Daniel and Jorge Explain the UniverseWhy are there stars and planets and not just smooth matter everywhere?
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Terms apply. So I was outside the other night with my son looking up at the sky, and we were having a great time, and he turned to me and he asked me a question. He said, Hey, Dad, why are their stars?
You mean like movie stars?
No, no astronomical stars. He wanted to know.
Oh wow, what did you say?
Well, I thought he was asking me, like, why do stars exist? You know, why do we have bright stars in the sky. So, of course I give him a long physics explanation for you know, how fusion works and all this kind of stuff.
What would it like to have your dad be a physical professor?
It's awesome, Sure, it's a one hundred percent awesome.
I wonder how many times he's just like dad. I just wanted a one sentence answer.
I once heard him explaining to his friends about black holes, and I thought, Hey, that dude is cool because of me.
I think cool might not be the appropriate adjective here. But was he satisfied with your explanation?
No, not at all. In fact, it turns out I totally misunderstood his question. When he asked why are their stars? He didn't mean like why does the star burn? He meant like, why are their stars plural? Like why don't we just have one star? Right? Or like why isn't everything just spread out smoothly in the universe? Why does things clump together to make planets and stars and all that stuff?
WHOA, That is a good question.
Yeah, it's a great question. It's a kind of question kids ask, right, the kind of question you don't necessarily think to ask. It's such a basic, simple question.
That's a question I have. And I'm definitely not far years old. I am hoarhe, and I'm Daniel, and welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the universe.
In which we try to take everything or anything in the universe, even the obvious stuff like stars, and explain it to you. Why is it there? How does it work? Do I have to worry about it? Can I buy one online?
We try to answer the smooth questions and also the lumpy questions.
And today is going to be a bit of a lumpy episode.
Today on the program, we're asking the question why are there stars?
The universe has a really strange kind of shape. I mean, it's huge, but it's mostly empty, right, like this vast distance between stars and even vaster ones between galaxies. But then you have these hot little points, right, all this matter concentrated in these little dots. It's a really weird arrangement.
Why is it concentrating in these little pinpoints? Why isn't more diffuse or why don't all those pin points just clump together?
Yeah? Why don't we have just one megastar or like a big pudding of dilute gas everywhere? Right? Why is the universe the way it is and not any of those other ways?
It could have been those ways.
In some alternate multiverse, it probably is those ways, but in those multiverses they don't have awesome podcasts to ask this question.
Yeah. Yeah, because you look at the night sky and it's beautiful, right, I mean it's it's like this black void with little white pinpoints. But you gotta wonder why does it look that way?
Okay, So I have to take a digression here an artistic question for you or he, okay, which is why do you think we find the night sky beautiful? I mean, I agree it's gorgeous. It's the best view in the universe, right, But is it necessary do we find a beautif to be evolved to find it beautiful? Is it just chance? Like could we have evolved in a way where we look up at the night's time and we're like, yuck, that's gross.
Well, I think we have an innate appreciation for sparkly things, right, we like.
Well, all pyromaniacs.
Yeah, no, I mean we've all evolved from liking water maybe or being attracted to water or sparky water. I don't know, sparkling water. They had avyon period the cave mandays.
Right, Yeah, I think people used to carbonate their own water back in cave man days. I'm pretty sure that. Yeah. We should have asked that question Ryan North when we had them on the podcast.
When did they invent sparkling water?
The greatest invention all time? Sparkling water?
That's a great question is why are their stars and planets as opposed to just having a monotonous monogamous, no homogenious, monochronous, chat a chromatic, Yeah, I mean like a plane universe. I guess, why do we have stars and planets and objects and sparky objects and things rather than we're just living in a giant gas cloud?
That's right. Yeah, So that's the question we're going to try to tackle today. Give you a solid answer for it. And so, as usual, before we answer the question, I went out and I asked a bunch of unsuspecting U see Irvine students off the top of their head, I asked them that question.
So think about it at home or wherever you're listening. Why do you think there are stars and planets and not just a smooth universe? Here's what people had to say.
Why is the universe so lumpy? Like? Why isn't matter just spread out totally smoothly and evenly through the universe.
I want to say gravity, because there's like a certain kind of gravity putting things in place.
And I have no idea. Okay, gravity, it's.
A result of the Big Bang. You had matter and anti matter, and they've made clumps and they kept expanding and that's just.
How it occurred.
At least that's the model that I've heard.
Okay, great fair were at some point areas where there was a slight greater density, and you know, in the matter in the universe the youn how praperty works, the greater duncy will kind of collapse it them becomes of greater greater, greater dncity soil, you have a galaxy or plants.
Or whatever the ions ions.
Okay, all right, so that's pretty interesting. I feel like you should maybe stop advertising that they're easy Irvine students, because I don't know if you're helping the marketing there.
I think it's wonderful all these usual Airvine students are willing to stop and think about a random question from a r random scruffy looking dude and think about the universe. Like ninety nine percent of people answer these questions. To me, they get full credit even just for trying, for thinking about it, for engaging right. To me, that's wonderful. When we first started this project, I was sure I was going to get one percent answers. So the fact that they don't know not a big deal. The fact that they try to answer, that's wonderful.
I think you should try it on the streets of New York next and see what kind of reaction you get get out of here.
Yeah, well, as you were suggesting, maybe I should go up to Caltech and see if I get them more precise answers.
But everyone seems to say gravity as the answer to the question.
Yeah, everybody says gravity, and I think that comes from everybody's feeling correctly that gravity plays a big role. Right. Gravity is a thing that made these structures. Gravity's Whi's responsible for holding a star together. Gravity controls the shape of the galaxy. Gravity certainly plays a big role.
But I guess the twist is that it's not the only thing you need to make stars.
Right.
Gravity only clumps links together if you already have small clumps to begin with.
Right, That's right. Gravity is not the complete answer. If you had a universe that was totally smooth, right, completely smooth, then gravity couldn't do anything because each particle in the universe would be pulled both left and right with equal force because the equal amounts of stuff on both sides of it, And so every object would be sort of like pinned down by gravity. But it couldn't form any structures, right, So gravity can't make lumps. It can only exaggerate lumps. Once you've gotten a little bit started.
Wait, paint that picture a little bit more for me. So let's imagine a perfectly smooth universe, meaning that all the particles in the universe are kind of at the same distance from each other as every other particle in the universe exactly.
So imagine you know, every particle is on a grid, right, and you have one particle every centimeter or something, right, So for to.
Take a perfectly exact grid, everyone every particle is one centimeter apart from the next particle exactly.
And if you're thinking this is strange and artificial, it's actually very simple, right, and it's very natural. The opposite idea that there's one place where there's particles are closer together, or they're denser and they're denser or something that's strange, that's unusual, that would be like, well, why they are not here? So having a perfectly smooth metric universe as a starting point actually makes the most sense. It's the most natural concept.
Like a perfect jelly or like a perfect.
Crystal exactly, like a perfectly smooth chocolate pudding with no lumps in it.
Right.
So, and if the universe is infinite. You're saying that cloud of perfectly ordered particles would not clump together exactly.
So take one random particle, right, And it doesn't matter which one you choose, because we set this up so that all the particles are exactly the same. So pick one random particle. Now, that particle is going to get pulled on by all the other particles in the universe due to gravity and other forces. But let's just think about gravity right now. Now, there's an infinite number of particles pulling it to the left, and an infinite number of particles.
Pulling it to the right, and up and down too.
Right, exactly, and in any way you slice it, you get the same answer. Right, You divide the universe into two halves around this particle, and one half of the universe is pulling it one way, the other half is pulling it the other way. It exactly balances out. It cancels perfectly. Right. It's like if you have two kids and each one is pulling on one arm, You're not going anywhere, right.
Does that happen to you often?
That's a random hypothetical I just invented. It's not that I have two kids who often have totally different ideas about what we should.
Do or where they want to go or where they want to eat.
That's right. And so in this scenario, every particle is in equilibrium. Right, There's no way to begin lumpiness because everything is being tugged equally left and right or up and down, or you know, back and forth.
So you would the universe would just sit there. It would just stay static. It would it wouldn't wouldn't move right like it. We would just stay there forever because every particle would just be perfectly bounds where it is.
Exactly. It's like if you put a ball in the bottom of a bowl, right, it's just going to sit there. It's not going to go anywhere, right, And that's exactly the situation of each of those particles. They're sitting in the bottom of a bowl. That bowl is the gravitational well made by all the other particles in the universe. And so if the universe is infinite, then you can apply the same argument to every particle. Right. And so if you start out with an infinite, smooth universe, then you can't get any structure, You can't start to build anything.
Hold on, you said that, if that's only if the universe is infinite. But what happens if you have this perfect jelly and the universe is finite, meaning that it at some point ends.
Yeah, well, then this argument doesn't apply because there's some point, because then this argument only applies to the very center of the universe. Right. Then, if the universe is finite, that means that it has a center, right, that there's some place where there's an equal amount of stuff to the left and to the right and up and down right, And this argument would only apply right there if you go to the edge of all that stuff. Right. This is again assuming the universe is finite. If you go to the edge of all that stuff, the argument doesn't hold anymore. You have more stuff on one side than on the other. So in the scenario of a finite universe, everything would be attracted towards the center.
Everything would be attracted towards the center. So all everyone, all the particles would just go towards the center. And then what would happen?
Man, I think you would get like a huge star or a massive black hole, or it would be a pretty crazy party.
Wow, So the universe would be just one star or one black hole.
I'm not one hundred percent sure, because that would be pretty complicated. But I think, yeah, you would end up with one really big blob of matter and it would be you know, it wouldn't be completely compressed into a point because matter resists being compressed, and if it was spinning, right, then that keeps it from being compressed further. I don't know if anybody's really studied what would happen if you just like had a huge universized blob of finite matter and then let it collapse. That'd be fascinating.
So it would be kind of this one just one, not two, not three, just one giant lump of stuff.
That's right. And even in that scenario where the universe is perfectly smooth but finite, right, you can't get any asymmetries. Everything has to be perfectly balanced in every direction. Right. Yes, you have a center, so everything attracted towards the center, but you can't like make stars clumping along the way as they're getting dragged towards the center. It still has to be perfectly smooth because it's the same in every direction. Right. In order to get the kind of structure that we see when we look at the night sky, we have like a star here and no star there, and galaxy here, no galaxy there. That's those are asymmetry. So right, that's a structure, that's a's a lump. Yeah, it's a lump in the universe exactly.
So that's obviously not the universe we're in. We're not in a perfectly smooth jelly universe, and we're not living in one giant, singular super cluster of stuff. But we live in this kind of stranger universe, right.
And thank god we do, right. I mean, it would be pretty boring to live in an infinitely smooth pudding or even just have like one big star.
Living in a perfect jelly seems pretty pretty peaceful to me.
Again, I think we should have a snack before we do these podcasts. Okay, although, as you tell, you tend towards these food analogies, and I think it just reflects what you're feeling rather than what you're thinking.
Well, let's let's get into how lumpy the universe is and how it got that way, But first let's take a quick break.
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All right, so we don't live in a perfectly smooth universe, and we don't live in a universe such as one giant cluster, black hole, slash star. That's not the universe will live in, right, We are actually very lumpy universe.
Yeah, in the universe. The structure of the universe is really fascinating. We should dig into it really deeply in another podcast episode and talk about it and why it is this way in that way. But let's just review briefly sort of where we are in the universe, right, the status of the lumps, right, the level of lumpiness of the universe.
Yeah, So we are sitting here on Earth presumably.
That's right. We are two lumps on a rock. Yeah.
Presumably most of our listeners are on Earth.
And if you're not, by the way, if you're listening to this podcast and you're not on Earth, we really want to hear from you. Yeah.
Absolutely, But we are in a big rock around rock going around a sun, a star, and that's our solar system, right.
And even that is super lumpy, I mean from the point of view of like how smooth this stuff distributed. You know, people are probably familiar with how far away the Sun is. It's you know, it takes a time for light to even get there. It's minutes and minutes and minutes, right, And the Sun itself is a huge blow of matter, but it's super far away. You know. The the size of the Earth is enormous and the size of the Sun is enormous, but the size of the distance between them dwarfs both of them. Right, So even just the Solar system is really really lumpy in that sense that the matter is concentrated and not spread out.
And then our solar system is inside of a galaxy, right, m.
Hm, And that's even lumpier from that point of view, right, Like, the distance between stars is huge compared to the size of the stars.
And it has some sort of structure, right, Like the galaxy has spirals and it's kind of thicker and more dense in the middle. Right, there's no structure at that scale too.
Yeah, the galaxy told me it doesn't like when you talk about it's thickening waistline hor but it's true. That's true.
It's sparkly. I'm talking about its sparkliness.
It's beautiful. It's beautiful, the milky way. Yeah, exactly. We got all these stars, one hundred billions of stars. But they're not just a blob, right, They're not just distributed evenly, although for a long time people thought that's what happened, but no, we know that they're arranged in this amazing swirl pattern right where the center of the galaxy. And then we have these arms that come out and because it's rotating, those arms sort of drag behind it, right, and you get this amazing.
Swirl and then you can keep going like. The galaxy is part of a supercluster of galaxies, and that's super.
You missed one, what you missed one. The galaxy is part of a cluster of galaxies, right, And when we talk about a cluster, we mean things that are gravitationally bound to each other, that essentially are orbiting each other over billions and billions of years.
So we and ours is called the local group, right, like our cluster of galaxies is very imaginatively called the local group.
I know that sounds like a temporary name somebody came up with, like, oh, I need to call this something and talk to my advisor, and then it just stuck and they're like, dang, and I should have named it after my dog.
What's the opposite of local?
Like basically, just here it means the galaxies near us, right, It's a it's a pretty lame name. Yeah, so that's the cluster'd you.
Know our galaxy cluster is green and you know local sources local.
That's right. I don't think it's vegan, but at least it's local.
Right stellar, Yeah, exactly. Our galaxy is part of a structure with other galaxies. Even that cluster is part of another structure in the universe.
Right, Yeah. They call those superclusters, and there are basically clusters of clusters.
Another imaginative name. Uh huh.
And again you might ask like, are these totally arbitrary just making this up? Could you have organized it differently? The answer is no, there's some science behind it. We think about how these groups operate, you know, And essentially a supercluster is not just a really really big cluster, it's a cluster of clusters, meaning that the each cluster inside a supercluster is gravitationally bound to itself, and then those things themselves are gravitationally bound to each other, and that's what makes that clusters.
They're sort of trapped in a sort of gravitational bubble.
Almost, yeah, the way like you know, the Earth, the Moon or a gravitational system, right, which is embedded inside the Solar System, which is embedded inside the galaxy. Right. You might say it's arbitrary to define whether or not the Moon is part of the Earth system or the Solar system, but it really makes much more sense to consider the Earth to be part of our system and then the Solar System to be part of the galaxy, rather than just say like, oh, it's all one big galaxy. So that's why we get these hierarchies. And it's amazing that we have these hierarchies, you know. And like also because you can zoom down right, you get like down to the atom and things are orbiting and stuff, So we have this over incredible the different distances from microscopic to megascopic, we have similar structures of things orbiting each other right on these on these large scales.
Take an infinite Russian doll. You can stack them up almost infinitely, it seems.
Yeah, but infinite, we don't know, right, We talked about that another time, Like we think the universe probably has a smallest scale. And when we talk about the structure of the galaxy's the structure of the universe, and another podcast episode we'll talk about the biggest structures in the university. Is a whole other fascinating topic.
You can keep going, and there are bigger, bigger structures.
Right, Well, there's a point where they stop.
Yeah, oh, at some point they stop.
At some point they stop.
There's an end to the Russian doll, as far as we know.
There is. There's the largest Russian doll. Yeah. Anyway, but that's a topic for another another day. Let's talk about why we have structure.
Yeah, the point is that there is structure, right, Like, we're not in a smooth universe and we're not just one giant lump. There is like texture to the universe, right, there's features, there's things to look at.
There's good stuff to see, exactly, And as our you see I question answers earlier said gravity is responsible for forming those things, but gravity couldn't start those structures, right, That was the point we were making earlier. Yea, So the point is that gravity can't make lumps. When you start a lump, gravity will accelerate. It's like a chain reaction, right, w you have one point that's denser than everything else, it'll have a stronger gravitational pull and it'll start to attract, and then lo'll get heavier and then have a stronger gravitational pull and it'll feed on itself. Right. But if everything is smooth, then you can't. So the question is, so gravity can make lumps bigger, but the question really comes down to where did the first lumps come from.
It's kind of like gravity can roll a snowball down a hill, but it can't sort of start the snowball rolling.
Yeah, exactly, exactly.
Like once it's rolling, it gets bigger and lumpier, but needs some sort of something to get that snowball going.
Yeah, you have to knock it out of equilibrium to get it to get things snowballing. Exactly.
Okay, all right, so how did the universe, he had lumps? How is it not perfectly smooth or one giant lump?
So that was a big mystery for a long time, right, because it's very natural to think that the universe started symmetrically. I think probably the most popular model for how the universe started is that the universe is infinite and that has infinite amount of matter in it, and that was created in the first moments, right, that we don't understand at all. But not understanding it means we want to start with the simplest idea. Okay, and it's not very simple to imagine the creation of an infinite universe with infinite amount of stuff in it. But if you're going to go there, it makes more sense to say that the universe starts out smooth. That's where this idea of smoothness comes from, right, like simplicity, because the opposite, like, oh, that the universe was created with some initial lumpiness, that's weird because then you have to ask why this lumpiness, Why not that lumpanness? Who made that choice? Right? Right? And so it was a big puzzle for a long time. And there's really only one way that we know of that you can make lumpiness out of smoothness. There's only one thing in physics that's capable of doing that.
Meaning there's only one thing. They can add features to something that should be perfectly plain.
That's right. What you need there is something that's not deterministic, something which has a random element to it. Right, Because if every particle in the universe starts in the same situation, then they should all have the same future. What you need is to distinguish them somehow. For this one, I have a different future than that one. For this one, have a different experience somehow. The only thing we know that can do that, that can break determinism is quantum mechanics, because quantum mechanics has real randomness in it.
M is that the source then of randomness in the universe? Like without quantum mechanics, we would all be perfectly smooth.
Yeah, exactly, but there was still another puzzle. Right, So quantum mechanics gives you randomness. But you know, quantum mechanics is not something you notice. You don't like, drive around and notice random stuff happening from quantum.
Mechanics, Like my phone is here, it's not here and there?
That's right, I mean, maybe your bank account seems to fluctuate randomly, but there actually is an explanation.
My bank account could use more physics, for sure.
I'm a quantum mechanic accountant. Quantum accountant, exactly. And that's why quantum mechanics took such a long time to discover, because people thought the universe was deterministic. They thought two particles in the same situation would always have the same future.
Oh, I see, there's no reason for them to be different. Like if you create a universe without quantum mechanics, there's no reason for all the particles to be different. There's nothing that gives it that initial randomness.
M h. Exactly. The problem is that quantum mechanics is a tiny amount of randomness, right, it's at the particle scale. It's super duper small, right, these tiny little fluctuations, And what are we talking about concretely, we're talking about like particles being created out of the vacuum. Quantum mechanics can do that. It can take energy and just turn it into particles and then they can turn back into energy. Or you know, this particle can have a chance to go left or right, and you know, maybe this one goes left and another one goes right, this kind of stuff, it's really really tiny effects not really enough to get gravity going because gravity is super dup or weak. Right, gravity needs more than the tiniest little discrepancy, right, even if you give it billions of years.
But the kicker is that the universe used to be small, right, that's the twist. Ending is that the universe used to be really tiny and small.
That's right, And so the very first moments of the universe were super dramatic. What happened in the first first moments of the universe was inflation. Inflation is this idea that the universe used to be much denser and then it got stretched out, it got inflated, right, And that's just not stuff moving through space. This is the actual expansion of space itself, meaning things got stretched right, more space was made, Everything got blown inflated and blown up. What that means is that the microscopic became macroscopic.
We'll step us through this. So you're saying this all goes back to the Big.
Bang, right, Everything goes back to the Big Bang. In the end, you can blame everything on the Big Bang.
Technically, I guess yeah.
Officer, I was speeding because the big bang dot dot dot dot dot I was paid. Yeah, blame the universe, YadA, YadA, YadA, I was speeding quantum mechanics that gets me out of every ticket. Trust me.
Before we keep going, let's take a short break.
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Yeah, so the universe used to be very very small, and that's where these that's where quantum mechanics played a big role.
Right, Yeah, And be careful when you say the universe used to be very small, because we're still saying the universe was infinite, right, and an infinite amount of stuff in it, but it was denser, right. It used to be more squished when it was created and then and then all that stuff was stretched out due to inflation.
Oh, I see.
So it's like an infinite ruler getting stretched. It's still infinite, right.
I see. So you're saying that the features we see in the universe today are really just the quantum features that we used to have when we were denser, not smaller. But now, when inflation happened at the Big Bang, everything all these small fluctuations got way way bigger.
Yeah. It's like in ant Man, right, where he can make things much much bigger. Right. Ants can be enormous, and then they can do construction projects and you can ride in the back of a butterflies and cool stuff. Take the microscopic and make it macroscopic. Right, So the timeline is the universe is created perfectly smooth, right, Little quantum fluctuations happen a little bit this. One particle moves a little bit this way, one particle moves in a little bit that way. Then inflation takes over and blows that up right and inflates. It makes those tiny little fluctuations into bigger fluctuations enough to see gravity, and then gravity takes over for the next fourteen billion years. YadA, YadA, YadA. I was speeding.
Officer.
I'm telling you that story works every time.
Yeah, they probably fall asleep before you finish, in which.
Case another physics professor just let him go.
So you're saying the universe used to be small or denser, and everything was smoother at that scale, except that if we didn't have quantum mechanics but we still had inflation, then we would have exploded the universe or expanded the universe and it would remain smooth.
Yes, exactly, it would remain smooth.
Because we had those quantum fluctuations that a little bit of randomness at the beginning gave the universe texture exactly.
And those little fluctuations were random, right, and they could have been different, different random throws of the universe dice, and we would have a completely different structure. I mean, I think the kinds of structures we would have would still be the same. We would still have galaxies and stars whatever, but they would be arranged differently. So you might ask why do we have a galaxy here and not there? And you can trace the answer that all the way back to one little particle fluctuating millibilliseconds after the Big Bang. If it fluctuated this way, we get this galax. If we fluctued that way, we get a different galaxy. We're in the same galaxy in a different place.
Wow, that you said that provided the seeds for the structure, meaning it would have when it expanded, it would have been smooth, but it had these kind of slightly small shades of a texture, and those those shades became exaggerated by gravity, and then things started to clump around those little shades of texture exactly.
And we can see this. We can look back in time and we can see this progression happening. Like if you look back deep, deep into the history of the universe, you see the first light that we can see, which comes from about three hundred and eighty thousand years after the Big Bang. It's the cosmic microwave background. We've talked about it a few times. This light is really really smooth. It's almost the same no matter where you look at it. It's like the same color, the same temperature, whatever. But if you measure it re carefully that you can see little variations, tiny little fractions of colder and hotter spots. Those that took four hundred thousand years just to get that far right, Those are the seeds from these quantum fluctuations exaggerated by gravity for four hundred thousand years, then propagated forward in time. Give gravity another few billion years, and you start to get things like stars and galaxies and all that stuff. Right, But we can see these quantum fluctuations from the early universe. It's like the pattern that made our cosmos.
Wow, was totally random.
It was totally random, exactly. And we think quantum mechanics is truly random, right, not like there's some hidden process that's controlling it that we don't understand. We think it's really truly random. As mind blowing as it is for anything in the universe to be honestly truly random, it is, and it affects our universe's structure at the deepest level. Right.
Wow, it's amazing to think that the reason you and I are here, or the whole Earth this year, or the whole Sun and our solecism, or even maybe even our galaxies here is just the random fluctuation of one little tiny particle way back in the Big Bang.
Yeah. It's the truth, man, The truth is stranger than fiction. That's why that's why I'm a physicist, Because you know, the universe will always alarm you. The universe is like weirder and hotter and nastier and crazier and stranger than anything a human could ever invent.
Right, Well, depends on how crazy and weird you are. But and hot, how hot you are, that's a whole different podcasts.
So I'll have to play this podcast for my son. But that basically answers his question, right, Like why do we have stars and not just a smooth distribution of matter? You need two elements. You need quantum mechanics to give you any fluctuation to avoid.
The smoothness to break the balance.
Exactly, to break the balance, and then you need inflation to blow it up so that it matters, and that gravity can then take over. So it's a implicated dance.
So gravity takes these small fluctuations and basically exacerbates them, right, it makes them, yeah, lumpier and clumpier than it started.
Yeah, but remember gravity can only take little lumps and make them into bigger lumps, right, It can't make lumps if something's totally smooth.
All right.
Thanks to everyone for listening to this lumpy episode and for listening to my long explanation to my son's short question.
Yeah, and whether you're a movie star like Tom Cruise or just stay scruffy physicists. If you have any questions or lumpy or smooth or why or.
Why do you have to be a movie star or a scruffy physicist. Are you saying you can't be both?
That's that? No, you can totally be both. Totally yeah.
Don't ask me for a counter example. I can't think of one.
Maybe maybe in another random role of the.
Universe, that's right. Why are you not a movie star? Dad? Quantum mechanics?
So whether you are any of these things, if you have any questions, but you can write.
Us at feedback at Danielandjorge dot com. We love getting your email. We love answering questions on Twitter, so get in touch, send us your thoughts.
And so the next time you look out into the night sky and you see all those sparkly stars, just think everything is there. You are there because the one random part of it.
But you still have to pay your taxes and you're speeding tickets unless you can talk your way out of them.
Ha.
If you still have a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or email us at Feedback at Danielanhorge dot com. When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last sustainability to learn more.
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