What happened to the Guelphs and Ghibellines after Dante’s generation? The names survived for centuries, but their original meaning slowly gave way to family rivalries, oligarchic struggles, territorial states, foreign armies, and new ways of thinking about political power. In this capstone to the series, we move from Dante to another exiled Florentine, Niccolò Machiavelli, and ask whether he was truly profoundly modern or simply the man who found a new language for political realities that had been there all along.

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Music Provided by:
"Sonatina in C Minor" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
"Funeral March for Brass" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
"Crusade Heavy Perfect Loop" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Agnus Dei X - Bitter Suite Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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