Defining climate finance

Why is the new target contentious?

Climate finance status in Southeast Asia

Providing vs. mobilising climate finance

Funding access for developing nations

The amount, quality and access of climate finance among key issues to be discussed at COP29.

Synopsis: Every first and third Tuesday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.

Expectations are mounting on negotiators at COP29, the UN climate conference, to produce an outcome on climate finance. The annual summit, from Nov 11 to Nov 22 in Baku, Azerbaijan, is shaping up to be a “finance COP”, where discussions on the new collective quantified goal for climate finance – or how much money should be channelled to developing countries to help them take climate action – are expected to conclude.

In this episode, hosts Audrey Tan and David Fogarty chat with Ms Illari Aragon, the climate policy justice lead at nonprofit Christian Aid. 

Highlights of conversation (click/tap above):

2:39 What do we mean by climate finance? 

4:18 Why are discussions on the new climate finance target so contentious? 

11:29 The situation on climate finance in South-east Asia

12:38 The difference between providing and mobilising climate finance 

14:40 Challenges for developing countries to access climate finance

Follow Audrey Tan on LinkedIn: https://str.sg/848W

Read her articles: https://str.sg/JLM2

Follow David Fogarty on X: https://str.sg/JLM6

Read his articles: https://str.sg/JLMu

Hosts: Audrey Tan (audreyt@sph.com.sg) & David Fogarty (dfogarty@sph.com.sg)

Produced and edited by: Hadyu Rahim

Executive producer: Ernest Luis

Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:

Channel: https://str.sg/JWaf

Apple Podcasts: https://str.sg/JWaY

Spotify: https://str.sg/JWag

Feedback to: podcast@sph.com.sg

---

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All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: https://str.sg/wvz7

ST Podcast website: http://str.sg/stpodcasts

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---

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The App Store: https://str.sg/icyB

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#greenpulse

The amount, quality and access of climate finance among key issues to be discussed at COP29.
Synopsis: Every first and third Tuesday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.
Expectations are mounting on negotiators at COP29, the UN climate conference, to produce an outcome on climate finance. The annual summit, from Nov 11 to Nov 22 in Baku, Azerbaijan, is shaping up to be a “finance COP”, where discussions on the new collective quantified goal for climate finance – or how much money should be channelled to developing countries to help them take climate action – are expected to conclude.
In this episode, hosts Audrey Tan and David Fogarty chat with Ms Illari Aragon, the climate policy justice lead at nonprofit Christian Aid. 
Highlights of conversation (click/tap above):
2:39 What do we mean by climate finance? 
4:18 Why are discussions on the new climate finance target so contentious? 
11:29 The situation on climate finance in South-east Asia
12:38 The difference between providing and mobilising climate finance 
14:40 Challenges for developing countries to access climate finance
Follow Audrey Tan on LinkedIn: <a href="https://str.sg/848W">https://str.sg/848W</a>
Read her articles: <a href="https://str.sg/JLM2">https://str.sg/JLM2</a>
Follow David Fogarty on X: <a href="https://str.sg/JLM6">https://str.sg/JLM6</a>
Read his articles: <a href="https://str.sg/JLMu">https://str.sg/JLMu</a>
Hosts: Audrey Tan (<a href="mailto:audreyt@sph.com.sg">audreyt@sph.com.sg</a>) &amp; David Fogarty (<a href="mailto:dfogarty@sph.com.sg">dfogarty@sph.com.sg</a>)
Produced and edited by: Hadyu Rahim
Executive producer: Ernest Luis
Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:
Channel: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaf">https://str.sg/JWaf</a>
Apple Podcasts: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaY">https://str.sg/JWaY</a>
Spotify: <a href="https://str.sg/JWag">https://str.sg/JWag</a>
Feedback to: <a href="mailto:podcast@sph.com.sg">podcast@sph.com.sg</a>
---
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ST Podcasts YouTube: <a href="https://str.sg/4Vwsa">https://str.sg/4Vwsa</a>
---
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The App Store: <a href="https://str.sg/icyB">https://str.sg/icyB</a>
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---
#greenpulse

Synopsis: Every first and third Tuesday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.

Podcasters: Audrey Tan & David Fogarty

Produced and edited by: Hadyu Rahim

Executive producers: Ernest Luis & Lynda Hong

A podcast by The Straits Times, SPH Media.

Synopsis: Every first and third Tuesday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.
Podcasters: Audrey Tan &amp; David Fogarty
Produced and edited by: Hadyu Rahim
Executive producers: Ernest Luis &amp; Lynda Hong
A podcast by The Straits Times, SPH Media.

Green Pulse

Synopsis: Almost every weekday, our ALL-IN-ONE channel showcases discussions on Singapore youth perspectives and social issues, geopolitics through an Asian lens, health, climate change, personal finance and career.

Follow our shows on your favourite audio apps Apple Podcasts, Spotify or even ST's app, which has a dedicated podcast player section.

Produced by podcast editor Ernest Luis & The Straits Times, SPH Media.

Synopsis: Almost every weekday, our ALL-IN-ONE channel showcases discussions on Singapore youth perspectives and social issues, geopolitics through an Asian lens, health, climate change, personal finance and career.
Follow our shows on your favourite audio apps Apple Podcasts, Spotify or even ST's app, which has a dedicated podcast player section.
Produced by podcast editor Ernest Luis &amp; The Straits Times, SPH Media.

The Straits Times Podcasts

Climate finance at COP29: Loans can't help developing nations avert climate crisis

Why Punggol is a monkey hotspot

Monkey see, monkey don’t

Otters and civets visiting homes

Is culling best for bird control?

What to do if you see a snake

While Singapore is transforming into a City in Nature, natural habitats have been lost to development, leading to more human and animal clashes. How can wildlife and humans live in harmony? 

Synopsis (headphones recommended): Green Trails is a four-part environment podcast special for 2024 where The Straits Times hits the ground with experts.

In this fourth episode, our trails won’t be entirely green. Instead of a nature park or a green space, we head over to an urban place surrounded by buildings and construction noise. 

The new neighbourhood of Punggol Northshore recently saw some monkey business, with troops of long-tailed macaques spotted at construction sites and even eating at a void deck of an HDB block. 

To find out how residents can responsibly live in a macaque hotspot, ST journalist Shabana Begum speaks with co-chief executive of Animal Concerns Research and Education Society (Acres) Anbarasi Boopal, and president of the Jane Goodall Institute (Singapore) Andie Ang. 

Strolling along Punggol Settlement and the promenade opposite Coney Island, the conversation turns to other wildlife in our midst – from the common palm civets that tend to sneak into private houses, to the ever-present junglefowls. 

Animals in urban areas being culled is never a clear-cut decision, as Ms Anbarasi says: “Removal (of animals) is always not a solution. And where do we draw the line, right? 

“We are okay with hornbills, but we're not okay with other birds.”

At the end of the day, even urban areas in Singapore can be green trails. 

Highlights (click/tap above):

2:10 Why is Punggol a monkey hotspot?

4:45 Monkey see, monkey don’t do

11:08 When otters and civets visit homes 

14:30 Is culling the best way to reduce bird numbers?

17:08 What to do when you encounter a snake

Read ST’s previous commentary about co-existing with wildlife: https://str.sg/tYpq

Find out more about macaques in Punggol:https://str.sg/ephc

Listen to other Green Trails episodes: 

Ep 1: Visit to Sungei Buloh: How Singapore can better host migratory birds - https://str.sg/BrqS

Ep 2: Visit to East Coast: How reclamation will shape up against rising sea levels - https://str.sg/mRG8

Ep 3: Visit to Windsor Park: Can insects in SG's backyard be foraged? - https://str.sg/4V6nQ

Host: Shabana Begum (nshab@sph.com.sg)

Trail producers: Hadyu Rahim, Fa‘izah Sani, Amirul Karim & Elsa Goh 

Edited by: Hadyu Rahim

Executive Producers: Lynda Hong (lyndahong@sph.com.sg), Ernest Luis (ernest@sph.com.sg) & Audrey Tan (audreyt@sph.com.sg)

Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:

Channel: https://str.sg/JWaf

Apple Podcasts: https://str.sg/JWaY

Spotify: https://str.sg/JWag

Feedback to: podcast@sph.com.sg

---

Follow more ST podcast channels:

All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: https://str.sg/wvz7

ST Podcast website: http://str.sg/stpodcasts

ST Podcasts YouTube: https://str.sg/4Vwsa

---

Get The Straits Times' app, which has a dedicated podcast player section:

The App Store: https://str.sg/icyB

Google Play: https://str.sg/icyX

---

#greenpulse #greentrails

While Singapore is transforming into a City in Nature, natural habitats have been lost to development, leading to more human and animal clashes. How can wildlife and humans live in harmony? 
Synopsis (headphones recommended): Green Trails is a four-part environment podcast special for 2024 where The Straits Times hits the ground with experts.
In this fourth episode, our trails won’t be entirely green. Instead of a nature park or a green space, we head over to an urban place surrounded by buildings and construction noise. 
The new neighbourhood of Punggol Northshore recently saw some monkey business, with troops of long-tailed macaques spotted at construction sites and even eating at a void deck of an HDB block.  
To find out how residents can responsibly live in a macaque hotspot, ST journalist Shabana Begum speaks with co-chief executive of Animal Concerns Research and Education Society (Acres) Anbarasi Boopal, and president of the Jane Goodall Institute (Singapore) Andie Ang. 
Strolling along Punggol Settlement and the promenade opposite Coney Island, the conversation turns to other wildlife in our midst – from the common palm civets that tend to sneak into private houses, to the ever-present junglefowls.  Animals in urban areas being culled is never a clear-cut decision, as Ms Anbarasi says: “Removal (of animals) is always not a solution. And where do we draw the line, right? 
“We are okay with hornbills, but we're not okay with other birds.”
At the end of the day, even urban areas in Singapore can be green trails. 
Highlights (click/tap above):
2:10 Why is Punggol a monkey hotspot?
4:45 Monkey see, monkey don’t do
11:08 When otters and civets visit homes 
14:30 Is culling the best way to reduce bird numbers?
17:08 What to do when you encounter a snake
Read ST’s previous commentary about co-existing with wildlife: https://str.sg/tYpq
Find out more about macaques in Punggol: https://str.sg/ephc
Listen to other Green Trails episodes: 
Ep 1: Visit to Sungei Buloh: How Singapore can better host migratory birds - <a href="https://str.sg/BrqS">https://str.sg/BrqS</a>
Ep 2: Visit to East Coast: How reclamation will shape up against rising sea levels - <a href="https://str.sg/mRG8">https://str.sg/mRG8</a>
Ep 3: Visit to Windsor Park: Can insects in SG's backyard be foraged? - <a href="https://str.sg/4V6nQ">https://str.sg/4V6nQ</a>
Host: Shabana Begum (<a href="mailto:nshab@sph.com.sg">nshab@sph.com.sg</a>)
Trail producers: Hadyu Rahim, Fa‘izah Sani, Amirul Karim &amp; Elsa Goh 
Edited by: Hadyu Rahim
Executive Producers: Lynda Hong (<a href="mailto:lyndahong@sph.com.sg">lyndahong@sph.com.sg</a>), Ernest Luis (<a href="mailto:ernest@sph.com.sg">ernest@sph.com.sg</a>) &amp; Audrey Tan (<a href="mailto:audreyt@sph.com.sg">audreyt@sph.com.sg</a>)
Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:
Channel: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaf">https://str.sg/JWaf</a>
Apple Podcasts: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaY">https://str.sg/JWaY</a>
Spotify: <a href="https://str.sg/JWag">https://str.sg/JWag</a>
Feedback to: <a href="mailto:podcast@sph.com.sg">podcast@sph.com.sg</a>
---
Follow more ST podcast channels:
All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: <a href="https://str.sg/wvz7">https://str.sg/wvz7</a>
ST Podcast website: <a href="http://str.sg/stpodcasts">http://str.sg/stpodcasts</a>
ST Podcasts YouTube: <a href="https://str.sg/4Vwsa">https://str.sg/4Vwsa</a>
---
Get The Straits Times' app, which has a dedicated podcast player section:
The App Store: <a href="https://str.sg/icyB">https://str.sg/icyB</a>
Google Play: <a href="https://str.sg/icyX">https://str.sg/icyX</a>
---
#greenpulse #greentrails

Visit to Punggol: How human-wildlife conflict can be mitigated

What is Article 6 all about?

Why is Article 6 important for SEA?

Main sticking points of negotiations

Carbon avoidance, removal, or reduction issues

Other benefits that Article 6 can deliver

International carbon markets can help to channel funding to developing countries and help them take action to tackle climate change.

Synopsis: Every first and thirdTuesdayof the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.

What is the difference between carbon avoidance, removal or reduction? This question is one of a few key ones holding up global consensus on the establishment of a global carbon credit programme under Article 6 the Paris Agreement. At the UN climate conference COP29, which will be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from Nov 11 to 22, negotiators will be hammering out the details to enable this programme to be implemented. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement allows countries to cooperate with one another to achieve their climate targets, such as through carbon markets. 

What are the differences between these three terms, and why are they so contentious? To find out more about the roadblocks hindering an agreement on carbon markets at COP29, hosts Audrey Tan and David Fogarty chat with Mr Anshari Rahman, director of policy and analytics and investment firm GenZero. Mr Anshari was a former climate negotiator on Article 6 with the Singapore Government.

Highlights of conversation (click/tap above):

2:08 What is Article 6 all about?

4:07 Why is Article 6 important for South-east Asia?

7:42 What are the main sticking points of negotiations on Article 6?

9:33 What are the issues surrounding the varying definitions of carbon avoidance, removal, or reduction?

13:58 What are the other benefits that Article 6 can deliver?

Follow Audrey Tan on LinkedIn: https://str.sg/848W

Read her articles: https://str.sg/JLM2

Follow David Fogarty on X: https://str.sg/JLM6

Read his articles: https://str.sg/JLMu

Hosts: Audrey Tan (audreyt@sph.com.sg) & David Fogarty (dfogarty@sph.com.sg)

Produced and edited by: Eden Soh

Executive producer: Ernest Luis

Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:

Channel: https://str.sg/JWaf

Apple Podcasts: https://str.sg/JWaY

Spotify: https://str.sg/JWag

Feedback to: podcast@sph.com.sg

---

Follow more ST podcast channels:

All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: https://str.sg/wvz7

ST Podcast website: http://str.sg/stpodcasts

ST Podcasts YouTube: https://str.sg/4Vwsa

---

Get The Straits Times' app, which has a dedicated podcast player section:

The App Store: https://str.sg/icyB

Google Play: https://str.sg/icyX

---

#greenpulse

International carbon markets can help to channel funding to developing countries and help them take action to tackle climate change.
Synopsis: Every first and third Tuesday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.
What is the difference between carbon avoidance, removal or reduction? This question is one of a few key ones holding up global consensus on the establishment of a global carbon credit programme under Article 6 the Paris Agreement. At the UN climate conference COP29, which will be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from Nov 11 to 22, negotiators will be hammering out the details to enable this programme to be implemented. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement allows countries to cooperate with one another to achieve their climate targets, such as through carbon markets. 
What are the differences between these three terms, and why are they so contentious? To find out more about the roadblocks hindering an agreement on carbon markets at COP29, hosts Audrey Tan and David Fogarty chat with Mr Anshari Rahman, director of policy and analytics and investment firm GenZero. Mr Anshari was a former climate negotiator on Article 6 with the Singapore Government.
Highlights of conversation (click/tap above):
2:08 What is Article 6 all about?
4:07 Why is Article 6 important for South-east Asia?
7:42 What are the main sticking points of negotiations on Article 6?
9:33 What are the issues surrounding the varying definitions of carbon avoidance, removal, or reduction?
13:58 What are the other benefits that Article 6 can deliver?
Follow Audrey Tan on LinkedIn: <a href="https://str.sg/848W">https://str.sg/848W</a>
Read her articles: <a href="https://str.sg/JLM2">https://str.sg/JLM2</a>
Follow David Fogarty on X: <a href="https://str.sg/JLM6">https://str.sg/JLM6</a>
Read his articles: <a href="https://str.sg/JLMu">https://str.sg/JLMu</a>
Hosts: Audrey Tan (<a href="mailto:audreyt@sph.com.sg">audreyt@sph.com.sg</a>) &amp; David Fogarty (<a href="mailto:dfogarty@sph.com.sg">dfogarty@sph.com.sg</a>)
Produced and edited by: Eden Soh
Executive producer: Ernest Luis
Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:
Channel: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaf">https://str.sg/JWaf</a>
Apple Podcasts: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaY">https://str.sg/JWaY</a>
Spotify: <a href="https://str.sg/JWag">https://str.sg/JWag</a>
Feedback to: <a href="mailto:podcast@sph.com.sg">podcast@sph.com.sg</a>
---
Follow more ST podcast channels:
All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: <a href="https://str.sg/wvz7">https://str.sg/wvz7</a>
ST Podcast website: <a href="http://str.sg/stpodcasts">http://str.sg/stpodcasts</a>
ST Podcasts YouTube: <a href="https://str.sg/4Vwsa">https://str.sg/4Vwsa</a>
---
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The App Store: <a href="https://str.sg/icyB">https://str.sg/icyB</a>
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---
#greenpulse

Avoidance, removals and reduction: What blocks agreement on carbon markets at COP29?

Why is COP16 significant?

What is expected at COP16

How are financial negotiations progressing?

How to phase out harmful nature subsidies?

Why is benefit sharing important at COP16?

How is SE Asia tackling nature conservation?

Unlocking new sources of financing for nature, ending harmful subsidies and benefit sharing among issues to be discussed

Synopsis: Every first and third Sunday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.

It has been two years since the Global Biodiversity Framework was adopted, and almost 200 countries are set to gather in Cali, Colombia, from Oct 21 to Nov 1 to discuss the way forward. The framework, touted as the biodiversity equivalent of the Paris Agreement that aims to help the world avert catastrophic climate change, wants to help slow, even reverse, nature’s decline. 

The framework outlines four goals that the world hopes to achieve by 2050, including protecting and restoring nature and closing the biodiversity finance gap. The framework also outlines 22 targets, to be achieved by 2030, to help the world achieve the longer-term goals. Targets include the one to restore 30 per cent of all degraded ecosystems by 2030, and to protect and restore 30 per cent of the world’s lands and seas by that same timeline. 

At COP16, countries are expected to come up with an action plan to translate these goals and targets into concrete action. But what are some hot topics, and how will countries navigate this? To find out more, hosts Audrey Tan and David Fogarty chat with Mr Will McGoldrick, Asia-Pacific managing director for The Nature Conservancy. 

Highlights of conversation (click/tap above):

2:29 Why is COP16 important? 

4:48 What does The Nature Conservancy – one of the world’s largest environmental non-profit organisations that is tracking negotiations – expect to see at COP16? 

6:40 Protecting nature does not come cheap. What are negotiations looking like on the finance front? 

9:46 How do we start to phase out subsidies that harm nature? 

14:30 Benefit sharing is expected to be another topic of discussions at COP16. What is it and why is it important? 

17:12 How are South-east Asian countries approaching nature conservation? 

Follow Audrey Tan on LinkedIn: https://str.sg/848W

Read her articles: https://str.sg/JLM2

Follow David Fogarty on X: https://str.sg/JLM6

Read his articles: https://str.sg/JLMu

Hosts: Audrey Tan (audreyt@sph.com.sg) & David Fogarty (dfogarty@sph.com.sg)

Produced and edited by: Hadyu Rahim

Executive producer: Ernest Luis

Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:

Channel: https://str.sg/JWaf

Apple Podcasts: https://str.sg/JWaY

Spotify: https://str.sg/JWag

Feedback to: podcast@sph.com.sg

---

Follow more ST podcast channels:

All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: https://str.sg/wvz7

ST Podcast website: http://str.sg/stpodcasts

ST Podcasts YouTube: https://str.sg/4Vwsa

---

Get The Straits Times' app, which has a dedicated podcast player section:

The App Store: https://str.sg/icyB

Google Play: https://str.sg/icyX

---

#greenpulse

Unlocking new sources of financing for nature, ending harmful subsidies and benefit sharing among issues to be discussed
Synopsis: Every first and third Sunday of the month, The Straits Times analyses the beat of the changing environment, from biodiversity conservation to climate change.
It has been two years since the Global Biodiversity Framework was adopted, and almost 200 countries are set to gather in Cali, Colombia, from Oct 21 to Nov 1 to discuss the way forward. The framework, touted as the biodiversity equivalent of the Paris Agreement that aims to help the world avert catastrophic climate change, wants to help slow, even reverse, nature’s decline. 
The framework outlines four goals that the world hopes to achieve by 2050, including protecting and restoring nature and closing the biodiversity finance gap. The framework also outlines 22 targets, to be achieved by 2030, to help the world achieve the longer-term goals. Targets include the one to restore 30 per cent of all degraded ecosystems by 2030, and to protect and restore 30 per cent of the world’s lands and seas by that same timeline. 
At COP16, countries are expected to come up with an action plan to translate these goals and targets into concrete action. But what are some hot topics, and how will countries navigate this? To find out more, hosts Audrey Tan and David Fogarty chat with Mr Will McGoldrick, Asia-Pacific managing director for The Nature Conservancy. 
Highlights of conversation (click/tap above):
2:29 Why is COP16 important? 
4:48 What does The Nature Conservancy – one of the world’s largest environmental non-profit organisations that is tracking negotiations – expect to see at COP16? 
6:40 Protecting nature does not come cheap. What are negotiations looking like on the finance front? 
9:46 How do we start to phase out subsidies that harm nature? 
14:30 Benefit sharing is expected to be another topic of discussions at COP16. What is it and why is it important? 
17:12 How are South-east Asian countries approaching nature conservation? 
Follow Audrey Tan on LinkedIn: <a href="https://str.sg/848W">https://str.sg/848W</a>
Read her articles: <a href="https://str.sg/JLM2">https://str.sg/JLM2</a>
Follow David Fogarty on X: <a href="https://str.sg/JLM6">https://str.sg/JLM6</a>
Read his articles: <a href="https://str.sg/JLMu">https://str.sg/JLMu</a>
Hosts: Audrey Tan (<a href="mailto:audreyt@sph.com.sg">audreyt@sph.com.sg</a>) &amp; David Fogarty (<a href="mailto:dfogarty@sph.com.sg">dfogarty@sph.com.sg</a>)
Produced and edited by: Hadyu Rahim
Executive producer: Ernest Luis
Follow Green Pulse Podcast here and get notified for new episode drops:
Channel: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaf">https://str.sg/JWaf</a>
Apple Podcasts: <a href="https://str.sg/JWaY">https://str.sg/JWaY</a>
Spotify: <a href="https://str.sg/JWag">https://str.sg/JWag</a>
Feedback to: <a href="mailto:podcast@sph.com.sg">podcast@sph.com.sg</a>
---
Follow more ST podcast channels:
All-in-one ST Podcasts channel: <a href="https://str.sg/wvz7">https://str.sg/wvz7</a>
ST Podcast website: <a href="http://str.sg/stpodcasts">http://str.sg/stpodcasts</a>
ST Podcasts YouTube: <a href="https://str.sg/4Vwsa">https://str.sg/4Vwsa</a>
---
Get The Straits Times' app, which has a dedicated podcast player section:
The App Store: <a href="https://str.sg/icyB">https://str.sg/icyB</a>
Google Play: <a href="https://str.sg/icyX">https://str.sg/icyX</a>
---
#greenpulse

Climate finance at COP29: Loans can't help developing nations avert climate crisis

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