Southern Thailand is experiencing its worst surge in violence in more than a decade, with dozens of coordinated attacks across the predominantly Malay-Muslim provinces near Malaysia’s border. Despite peace talks dating back to 2013, negotiations between the Thai government and separatist groups have repeatedly stalled, leaving communities caught between insurgency and security operations. What is driving the latest escalation, why has the peace process failed to deliver meaningful progress, and what can Thailand and Malaysia do to help break the cycle of violence?