COVID-19 illustrates how refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced people and migrants are being left out of pandemic preparedness plans, including national vaccination programmes. In South Africa people living in South Africa who are undocumented are not able to register with the Covid-19 vaccination programme.  In this segment, Lukhona Mnguni speaks to Professor Jo Vearey, Director at the African Centre for Migration and Society at Wits University and looks at the issues of vaccine nationalism, vaccine exclusion and hesitancy and their likely effect at the population level.