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Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting. To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

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They're the kind of deals that are really worth talking about, like their deal in the new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six. With this deal, you can trade in your eligible smartphone, any year, any condition for a new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six.

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Some of the most amazing moments in science were totally unexpected.

Some of the most amazing moments in science were totally unexpected.

You mean, like the discovery of microwave ovens or slinkies. I heard was also discovered by accident.

You mean, like the discovery of microwave ovens or slinkies. I heard was also discovered by accident.

Yeah, but I'm thinking about the times when you go out there just to double check something, something you thought you already understood, but you find an answer which makes no sense and forcing you to change how you see things.

Yeah, but I'm thinking about the times when you go out there just to double check something, something you thought you already understood, but you find an answer which makes no sense and forcing you to change how you see things.

Yeah, like I heard one of the most fundamental things in the universe was actually discovered this way by accident.

Yeah, like I heard one of the most fundamental things in the universe was actually discovered this way by accident.

It's totally amazing. It makes me wish that I had been involved, and it makes us see the universe differently. It makes us see everything differently.

It's totally amazing. It makes me wish that I had been involved, and it makes us see the universe differently. It makes us see everything differently.

Is it more impressive than as slinky in a microwave?

Is it more impressive than as slinky in a microwave?

That's pretty hard to top, but I think this one does.

That's pretty hard to top, but I think this one does.

Hi.

Hi.

I'm Jorge, I'm a cartoonist.

I'm Jorge, I'm a cartoonist.

And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist.

And I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist.

And this is our podcast us Daniel and.

And this is our podcast us Daniel and.

Jorge explain the universe today.

Jorge explain the universe today.

On the program. What is dark energy?

On the program. What is dark energy?

And why is it everywhere in filling the universe?

And why is it everywhere in filling the universe?

Is it powerful? Is it dangerous?

Is it powerful? Is it dangerous?

Is it dark after all?

Is it dark after all?

Will it stain your clothes? And the most important, why is it causing the universe to explode?

Will it stain your clothes? And the most important, why is it causing the universe to explode?

The universe is exploding, people, but don't get out of your cars. It's going to take a while. Dark energy is a mysterious topic. We went around and we asked people what do you know about dark energy? Is it like empty space? I'm not sure, No, I have no idea about it. It's like empty energy, just kind of sleep.

The universe is exploding, people, but don't get out of your cars. It's going to take a while. Dark energy is a mysterious topic. We went around and we asked people what do you know about dark energy? Is it like empty space? I'm not sure, No, I have no idea about it. It's like empty energy, just kind of sleep.

Is dark energy something with black holes?

Is dark energy something with black holes?

I don't know, but that's my speculation. So most people really seem to have almost no idea what dark energy is, which as a physicist, really surprised me because it's one of the most dramatic and amazing discoveries of the last thirty years.

I don't know, but that's my speculation. So most people really seem to have almost no idea what dark energy is, which as a physicist, really surprised me because it's one of the most dramatic and amazing discoveries of the last thirty years.

Yeah, but people sort of seem to have heard about it, right, really familiar, but they didn't know what it was.

Yeah, but people sort of seem to have heard about it, right, really familiar, but they didn't know what it was.

Yeah, some people thought it was dark matter, some people maybe thought it was something in black panther like. People really didn't seem to have a good grip on what dark energy is, which is amazing, not just because there was a big discovery, but because it has huge consequences for our lives.

Yeah, some people thought it was dark matter, some people maybe thought it was something in black panther like. People really didn't seem to have a good grip on what dark energy is, which is amazing, not just because there was a big discovery, but because it has huge consequences for our lives.

Yeah, it's a great name. I mean, I think it's easy to see why people would confuse it with dark matter. They're both dark.

Yeah, it's a great name. I mean, I think it's easy to see why people would confuse it with dark matter. They're both dark.

Matter, right, It is a cool name, dark energy. It sounds so mysterious, though, You're right. In like the HR meeting where they decided what to call this weird physics thing, it should have considered the fact that dark matter and dark energy sound alike. I wonder if they do focus groups when they do that kind of thing.

Matter, right, It is a cool name, dark energy. It sounds so mysterious, though, You're right. In like the HR meeting where they decided what to call this weird physics thing, it should have considered the fact that dark matter and dark energy sound alike. I wonder if they do focus groups when they do that kind of thing.

Do you think they thought, Hey, all those dark matter people get a ton of grant money. If we call our dark energy, we could also get some of that money.

Do you think they thought, Hey, all those dark matter people get a ton of grant money. If we call our dark energy, we could also get some of that money.

I'm sure. I'm sure that was the number one concern in their minds. Yeah, how will this play in my next grand proposal? Anyway, Let's tell people what dark energy is and why it's so important.

I'm sure. I'm sure that was the number one concern in their minds. Yeah, how will this play in my next grand proposal? Anyway, Let's tell people what dark energy is and why it's so important.

Yeah, Well, first of all, it's a huge deal, right, Like it's not like an o cure thing in physics. It's like a huge part of the universe.

Yeah, Well, first of all, it's a huge deal, right, Like it's not like an o cure thing in physics. It's like a huge part of the universe.

That's right. Most of the energy in the universe is actually taken up with dark energy.

That's right. Most of the energy in the universe is actually taken up with dark energy.

Like sixty seven percent, right.

Like sixty seven percent, right.

That's right. Fully, two thirds of all the energy in the universe is devoted to this weird, mysterious force called dark energy. And that's about all we know about it.

That's right. Fully, two thirds of all the energy in the universe is devoted to this weird, mysterious force called dark energy. And that's about all we know about it.

Like when you think of the universe and like atoms and protons and electrons and rocks, asteroids, planets, all those suns, hamsters and then hamsters. Yeah, a lot all that stuff out there in the universe. Stars, that's not all there is to the universe, right, A whole bunch of it is dark.

Like when you think of the universe and like atoms and protons and electrons and rocks, asteroids, planets, all those suns, hamsters and then hamsters. Yeah, a lot all that stuff out there in the universe. Stars, that's not all there is to the universe, right, A whole bunch of it is dark.

Energy, that's right. Yeah, most of the stuff in the universe is not the kind of stuff that we see around us, as you were saying, even stars and planets and gas and dust, that all adds up to a tiny little sliver, like five percent turns out. And this is the kind of stuff we've only learned recently. Most of the universe is weird. Stuff we never even thought about, We never even would have include in a pie chart of the universe thirty years ago. Is the biggest piece of the pie.

Energy, that's right. Yeah, most of the stuff in the universe is not the kind of stuff that we see around us, as you were saying, even stars and planets and gas and dust, that all adds up to a tiny little sliver, like five percent turns out. And this is the kind of stuff we've only learned recently. Most of the universe is weird. Stuff we never even thought about, We never even would have include in a pie chart of the universe thirty years ago. Is the biggest piece of the pie.

It's this big kind of mysterious energy that's out there.

It's this big kind of mysterious energy that's out there.

That's right. So imagine, for example, you take like a cubic meter of space, you ask what's in it? Well, on average, you average over the whole universe that we can see, it has about five or six hydrogen atoms worth of energy. And most of that is not matter or stuff that you're familiar with. Most of it is dark energy. And another big chunk of it is something called dark matter, which we can talk about it in another episode.

That's right. So imagine, for example, you take like a cubic meter of space, you ask what's in it? Well, on average, you average over the whole universe that we can see, it has about five or six hydrogen atoms worth of energy. And most of that is not matter or stuff that you're familiar with. Most of it is dark energy. And another big chunk of it is something called dark matter, which we can talk about it in another episode.

Yeah, And like dark energy is all around us right like right now, two thirds of the room right now that I'm in is filled with dark energy.

Yeah, And like dark energy is all around us right like right now, two thirds of the room right now that I'm in is filled with dark energy.

That's right. Yeah, most of the energy in the universe and most of the energy everywhere. And dark energy is not something that's out there in space. You're exactly right, it's here, it's with you, it's between your toes, it's in your refrigerator.

That's right. Yeah, most of the energy in the universe and most of the energy everywhere. And dark energy is not something that's out there in space. You're exactly right, it's here, it's with you, it's between your toes, it's in your refrigerator.

Just other dark matter between whit toes. Let's be honest.

Just other dark matter between whit toes. Let's be honest.

I don't think I want to know what whether it's a cosmic mystery of physics or not.

I don't think I want to know what whether it's a cosmic mystery of physics or not.

Yeah, let's not. Let's not get into my toes on this.

Yeah, let's not. Let's not get into my toes on this.

On this podcast, Daniel Jorge explained the universe Andje's toes.

On this podcast, Daniel Jorge explained the universe Andje's toes.

Yeah, that's right, that's a winner right there. But yeah, so it's a huge deal. It's all around those and it's causing the universe to explode. So that's that's kind of distressing.

Yeah, that's right, that's a winner right there. But yeah, so it's a huge deal. It's all around those and it's causing the universe to explode. So that's that's kind of distressing.

Yeah, not only is it turned out to be most of the universe, it has huge consequences. Right, the universe is exploding in every direction, and in some ways dark energy is causing the universe to explode. Another way to think about it is that dark energy is our description of the fact that it is exploding. Like we saw, the universe is exploding. We named that dark energy. It's not like there's two separate things where oh, here's dark energy. We know that's a thing. Here's its cause. It's more like, dark energy is the description of the fact that the universe is exploding and we don't really know why.

Yeah, not only is it turned out to be most of the universe, it has huge consequences. Right, the universe is exploding in every direction, and in some ways dark energy is causing the universe to explode. Another way to think about it is that dark energy is our description of the fact that it is exploding. Like we saw, the universe is exploding. We named that dark energy. It's not like there's two separate things where oh, here's dark energy. We know that's a thing. Here's its cause. It's more like, dark energy is the description of the fact that the universe is exploding and we don't really know why.

It's another name for the explosion of the universe.

It's another name for the explosion of the universe.

It's a fancy title for our lack of understanding the explode in the universe. It's like, don't understand something? You had the pr version. We could have called it what is going on with the universe? But dark energy sounds.

It's a fancy title for our lack of understanding the explode in the universe. It's like, don't understand something? You had the pr version. We could have called it what is going on with the universe? But dark energy sounds.

Better w twof energy.

Better w twof energy.

TF universe man? Yeah, yeah, exactly.

TF universe man? Yeah, yeah, exactly.

Well let's get into that. So how did how do we find out about this dark energy that's all around us and it's causing the universe to explode?

Well let's get into that. So how did how do we find out about this dark energy that's all around us and it's causing the universe to explode?

Well, it's one of my favorite stories in science because it's a story where the answer was a surprise. You know, scientists went into it asking one question and learning something totally different about the universe. The question they started with was what is the history of the universe? And what is the future of the universe?

Well, it's one of my favorite stories in science because it's a story where the answer was a surprise. You know, scientists went into it asking one question and learning something totally different about the universe. The question they started with was what is the history of the universe? And what is the future of the universe?

Like what's going to happen eventually?

Like what's going to happen eventually?

Yeah, exactly, Like is this whole universe going to keep going forever? Is it going to compress into a little dot?

Yeah, exactly, Like is this whole universe going to keep going forever? Is it going to compress into a little dot?

Do I have time to like write that novel I've always been wanting to write.

Do I have time to like write that novel I've always been wanting to write.

You definitely have time to read that novel.

You definitely have time to read that novel.

No worries about I have no cues.

No worries about I have no cues.

Is it another young adult novel, because I don't have enough of those already.

Is it another young adult novel, because I don't have enough of those already.

It's called dark youth.

It's called dark youth.

Dark So you've got vampires, you've got where will have dark energy beings? Yeah, And so when physicists, when physicists want to predict the future, what they typically do is look into the past and try to understand what's happened so far and then extrapolate so to figure out what the future of the universe was. They first looked into the past and said, what's been going on so far, and let's see what direction things are going in, right.

Dark So you've got vampires, you've got where will have dark energy beings? Yeah, And so when physicists, when physicists want to predict the future, what they typically do is look into the past and try to understand what's happened so far and then extrapolate so to figure out what the future of the universe was. They first looked into the past and said, what's been going on so far, and let's see what direction things are going in, right.

Like, uh, like, how am I doing financially? Do I have more money now than I used to have money before? And that's that will sort of tell me what might I might expect in the future if I don't make ill advised decisions.

Like, uh, like, how am I doing financially? Do I have more money now than I used to have money before? And that's that will sort of tell me what might I might expect in the future if I don't make ill advised decisions.

That's right. Yeah, if your net worth has been rising, then you expected to keep going. And what if your bank account is dropping every single month, then you can expect some sort of cataclysmic event in your in near future.

That's right. Yeah, if your net worth has been rising, then you expected to keep going. And what if your bank account is dropping every single month, then you can expect some sort of cataclysmic event in your in near future.

Then I need to record more podcasts to make more money.

Then I need to record more podcasts to make more money.

That's right, that's right. And so in the physics world, we went back to the very beginning of the universe and said, Okay, the universe started with a big bang, right, and things blew up from there. And the question people had in their minds was, you know, after the Big Bang, things flying out from that huge explosion. The question was, is there enough stuff in the universe for things to slow down, for the gravity from that stuff to slow things down, stop them, and then make them fall back in. So that was one possibility people were considering. The universe would stop, the expansion would stop, and then come back into a big crunch.

That's right, that's right. And so in the physics world, we went back to the very beginning of the universe and said, Okay, the universe started with a big bang, right, and things blew up from there. And the question people had in their minds was, you know, after the Big Bang, things flying out from that huge explosion. The question was, is there enough stuff in the universe for things to slow down, for the gravity from that stuff to slow things down, stop them, and then make them fall back in. So that was one possibility people were considering. The universe would stop, the expansion would stop, and then come back into a big crunch.

So, like the stuff flew out from the Big Bang, and now the question is like, are they going to keep flying off or maybe is there enough gravity pulling it all the stuff together that it's gonna like slow down and then pull back in, just kind of like how our solar system forms.

So, like the stuff flew out from the Big Bang, and now the question is like, are they going to keep flying off or maybe is there enough gravity pulling it all the stuff together that it's gonna like slow down and then pull back in, just kind of like how our solar system forms.

Yeah, exactly. Most of the stuff that we know around us in the universe was formed by gravity.

Yeah, exactly. Most of the stuff that we know around us in the universe was formed by gravity.

Right.

Right.

Gravity gathered together rocks and dust and rubble and hamsters or whatever and ast it together. Right, That's why the Earth is round, because that's gravity's work, tumbling everything towards a smooth surface, and that's how the sun is formed. It's gravity compressing dust and gas until it gets hot enough to burn. So gravity's is very powerful force and has a lot of time. It's actually one of the weakest forces, but over cosmic scales and all this time, it has enough power to pull all this stuff together and compress it into objects. So people thought, maybe that's gonna happen with the whole universe. Man, Like, maybe the whole universe is gonna come back together and compress back into a tiny dot. That would be pretty amazing.

Gravity gathered together rocks and dust and rubble and hamsters or whatever and ast it together. Right, That's why the Earth is round, because that's gravity's work, tumbling everything towards a smooth surface, and that's how the sun is formed. It's gravity compressing dust and gas until it gets hot enough to burn. So gravity's is very powerful force and has a lot of time. It's actually one of the weakest forces, but over cosmic scales and all this time, it has enough power to pull all this stuff together and compress it into objects. So people thought, maybe that's gonna happen with the whole universe. Man, Like, maybe the whole universe is gonna come back together and compress back into a tiny dot. That would be pretty amazing.

Like a giant cloud. Does we all just kind of come and get pulled together and we maybe come back down. That's one possible way that the future the universe could end up.

Like a giant cloud. Does we all just kind of come and get pulled together and we maybe come back down. That's one possible way that the future the universe could end up.

That's right. Yeah, So option A was the big crunch. But people didn't know, like is there enough stuff in the universe? Is there enough gravity from that stuff to pull everything back together? Because it could totally have been that the explosion was more powerful essentially than the gravity, and the things spread out forever.

That's right. Yeah, So option A was the big crunch. But people didn't know, like is there enough stuff in the universe? Is there enough gravity from that stuff to pull everything back together? Because it could totally have been that the explosion was more powerful essentially than the gravity, and the things spread out forever.

Oh, that could happen, Like things are like a grenade out in space. It just blows up so violently that gravity is too weak to pull everything back together again.

Oh, that could happen, Like things are like a grenade out in space. It just blows up so violently that gravity is too weak to pull everything back together again.

That's right. Yeah, And that could that could have been the fate of the universe. It could be that the universe just keeps expanding, things spread out and slow down like gravity. Gravity is still slowing things down, but it doesn't have enough power to stop it and have it fall back in. And so it could be that just spreads out forever, getting cooler and cooler and more distant, until something we call the heat death of the universe. That's when everything is the same temperature.

That's right. Yeah, And that could that could have been the fate of the universe. It could be that the universe just keeps expanding, things spread out and slow down like gravity. Gravity is still slowing things down, but it doesn't have enough power to stop it and have it fall back in. And so it could be that just spreads out forever, getting cooler and cooler and more distant, until something we call the heat death of the universe. That's when everything is the same temperature.

Right, So physicists were like, are we ever going to be cool? That was a front question.

Right, So physicists were like, are we ever going to be cool? That was a front question.

We'll know in about fifteen billion years. Tune in to find out if physicists are ever cool.

We'll know in about fifteen billion years. Tune in to find out if physicists are ever cool.

So that's I mean, that is a very significant question, right, Like where we live in this universe. We kind of want to know, like where is this whole thing headed?

So that's I mean, that is a very significant question, right, Like where we live in this universe. We kind of want to know, like where is this whole thing headed?

Yeah, I wonder if it's interesting to most people, to me as a physicist, I think it's one of the most interesting questions, Like what is the future of this whole amazing beautiful experiment we're living in, right, you know, is it going to go on forever? Is it going to tear itself apart? Is it going to crunch together? Like, to me, that's a really interesting question.

Yeah, I wonder if it's interesting to most people, to me as a physicist, I think it's one of the most interesting questions, Like what is the future of this whole amazing beautiful experiment we're living in, right, you know, is it going to go on forever? Is it going to tear itself apart? Is it going to crunch together? Like, to me, that's a really interesting question.

Like do we live at the peak of it? Or are we like in the after party, you know what I mean? Like, or are we or are are great grandchildren going to be like at the peak of the universe?

Like do we live at the peak of it? Or are we like in the after party, you know what I mean? Like, or are we or are are great grandchildren going to be like at the peak of the universe?

Yeah? I think I think that's exactly right. And I think there's an issue of context there, right, Like as humans, we are always striving to understand the context of our existence. Why is this important? What's going on? And one of those questions is like is Earth at the center of the cosmos? Is Earth even important? And another question is like that but in time? Right, like are we living at an important time? What is the future going to be?

Yeah? I think I think that's exactly right. And I think there's an issue of context there, right, Like as humans, we are always striving to understand the context of our existence. Why is this important? What's going on? And one of those questions is like is Earth at the center of the cosmos? Is Earth even important? And another question is like that but in time? Right, like are we living at an important time? What is the future going to be?

Like?

Like?

Where do we fit in?

Where do we fit in?

Yeah? Are people in a billion year is going to look back and say, man, I wish I'd lived when daniel Le Jorge were doing their awesome podcast because those were the days.

Yeah? Are people in a billion year is going to look back and say, man, I wish I'd lived when daniel Le Jorge were doing their awesome podcast because those were the days.

Man, those were the good old days of the universe.

Man, those were the good old days of the universe.

Yeah, this podcast is peak civilization, That's what we're saying.

Yeah, this podcast is peak civilization, That's what we're saying.

After Our next podcast is peak civilization, So stay tuned for that one.

After Our next podcast is peak civilization, So stay tuned for that one.

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If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple card it's the credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash back that can earn four point four zero percent annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC terms and more at applecard dot com. Yeah, so people were thinking about those two options, right, big crunch or heat death of the universe.

If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple card it's the credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash back that can earn four point four zero percent annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC terms and more at applecard dot com. Yeah, so people were thinking about those two options, right, big crunch or heat death of the universe.

So option A everything comes crashing back down. Option B the just kind of float away.

So option A everything comes crashing back down. Option B the just kind of float away.

Yeah, exactly. And so what they wanted to do was look back in time because you can't actually see the future, but it's not that hard in physics to see the past, especially in astronomy, to see the past, all you have to do is look out into space, and everything you see in space happened in the past, just because it takes light time to get here from there.

Yeah, exactly. And so what they wanted to do was look back in time because you can't actually see the future, but it's not that hard in physics to see the past, especially in astronomy, to see the past, all you have to do is look out into space, and everything you see in space happened in the past, just because it takes light time to get here from there.

It's like back in the day when there was no email or internet, you would get your news from mail letters, right, And so the further away, what did actually happen at some point the Internet did not exist. Daniel, what what what it was all dark?

It's like back in the day when there was no email or internet, you would get your news from mail letters, right, And so the further away, what did actually happen at some point the Internet did not exist. Daniel, what what what it was all dark?

Dark mail?

Dark mail?

Yeah, dark mail. So yeah, so like the further away you get a letter the older that.

Yeah, dark mail. So yeah, so like the further away you get a letter the older that.

News was, yes, exactly. And some people think, oh, that's a bummer. I think it's actually pretty cool because it lets us look into the past. And so the further out you look, the further in the past you can see. And the goal is to see, like how fast is stuff moving away from us the expansion in the universe. How fast is stuff moving away from us now? And how fast was it moving away from us earlier? So we could understand like, how is this changing? What is the faith going to be? Is it slowing down? How fast is it slowing down?

News was, yes, exactly. And some people think, oh, that's a bummer. I think it's actually pretty cool because it lets us look into the past. And so the further out you look, the further in the past you can see. And the goal is to see, like how fast is stuff moving away from us the expansion in the universe. How fast is stuff moving away from us now? And how fast was it moving away from us earlier? So we could understand like, how is this changing? What is the faith going to be? Is it slowing down? How fast is it slowing down?

Yeah? So, because like if the fate of the universe was for it to crunch down, then you would see things kind of expanding slower now than before. Like before you thinking would be flying out and now they would be kind of slowing down, and so we could expect things to crunch or if we measure things to be moving at about the same now as they were before, then maybe the fate of the universe is just to kind of keep floating off and getting.

Yeah? So, because like if the fate of the universe was for it to crunch down, then you would see things kind of expanding slower now than before. Like before you thinking would be flying out and now they would be kind of slowing down, and so we could expect things to crunch or if we measure things to be moving at about the same now as they were before, then maybe the fate of the universe is just to kind of keep floating off and getting.

Cooler exactly, And so that was the question. They were like, let's look and see how things are changing. How much is it slowing down. It's slowing down a lot, which means maybe big crunch, or slowing down just a little, which means maybe heat death. That was the question they asked. But it's actually fascinating how they did it because it's tricky, right, in order to know how far back in the past you're looking, you have to know how far away a star is. And that's not easy to figure out.

Cooler exactly, And so that was the question. They were like, let's look and see how things are changing. How much is it slowing down. It's slowing down a lot, which means maybe big crunch, or slowing down just a little, which means maybe heat death. That was the question they asked. But it's actually fascinating how they did it because it's tricky, right, in order to know how far back in the past you're looking, you have to know how far away a star is. And that's not easy to figure out.

Right, because like, if you look at a star, it's if it's dim. You don't know if it's just like a weak star or really far away star. It's just a little point, right, it's hard to tell. You can't like tell how far awa it is just from how bright that point is.

Right, because like, if you look at a star, it's if it's dim. You don't know if it's just like a weak star or really far away star. It's just a little point, right, it's hard to tell. You can't like tell how far awa it is just from how bright that point is.

That's right. You can't tell the difference between a star that's very bright and far away and very weak and close up. We have some tricks, but none of them are really good. The early days, people used to figure out how far away stars were by seeing how they shifted as the Earth went around the Sun. Because if something was really close, then you could see it sliding back and forth as the Earth went around the Sun. That's called the parallax system.

That's right. You can't tell the difference between a star that's very bright and far away and very weak and close up. We have some tricks, but none of them are really good. The early days, people used to figure out how far away stars were by seeing how they shifted as the Earth went around the Sun. Because if something was really close, then you could see it sliding back and forth as the Earth went around the Sun. That's called the parallax system.

It's like how you triangulate with your eyes right, Like, Yes, if something looks really different when you wink when eye and you wink the other one, then it must be pretty close. But if it doesn't change a lot when you wink between eyes, then it's far away.

It's like how you triangulate with your eyes right, Like, Yes, if something looks really different when you wink when eye and you wink the other one, then it must be pretty close. But if it doesn't change a lot when you wink between eyes, then it's far away.

Yeah. And so that's the original way people could figure out how far stuff away is. And then it was like in the nineteen twenties when Hubble figured out a new way to look at stuff in the sky and he found a particular kind of star called a seafied that rotated and its brightness was connected to how fast it was rotating, so you could figure out by measuring its rotation how bright it is, which told you how far away it was. So he was the first one to be able to see things that were further away. And he's actually the one who figured out not just that the universe is expanding. Before that, people thought, oh, the universe is just a bunch of stars hanging in space. And he figured out two amazing things. One is the universe is expanding, and the other is that the universe is more than just our galaxy.

Yeah. And so that's the original way people could figure out how far stuff away is. And then it was like in the nineteen twenties when Hubble figured out a new way to look at stuff in the sky and he found a particular kind of star called a seafied that rotated and its brightness was connected to how fast it was rotating, so you could figure out by measuring its rotation how bright it is, which told you how far away it was. So he was the first one to be able to see things that were further away. And he's actually the one who figured out not just that the universe is expanding. Before that, people thought, oh, the universe is just a bunch of stars hanging in space. And he figured out two amazing things. One is the universe is expanding, and the other is that the universe is more than just our galaxy.

And what do you mean more, he figured out that the other galaxies.

And what do you mean more, he figured out that the other galaxies.

That's right before Hubble, we thought there is just our galaxy. Like, imagine just a single galaxy floating in space. That's what people thought the universe was. He saw these little smudges up in the sky that people thought, oh, these should just dust or clouds or something turns, and that he proved by measuring the distance to them, that there were were way too far away to be part of our galaxy. He proved that they were actually other galaxies, and that those galaxies who were running away from us. It must have been so mind blowing to be Hubbled, you know, to have this moment of realization, to understand this huge context of our of our existence.

That's right before Hubble, we thought there is just our galaxy. Like, imagine just a single galaxy floating in space. That's what people thought the universe was. He saw these little smudges up in the sky that people thought, oh, these should just dust or clouds or something turns, and that he proved by measuring the distance to them, that there were were way too far away to be part of our galaxy. He proved that they were actually other galaxies, and that those galaxies who were running away from us. It must have been so mind blowing to be Hubbled, you know, to have this moment of realization, to understand this huge context of our of our existence.

Yeah, it must be very humble to be Hubble.

Yeah, it must be very humble to be Hubble.

You know. I don't know anything about Hubble, but a lot of these famous physicists were not the nicest of guys.

You know. I don't know anything about Hubble, but a lot of these famous physicists were not the nicest of guys.

So is that true? Are there stories about Hubble?

So is that true? Are there stories about Hubble?

I don't know any of them, but if I had to guess any random famous physicist from history, they're probably got there by not being the nicest of a person.

I don't know any of them, but if I had to guess any random famous physicist from history, they're probably got there by not being the nicest of a person.

Yeah, being humble.

Yeah, being humble.

Anyway, Hubble was able to see past our galaxy but cosmically speaking, that's not far enough to be able to tell because that's just like the last you know, little bit of the history. Then it was in the nineteen nineties people developed a powerful new technique that let them see much further, so we could tell how far away things were that were much, much, much further, and that gave us a much deeper view.

Anyway, Hubble was able to see past our galaxy but cosmically speaking, that's not far enough to be able to tell because that's just like the last you know, little bit of the history. Then it was in the nineteen nineties people developed a powerful new technique that let them see much further, so we could tell how far away things were that were much, much, much further, and that gave us a much deeper view.

Further than like the nearest galaxy.

Further than like the nearest galaxy.

Yeah, really far away galaxies. And that's a new kind of star that we started to understand, called a type one a supernova.

Yeah, really far away galaxies. And that's a new kind of star that we started to understand, called a type one a supernova.

Right, they call them like the standard candles, right exactly.

Right, they call them like the standard candles, right exactly.

They're standard candles because they act the same way everywhere in the universe, and so we can tell we know how bright they are, so based on how dim they are or how bright, we can tell how far away they are. So it was in the nineties people figured this thing out. They're like, ooh, look, we have a new standard candle that lets us look much deeper into the history of the universe. Right now we can answer this question. We can figure out what is the future of the universe, what is it going to be?

They're standard candles because they act the same way everywhere in the universe, and so we can tell we know how bright they are, so based on how dim they are or how bright, we can tell how far away they are. So it was in the nineties people figured this thing out. They're like, ooh, look, we have a new standard candle that lets us look much deeper into the history of the universe. Right now we can answer this question. We can figure out what is the future of the universe, what is it going to be?

So most stars are you can't really tell, right, some of them are dim, some of them are far away, but there are the special type of star. It always explodes the same way, so that if you see it really bright, it must be closed, or if you see it really dim, it must be far away.

So most stars are you can't really tell, right, some of them are dim, some of them are far away, but there are the special type of star. It always explodes the same way, so that if you see it really bright, it must be closed, or if you see it really dim, it must be far away.

Right, that's right. And these are not just stars, as you said, these are supernova, right, they're the end of stars. Right. That's when stars col lapse and implode, followed by a huge enormous cosmic explosion. And that explosion is super bright, Like a single supernova can outshine the entire galaxy it's in, but just for a few days. It's like crazily burning up all of its fuel.

Right, that's right. And these are not just stars, as you said, these are supernova, right, they're the end of stars. Right. That's when stars col lapse and implode, followed by a huge enormous cosmic explosion. And that explosion is super bright, Like a single supernova can outshine the entire galaxy it's in, but just for a few days. It's like crazily burning up all of its fuel.

It's like like get a flare.

It's like like get a flare.

If you set your house on fire, it's brighter than the whole neighborhood. Right, but not very long. So there were you know, people figured this out, and then people sort of split into two teams. It was a team at Berkeley and it was a team in Australia, and they were racing to discover to get as much data as possible because supernova are not regular. It's not like you know when it's going to happen. You have to just scan the sky and hope to see one. And it developed special technology to look through all this telescope data and try to find new stars that were appearing in the sky, because that's what a supernova looks like, looks like a bright new star that appears and then it fades over a matter of days. And if you capture enough data about it, then you can learn about its brightness and figure out how far away it was.

If you set your house on fire, it's brighter than the whole neighborhood. Right, but not very long. So there were you know, people figured this out, and then people sort of split into two teams. It was a team at Berkeley and it was a team in Australia, and they were racing to discover to get as much data as possible because supernova are not regular. It's not like you know when it's going to happen. You have to just scan the sky and hope to see one. And it developed special technology to look through all this telescope data and try to find new stars that were appearing in the sky, because that's what a supernova looks like, looks like a bright new star that appears and then it fades over a matter of days. And if you capture enough data about it, then you can learn about its brightness and figure out how far away it was.

And so finally one of them discovered, like, hey, we have a measurement for how the universe is expanding, whether it's expanding faster or slower than before.

And so finally one of them discovered, like, hey, we have a measurement for how the universe is expanding, whether it's expanding faster or slower than before.

Yeah. It took a couple of years for them to have enough data, and it was a scramble, and I think those people must have been working twenty hour days here, seven days a week.

Yeah. It took a couple of years for them to have enough data, and it was a scramble, and I think those people must have been working twenty hour days here, seven days a week.

Yeah, everyone wanted to be the first to say like, hey, here's that measurement exactly.

Yeah, everyone wanted to be the first to say like, hey, here's that measurement exactly.

Finally they had this plot of how fast the universe is expanding as a function of time, and what they discovered is that the universe is not slowing down a lot or slowing down a little.

Finally they had this plot of how fast the universe is expanding as a function of time, and what they discovered is that the universe is not slowing down a lot or slowing down a little.

So it's not option A nor option B.

So it's not option A nor option B.

That's right. The universe went for secret option C.

That's right. The universe went for secret option C.

Secret option C.

Secret option C.

You didn't even know it was on the menu. That's what we got for dinner, right, And I love when the universe does that because it's like, oh, you silly little humans. You had no idea what even.

You didn't even know it was on the menu. That's what we got for dinner, right, And I love when the universe does that because it's like, oh, you silly little humans. You had no idea what even.

Question you're asking, right, I hadn't even thought about this answer.

Question you're asking, right, I hadn't even thought about this answer.

That's right, And so secret option CEE is that the universe, the expansion of the universe is not slowing down at all. It's increasing. It's getting faster and faster, it's accelerating.

That's right, And so secret option CEE is that the universe, the expansion of the universe is not slowing down at all. It's increasing. It's getting faster and faster, it's accelerating.

So the fate of the universe is not that it's going to crunch or just float away. Things are like freezing away from each other.

So the fate of the universe is not that it's going to crunch or just float away. Things are like freezing away from each other.

That's right, Faster and faster every year. Something out there. We don't know what it is. We can't explain it, We don't understand it at all. Something out there is pushing all of these other galaxies away from us, and it's doing it faster and faster every year. Like you only need to know a little bit of physics to know that accelerating an entire galaxy hundreds of billions of stars takes a huge amount of energy. That's why we were talking earlier about how it's two thirds of the energy in the universe, because it's not a small feat to expand the whole universe faster every year.

That's right, Faster and faster every year. Something out there. We don't know what it is. We can't explain it, We don't understand it at all. Something out there is pushing all of these other galaxies away from us, and it's doing it faster and faster every year. Like you only need to know a little bit of physics to know that accelerating an entire galaxy hundreds of billions of stars takes a huge amount of energy. That's why we were talking earlier about how it's two thirds of the energy in the universe, because it's not a small feat to expand the whole universe faster every year.

Yeah, it's like these galaxies want to get together because of gravity, either pulling on each other to get closer, but something is actually pushing them apart.

Yeah, it's like these galaxies want to get together because of gravity, either pulling on each other to get closer, but something is actually pushing them apart.

That's right, and that's the thing we call dark energy. So they discover this thing, total mind blow, Like what the universe is totally different from what we thought it was. The fate of the universe is different from what we possibly imagined. Then there's this second big question, which is what is it? Right? We found it. We know that it's there, we see that it's happening, but we don't understand it at all. We just observe it.

That's right, and that's the thing we call dark energy. So they discover this thing, total mind blow, Like what the universe is totally different from what we thought it was. The fate of the universe is different from what we possibly imagined. Then there's this second big question, which is what is it? Right? We found it. We know that it's there, we see that it's happening, but we don't understand it at all. We just observe it.

Okay, But before we get into that, let's take a quick break.

Okay, But before we get into that, let's take a quick break.

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That's what dark energy is. It's like that thing that is pushing all the galaxies apart.

That's what dark energy is. It's like that thing that is pushing all the galaxies apart.

That's right, the totally unexplained, ununderstood phenomena which is shredding the universe and causing it to explode and changing its future. That's what dark energy is. And most people walking in the street have no idea.

That's right, the totally unexplained, ununderstood phenomena which is shredding the universe and causing it to explode and changing its future. That's what dark energy is. And most people walking in the street have no idea.

It's like the phenomenon of the universe expanding faster and faster. That's dark energy. That's exactly right, Like some kind of like actual like energy like a photon or some kind of like thing like we really don't know what it is.

It's like the phenomenon of the universe expanding faster and faster. That's dark energy. That's exactly right, Like some kind of like actual like energy like a photon or some kind of like thing like we really don't know what it is.

All we know is that it's energy, that's all we know. And we know that it's accelerating the universe. And a fascinating thing is that it's not just pushing stuff through space. Right, One way to imagine a galaxy moving away from you is that it's moving through space away from you, right, And that's what you imagine probably when you think of the Big Bang. Everything comes out of this tiny little ball and expands through space. But dark energy is doing something else. It's also creating new space between us and the other galaxies. It's not just pushing things through space. It's making new empty space.

All we know is that it's energy, that's all we know. And we know that it's accelerating the universe. And a fascinating thing is that it's not just pushing stuff through space. Right, One way to imagine a galaxy moving away from you is that it's moving through space away from you, right, And that's what you imagine probably when you think of the Big Bang. Everything comes out of this tiny little ball and expands through space. But dark energy is doing something else. It's also creating new space between us and the other galaxies. It's not just pushing things through space. It's making new empty space.

It's not pushing you and meat apart from each other. It's like it's creating more room, more land in between in between us.

It's not pushing you and meat apart from each other. It's like it's creating more room, more land in between in between us.

That's right. It's making the four or five even longer.

That's right. It's making the four or five even longer.

Well you know what I mean, like a like a ticonic lady. How Like it comes up and it creates land and it pushes things apart. That's kind of what dark energy is doing out in space. Yes, exactly right, creating new real estate in between you and me. And that's pushing me apart further apart from you.

Well you know what I mean, like a like a ticonic lady. How Like it comes up and it creates land and it pushes things apart. That's kind of what dark energy is doing out in space. Yes, exactly right, creating new real estate in between you and me. And that's pushing me apart further apart from you.

That's right. And it's hard to think about what it means new space. What is that unless you think about space in a different way. Space isn't just emptiness or nothingness, as we've said on this podcast a few times. It's this dynamic physical thing. And this is one reason we think it's more than just emptiness, is that it can do this thing that emptiness can't, which is create more of itself.

That's right. And it's hard to think about what it means new space. What is that unless you think about space in a different way. Space isn't just emptiness or nothingness, as we've said on this podcast a few times. It's this dynamic physical thing. And this is one reason we think it's more than just emptiness, is that it can do this thing that emptiness can't, which is create more of itself.

It's not nothing. It's like real estate, and there's more of it being created.

It's not nothing. It's like real estate, and there's more of it being created.

That's right. Location, location, location, you know, it's the most important thing, right And new space is being created all the time, and that's what dark energy is doing, is creating this new space. And we don't have any explanation for it. You know, people think about theories and what is dark energy? Could it be this? Could it be that. One idea that physicists like is to think about the energy of this empty space, like maybe space itself has energy. Maybe space can never really be empty. You know, it's full of the Higgs field, and it's full of virtual particles, and it's full of all this little quantum frothing bubbliness right Like.

That's right. Location, location, location, you know, it's the most important thing, right And new space is being created all the time, and that's what dark energy is doing, is creating this new space. And we don't have any explanation for it. You know, people think about theories and what is dark energy? Could it be this? Could it be that. One idea that physicists like is to think about the energy of this empty space, like maybe space itself has energy. Maybe space can never really be empty. You know, it's full of the Higgs field, and it's full of virtual particles, and it's full of all this little quantum frothing bubbliness right Like.

By its very nature is just like this has a bubbly personality.

By its very nature is just like this has a bubbly personality.

That's right. Space isn't cold and friendly. It wants to have more of itself. It's social. And so one idea is maybe dark energy is this energy of empty space. The problem is if you sit down to do the calculations, you say, all right, well, let's calculate how much energy there is an empty space, and compared to what we see, you come up with a number that's way off, like not a little bit off, off by ten to the sixty and let's ten with sixty zeros beyond it. That's a big error, y big mistake. So the other fascinating thing is that it hasn't been doing it forever. It turned on about five billion years ago and started this acceleration. And again we don't know why. We don't know what turned it on. We know what would turn it off. You know, what is dark energy? Like you know long walks on the beach, I don't know. We don't know very much about it.

That's right. Space isn't cold and friendly. It wants to have more of itself. It's social. And so one idea is maybe dark energy is this energy of empty space. The problem is if you sit down to do the calculations, you say, all right, well, let's calculate how much energy there is an empty space, and compared to what we see, you come up with a number that's way off, like not a little bit off, off by ten to the sixty and let's ten with sixty zeros beyond it. That's a big error, y big mistake. So the other fascinating thing is that it hasn't been doing it forever. It turned on about five billion years ago and started this acceleration. And again we don't know why. We don't know what turned it on. We know what would turn it off. You know, what is dark energy? Like you know long walks on the beach, I don't know. We don't know very much about it.

Was it always there from the beginning of the Big Bang. It's just some somehow five billion years ago it started pushing things more actively.

Was it always there from the beginning of the Big Bang. It's just some somehow five billion years ago it started pushing things more actively.

Yeah, these days, the most modern picture of cosmology, I think, considers the Big Bang and dark energy to be sort of connected. Like, imagine a huge expansion of the universe in the very first few moments that we call the Big Bang, or these days we call that inflation, and then that stopped and things just sort of floated through space for a while and then five billion years ago it started again. So in one sense, you could think of dark energy as like phase two of the Big Bang, or the Big Bang continued, you know, but just when you thought it was safe to get into space.

Yeah, these days, the most modern picture of cosmology, I think, considers the Big Bang and dark energy to be sort of connected. Like, imagine a huge expansion of the universe in the very first few moments that we call the Big Bang, or these days we call that inflation, and then that stopped and things just sort of floated through space for a while and then five billion years ago it started again. So in one sense, you could think of dark energy as like phase two of the Big Bang, or the Big Bang continued, you know, but just when you thought it was safe to get into space.

Here comes to the dark energy, Here comes the Bigger Bang.

Here comes to the dark energy, Here comes the Bigger Bang.

Yeah, both of them are expansions of space. We think they're probably related, but we don't really know how or why.

Yeah, both of them are expansions of space. We think they're probably related, but we don't really know how or why.

They can't do the same thing. But who knows. Why would take a nap for five billion years?

They can't do the same thing. But who knows. Why would take a nap for five billion years?

That's right, I'm sorry, what were you doing? How do you capture the time? Are we getting built for that time? Yeah? Exactly. And there are big consequences for the fact that it's not just pushing things through space but actually creating new space.

That's right, I'm sorry, what were you doing? How do you capture the time? Are we getting built for that time? Yeah? Exactly. And there are big consequences for the fact that it's not just pushing things through space but actually creating new space.

Yeah, because we start as a podcast asking like what is going to happen to the universe at the end, and so it has it has big consequences for like what's going to happen to the universe.

Yeah, because we start as a podcast asking like what is going to happen to the universe at the end, and so it has it has big consequences for like what's going to happen to the universe.

Yeah, because it's creating new space, which means it's effectively evading the speed limit of the universe, the speed of light. Right, Nothing in the universe can move through space faster than the speed of light.

Yeah, because it's creating new space, which means it's effectively evading the speed limit of the universe, the speed of light. Right, Nothing in the universe can move through space faster than the speed of light.

Right.

Right.

That's a hard and fast limit, and so these galaxies can't move through space away from us faster than the speed of light, but there's no limit on how fast you can create new space. So new space is being created between us and these other galaxies faster then light can go through it.

That's a hard and fast limit, and so these galaxies can't move through space away from us faster than the speed of light, but there's no limit on how fast you can create new space. So new space is being created between us and these other galaxies faster then light can go through it.

It's like if I was trying to get to you down at Irvine and I can only go seventy miles per hour in the highway, you know, nominally.

It's like if I was trying to get to you down at Irvine and I can only go seventy miles per hour in the highway, you know, nominally.

You'd be lucky to do that.

You'd be lucky to do that.

Let's say it's like two A to have your private line. Let's say I was using the carpool lane, all right, but yeah, but like let's say that a new land was being created between you and me faster than seventy miles per hour, I would never get to you.

Let's say it's like two A to have your private line. Let's say I was using the carpool lane, all right, but yeah, but like let's say that a new land was being created between you and me faster than seventy miles per hour, I would never get to you.

That's right. If they're just laying new road and you're faster than you're driving through it, you'll never get down to Irvine, exactly right. And that's a situation. Those photons that are leaving those galaxies now will never reach us because the space in between us is growing faster than the photons go through it.

That's right. If they're just laying new road and you're faster than you're driving through it, you'll never get down to Irvine, exactly right. And that's a situation. Those photons that are leaving those galaxies now will never reach us because the space in between us is growing faster than the photons go through it.

Right, at some point they'll stop reaching us, right like, like we'll see them and then suddenly they'll blink out of.

Right, at some point they'll stop reaching us, right like, like we'll see them and then suddenly they'll blink out of.

Existence exactly, things that used to be in our observable universe. Things that we see now because light has had a chance to get through the universe to us, will no longer be observable because dark energy is pushing them out of this sphere of the observable universe, all the stuff we can see because light has had a chance to get to us. So galaxies in the sky are disappearing right now, right now, quick rush outside.

Existence exactly, things that used to be in our observable universe. Things that we see now because light has had a chance to get through the universe to us, will no longer be observable because dark energy is pushing them out of this sphere of the observable universe, all the stuff we can see because light has had a chance to get to us. So galaxies in the sky are disappearing right now, right now, quick rush outside.

And.

And.

Things that are on the edge of our observable universe are disappearing because dark energy is pushing them beyond the bounds of things we can see. So the night sky is getting darker and darker.

Things that are on the edge of our observable universe are disappearing because dark energy is pushing them beyond the bounds of things we can see. So the night sky is getting darker and darker.

So like if you hit the fast forward button on a camera pointed at the sky, you would see like stars just snuff out, just like.

So like if you hit the fast forward button on a camera pointed at the sky, you would see like stars just snuff out, just like.

Yeah, you would see galaxies snuff out of are clusters of stars. And so in that scenario, all these galaxies snuff out of the sky, right they get pushed out beyond our observable horizon and they disappear, and then we're left with the single galaxy in the universe. Just like people before Hubble thought, right then, and imagine astronomers in the future right after all these galaxies are pushed out.

Yeah, you would see galaxies snuff out of are clusters of stars. And so in that scenario, all these galaxies snuff out of the sky, right they get pushed out beyond our observable horizon and they disappear, and then we're left with the single galaxy in the universe. Just like people before Hubble thought, right then, and imagine astronomers in the future right after all these galaxies are pushed out.

They're going to think we're the only there's only one galaxy in the entire universe.

They're going to think we're the only there's only one galaxy in the entire universe.

Yeah, because they would be the only thing that they could see. Right, It's amazing to imagine. How to try to think about how could they learn about the universe if all they could see was their galaxy. How could they even possibly know, right, how big it actually is? Yeah, they would have no idea what's beyond their observable universe. And that's really humbling because it reminds you of how little we know. Right, we're, after all, fourteen billion years into the history of the universe. There could be fascinating clues about the way the universe works and what it's made out of that have already been pushed beyond our sky that we cannot see and we will never see. Right, So what's lost in the night sky? Well, we have no idea, right, there.