that was the brilliant fact that none of the three of us pointed out that maybe we shouldn't try to explain how to put fingers in our mouths while we were doing it. But but still, it's pretty hilarious. So now we're gonna attempt to teach you the secret to cooking udge. This is with help from the Exploratorium. So now that you've mastered that weird problematic wolf whistle, it's time to begin your fudge career. Likenell said, you want these crystals to form. Forget all the other stuff you hear about candy. This is not applied to fudge. But you want them to form at a certain time, as certain temperatures. So if you want to avoid that gross kind of grainy fudge, it's not so much how you cook it as it is how you cool it. So you'll see a fudge recipe that will call for just in general, call for heating all the ingredients to two hundred and thirty four degrees fahrenheit. That's what's called the softball stage, where you can kind of mold it and then you allow it to cool, don't touch it, allow it to cool to about a hundred and ten degrees fahrenheit, and then when it hits one ten, that's when you start stirring. And you keep stirring and stirring and stirring as the candy becomes thicker and thicker and thicker. And what's happening is every time you stir, you're creating more crystal seeds, and you get lots and lots of tiny ones instead of the big ones. And I think that that goes to the texture you're talking about, right, Yeah, it absolutely does. And you know, if you stirch too much, you don't get the crystals at all, I guess, or there's so many of them that doesn't give you the same consistency. Don't stir enough, it becomes grainy and unpleasant. So it really is. I mean, honestly, fudge making is kind of an art, you know, if you have to really keep an eye on the temperature. Uh, it's not something that you can just go in and do without knowing what you're doing. So kudos to all the fudge stirs the fudge and I don't know what's what's the word for a fudge maker, fudge enthusiast. I like it. I like it, But you're right, Casey. I do think about, like, you know, the little candy stores on the boardwalk in Savannah or in Hell and where you can get a free sample, you know, and you can see their whole assembly line for like making fudge and prelins or saltwater taffy and all that. That's definitely what I think of when I think of this treat. So yeah, like chocolate caramels could be seen as being kind of the progenitor, is that the right word or the precursor I guess to to to fudge, and those have been around since the eighteen sixties. We found a recipe uh in an eighteen seventy cookbook from Maryland, um very very similar process. Uh So totally understand the notion that fudge was created by fudging this caramel recipe, because if you end up with these crystals like we're talking about, which you would not want in a sticky, chewy kind of caramel, you would end up with a little bit more of a crumbly and substantial kind of like we said, fudgie. Really for lack of I mean, that's really it's the best word for it, because that's kind of what it is. Really nothing else quite like it, and that's one theory behind it. But we really still aren't quite a hundred percent sure of who truly invented the dessert. But we do know is where it came from, which is a college, Vassar University in eighteen nine two or thereabouts. Yeah, be not confused, folks, Fudge is marketed in a dishonest way. Fudge is a food of the elite. Okay, it's not. It wasn't a case where somebody was selling produce on the side of the road and accidentally also made fudge. No, this comes from a storied institution, like you said, Noel Uh. The earliest origin of it dates back to a document by one Immelin Battersby Heartridge. She wrote a letter describing her encounter with fudge. But she says this happened while she was attending classes at Vassar in the eighties eight eight six. But she says there was already fudge in play. There was a store in Baltimore that was selling it for like forty cents a pound, So we know it originated around that time, but we don't know exactly who invented it. For a long time, Heartridge was credited with inventing the substance fudge, but Vasser itself disagrees. They have an article in their encyclopedia called Vasser Myths and Legends that says, essentially, look Emmelyn Heartridge described fudge. That's the first known written account we have of fudge. But she in her own letter said that she got the instructions to make it from someone else. Well good on Vassar were trying to set the record straight and not just you know, co opting fudge for themselves, because we know that Vasser has a really interesting history when it comes to food. Was originally a women's college. Now it's a co ed private school. UM that happened in a nineteen sixty nine pretty recently. Was founded in eighteen sixty one by Matthew Asser. UM very remarkable architecture. Uh. There's a pub on the campus called the Mug for short, which is the full name is Matthews Mug named after the the owner and founder, who is a brewer. And Vasser, as many of you will know, is located in one of my favorite cities to say out loud in New York, but Keepsie. And it's fun to look at because it looks like it would be spelled poof Keepsie because it's p o U g h k e E p s i E. But it's Pokeepsie. It's a good one. I'm a shoeboygan man myself, but that's just because of our our recent episode. Um, you know what, one day, forget it. One day, let's just do an episode, perhaps a listener mail episode, where we just read off weird place names. I don't know about you, guys. It's always hilarious to me when we have someone right in and they're like, you know that weird cacophonous agglomeration of consonants and vowels that you tried to pronounce is actually pronounced papoloia And you're like, no, there's not a p in there. Those are all g anyway proper names. So there's another one in like Boston, for example, that's you know, it looks peabody, but they say it's pbody, pbody, pbody. You know, who's to know unless you've heard it spoken, unless you grew up in that area. But you know, our listeners are always super respectful when they correct us, and we appreciate that. I want to do this before we move on. UM. I don't know about u k s here, you know, but being a nerd, I spent the vast majority of things I learned I learned by reading, which doesn't help with pronunciation, right. Uh So I want to give a shout out to the person who wrote to us on our if you guys are our wolf Whistle episode and said it's pronounced Boson, not boatswain, So we see, we hear you, thank you. It was all of us what that now. I don't accept that. I reject that someone made a horrible mistake. They did, But I mean, what is a living language but a mixed tape of horrible mistakes that we all accepted. But it's a boat job. It's a job that takes place on a boat. How can you take the boat out of this boat job? It's yeah, it's weird. There's so many maritime traditions, you know what I mean? And boatswain has pronounced boson. So there we have it. Which I learned something anyway, Speaking of learning, back to Poughkeepsie. So it's interesting because Vassar has this fascinating history with food and it exists before fudge. We would introduce you to one Ellen Swallow Richards class of eighteen seventy, widely acknowledged as America's first professional female chemist. Not the first female chemist, of course, just the first one who had the full time job doing it. And one thing that she is known for today was a book she wrote called Food as a Factor in Student Life. This convinced the Boston School Committee to change its usual pol sees about diet. She was so ahead of her time, you know, even I think we've all even in recent years, uh started to understand the link between nutrition and development, especially in kids, right in elementary schools and middle schools. Uh, this goes on when you're in college. And she has a quote she went to the Women's Congress at the eight ninety three Chicago's World Fair and raised an excellent point. I don't know, you want to do the honors? Sure? Yeah. And I think it's interesting too because we know that there's a history of college students eating like trash. You know, the idea of like ramen and and you know Kraft mcarnie. And she's pervades to this day because it's like a period where you don't really have a lot of money and you're kind of trying to let just make it on what you've got. So definitely an argument that continues to be part of student life, right. Um. And she was really ahead of the curve. So she says the following. A cow is worth to the state perhaps a hundred dollars a year. A trained my mind, one hundred thousand dollars a year. A nation which so carefully feeds its cattle should take care of its young men and women with promising brains. In fact, the future of our nation may be said to depend on the feeding of the students now in the schools. Yep, yeah, and that's I mean, she makes an excellent point, and you make an excellent point as well. No, the only thing that I am not with you on is that Ramen is amazing cheap ramen. I I want to thank my college days and my like my traveling hobo days, for lack of a better word, for teaching me how amazing. Robin is you a little sesame oil and that bad boy a soft boiled egg. Well, yeah, of course it tastes good. Bad I love ramen, but the sodium content is like through the roof of the noodles are deep fried, and you know, it's just like there's really nothing of value and its unless you, you know, sex it up a little bit and add a little cabbage or a little vegetable or a soft boiled egg. Like you said, that is the beauty of ramen. Though it's very adaptable. But I don't think that kids and dorms are doing a whole lot of that's true. Oh gosh, yeah, that's true. And you make a good point about nutrition. I just I just have to go to bat fork Man, I missed going out to like a Ramen place, but you're right, You're right, And Richards has this interest in the science of nutrition right now. Historians believe this is partially inspired by some classes she took with Vassar's professor of astronomy, Maria Mitchell. Maria Mitchell held weekly gatherings for her classes at her own apartment, which was inside the observatory. How cool is that? And students really look forward to this time because they would have kind of a social visit, almost a salon, right, They would drink coffee, they would have you know, cookies and snacks or and then they would get to meet Professor Mitchell's friends, right, her fellow intellectuals who included, uh, quite prominent activists and forward thinkers like Elizabeth Katie Stanton and Lucy Stone Blackwell. This was a great opportunity for these kids. But there's a question was were they there because they wanted to learn more about the suffrage movement uh and abolition and other progressive policies, or were they there because Ms. Mitchell's cookies were better fair than they could get normally. Yeah, it's a good question. Um. Vassar has all these great resources like the encyclopedia we talked about, and and a and a very um intense archive that shows that Hannah Lionman, who's the college's first woman principle, really was into this Victorian idea that women are frail and delicate creatures and need to subsist only on biscuits and bland t I'm I'm you know, editorializing there a little bit, but the idea that they didn't need any kind of robust flavors or anything, or any you know, hearty um food. They just needed the word is bland nourishment. That that was in the archives. Um. And in eighteen sixty six she wrote this letter to Vaster's president, and she complained that new students were getting too many packages from home with unhealthy foods and treats. Since she wrote this, the short supply and improper selection of food during the first months had the effect of exalting eating into a prominent theme of conversation and of perpetuating a habit I had hoped measurably to eradicate love old letters of receiving boxes from home. Um, yeah, so that's where she was coming from. Boxes from home, by the way, is italicized so picked her it as occur word. Yeah, you know, I think a lot of us who are in college now or are planning to go to college, or have attended. Uh know that food is food has always been more than just nutrition, right, Food is conversation, breaking bread not for nothing? Do some of the oldest works of literature talk about the importance of eating together. Um, So these students, these kids, some of the best and brightest in the country, weren't content to sit around with the equivalent of just uh, I guess the plane non spiced food. Like we all look, I'll say it, we all hear that stereotype nowadays about you know, quote unquote white people not spicing their food. Not only was this happening at vaster but they they had like a scientific, they're perceived scientific basis for that. I don't know, is that going too far? Like they explicitly say, bland food and lack of spices. Did you say that, no question about it? Okay, okay, so they said that we're not making that up. But anyway, in this fertile cultural soil, ellicit fudge parties begin. So these kids, who again are brilliant, they say, look, if we can't get the kind of cool stuff we want, the kind of sweets we want or something, then will begin making them for ourselves. And this is very mcgiver and it's as dangerous as that dryer we were talking about earlier off air. That's an Easter egg for just the three of us. I guess um they would take their their gaslights that they used in their dorms at night and they would use the gas from the gaslight where they would use spirit lamps from the chemistry lab to heat up these confections and they would like make fudge basically with the stuff they could find in their rumor on campus. Yeah, at great like physical peril to themselves and others. I mean, think about it. They're using these very dangerous like lab items in a dorm arm that could easily be you know what if they get into the throes of fudge ecstasy and they're like fudge drunk and then they knock over a Bunsen burner and the whole place goes up. You know, I'm just speculating here, but uh, surely fudge drunkenness is a thing. But luckily it didn't happen, But it was controversial activity. These were considered illicit fudge parties. Oh no, no, no, no, no, uh hold the fudge, hold the fudge phone. Casey just pointed something out off Mike the Casey. I feel like you have to you have to be on air. We want to be transparent. You have you have admonished us, and quite correctly. You know, it's one of those things where we're we're rounding the thirty minute mark and uh, the ending is nowhere in sight. So I think we all know what that means. I think it is a bifurcated podcast that we're that we're doing right now. And hey, not gonna lie. Uh that is perfectly serendipitous because all three of us, I think, are out on vacation next week. So hey, you gotta feed the content monster. And I think this one actually is worthy, much more so than I realized on the on the onset that there's a lot of stuff wrapped up in in fudge, not literally but just you know, historically speaking sometimes literally though, I think that's a good point. Yeah, we have so much more fudge to get to. We have so much to sling there we go, we have we have so much more fudge to unpack, to to heat up this. We have not yet begun to fudge. It's true, so we are going to make this a super parter. So please join us for the studying conclusion to this fudge saga on the next episode of Ridiculous History. In the meantime, hughes thanks to producer Casey Pegraham, Alex Williams who composed our theme, and of course Christopher haciotis here in spirit. Big Old thanks to Gabe Muisier, who I will I will title as the Emperor of Fudge in a tangential Wallace Stevens reference uh and big thanks of worse as always to our pure podcaster Eve's Jeff Coke. While you're waiting for part two of our continuing fudge stravaganza, why not check out her show This Day in History. You can also continue the conversation with your favorite or at least favorite fudge recipes on the internet with the best part of this show, your fellow listeners. Find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. Check out Ridiculous Historians on Facebook and pro tip you can find us as individuals if you would. If you would like to send us your best worst fudge puns, It's true, you can find me exclusively on Instagram where I am at how Now Noel Brown and you can find me on Twitter where I'm at Ben Bolland hs W. You can find me on Instagram where I am at Ben Bolland. Who knows. Maybe I'll try this mash potato fludge recipe I found and post the results. You see you next time. Books. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows