If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash back that can earn four point four zero percent annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC, terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash back that can earn four point four zero percent annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC, terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

We're just days away from our twenty twenty four I Heart Radio Music Festival.

We're just days away from our twenty twenty four I Heart Radio Music Festival.

We should invite Capital.

We should invite Capital.

On the biggest headliners in live music will be taking over to Mobile Arena, Las.

On the biggest headliners in live music will be taking over to Mobile Arena, Las.

Vegas lost some special surprises in moments you are not going to want to miss. Stream only on Hulu, Ihart Radio Music Festival.

Vegas lost some special surprises in moments you are not going to want to miss. Stream only on Hulu, Ihart Radio Music Festival.

And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events of the.

And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events of the.

Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern, seven thirty Pacific.

Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern, seven thirty Pacific.

Everything that we know about in the universe, all the stars, galaxies, gas and dust. Out there you me, hamsters, hamsters, flamingos. It's help me out. It's just three things. Yeah, that's crazy.

Everything that we know about in the universe, all the stars, galaxies, gas and dust. Out there you me, hamsters, hamsters, flamingos. It's help me out. It's just three things. Yeah, that's crazy.

We have all this complexity, not because the world itself is complex, but the world is made out of a small number of simple things, and it's the arrangement of that stuff that gives the complexity.

We have all this complexity, not because the world itself is complex, but the world is made out of a small number of simple things, and it's the arrangement of that stuff that gives the complexity.

It's just three things arranged in a bazillion different ways. Hi, I am Jorge and I'm Daniel, and this is Daniel and Jorgey Explain the Universe. Our podcast about the universe and everything in it.

It's just three things arranged in a bazillion different ways. Hi, I am Jorge and I'm Daniel, and this is Daniel and Jorgey Explain the Universe. Our podcast about the universe and everything in it.

In which we try to take the whole universe, break it into tiny pieces and insert them one at a time into your brain.

In which we try to take the whole universe, break it into tiny pieces and insert them one at a time into your brain.

Bit by bit. Do they own the program we're gonna ask question, what is the universe made out of? Right?

Bit by bit. Do they own the program we're gonna ask question, what is the universe made out of? Right?

Sort of like can you take the universe and break that into tiny bits? And how far can you go? And why do we even think that's possible? And why is it like that?

Sort of like can you take the universe and break that into tiny bits? And how far can you go? And why do we even think that's possible? And why is it like that?

And what are those tiny little bits?

And what are those tiny little bits?

And why do they have such silly names? And something I like to think about is how long have people been asking this question?

And why do they have such silly names? And something I like to think about is how long have people been asking this question?

Yeah?

Yeah?

And clearly the Greeks thought about it. They wrote about it. You know, they had crazy ideas that were totally off base, but yeah, they thought about it. To them, it was an important question.

And clearly the Greeks thought about it. They wrote about it. You know, they had crazy ideas that were totally off base, but yeah, they thought about it. To them, it was an important question.

Yeah, even before that, I was reading you know, it's ancient cultures, even before the Greeks had this question and they had ideas about what the things were made out of.

Yeah, even before that, I was reading you know, it's ancient cultures, even before the Greeks had this question and they had ideas about what the things were made out of.

Well, I wonder, you know, like the folks, for example, who did those cave paintings in France thirty five thousand years ago? They were capable of symbolic thinking, probably logic, definitely music. Did they have these deep questions about this world they found themselves in that made little sense to them?

Well, I wonder, you know, like the folks, for example, who did those cave paintings in France thirty five thousand years ago? They were capable of symbolic thinking, probably logic, definitely music. Did they have these deep questions about this world they found themselves in that made little sense to them?

Yeah? Well, I think it's crazy just to think about why even ask the question, like what makes us think that the universe is made out of stuff, you know, Like, what does it mean to even ask that question?

Yeah? Well, I think it's crazy just to think about why even ask the question, like what makes us think that the universe is made out of stuff, you know, Like, what does it mean to even ask that question?

Yeah? I think it comes from a desire to organize. Like you see stuff around you, right, I mean you see logs and water and air and people, and you noticed all this stuff, and then you might wonder like, well, this stuff is kind of like that other stuff, and is there some way I can organize it? Right?

Yeah? I think it comes from a desire to organize. Like you see stuff around you, right, I mean you see logs and water and air and people, and you noticed all this stuff, and then you might wonder like, well, this stuff is kind of like that other stuff, and is there some way I can organize it? Right?

Yeah?

Yeah?

I think the first principle there is like looking for patterns, looking for for for reasons, the why you can understand why this stuff is here.

I think the first principle there is like looking for patterns, looking for for for reasons, the why you can understand why this stuff is here.

Yeah, And can I like take some of this and mix it with some of that and get something new or something different.

Yeah, And can I like take some of this and mix it with some of that and get something new or something different.

Yeah, it's a sort of a natural idea.

Yeah, it's a sort of a natural idea.

But as usual, we went out into the street and we asked you. We asked you, what do you think the universe is made out.

But as usual, we went out into the street and we asked you. We asked you, what do you think the universe is made out.

Of the deepest level of matter so far?

Of the deepest level of matter so far?

Here's what you had to say.

Here's what you had to say.

What is everything made out of at the smallest scale?

What is everything made out of at the smallest scale?

On the smallest scale, I think electrons are the smallest that I know of.

On the smallest scale, I think electrons are the smallest that I know of.

I haven't taken physics since like junior.

I haven't taken physics since like junior.

Year from well, I guess from my classes it would be like the atoms atoms?

Year from well, I guess from my classes it would be like the atoms atoms?

Is it atoms?

Is it atoms?

It's made out of quarks and stuff, right, the quarks freak. I feel like I should know this. I'm a keem major. All right, I think we got an answer. I think we're done with this podcast.

It's made out of quarks and stuff, right, the quarks freak. I feel like I should know this. I'm a keem major. All right, I think we got an answer. I think we're done with this podcast.

It's atoms, basically Adams and maybe something else. Yeah, everybody seems to know about the atom.

It's atoms, basically Adams and maybe something else. Yeah, everybody seems to know about the atom.

I think basically everyone's physics education stops at high school basically most people, unless you go on to study physics. It's like high school physics, what you remember is atoms.

I think basically everyone's physics education stops at high school basically most people, unless you go on to study physics. It's like high school physics, what you remember is atoms.

But that's not even physics, man, that's chemistry. Atoms are chemistry, how they interact and stuff. But it's fascinating that one of the deepest questions in physics, right, what is the universe made out of? Is mostly answered so far by chemistry. Like most of the progress we've made is chemistry.

But that's not even physics, man, that's chemistry. Atoms are chemistry, how they interact and stuff. But it's fascinating that one of the deepest questions in physics, right, what is the universe made out of? Is mostly answered so far by chemistry. Like most of the progress we've made is chemistry.

Well, chemistry used to be kind of physics, right, I mean it used to all just be natural sciences, right, Like these distinctions are kind of recent.

Well, chemistry used to be kind of physics, right, I mean it used to all just be natural sciences, right, Like these distinctions are kind of recent.

Yeah, I mean it all used to be philosophy, right, all of it grew out of philosophy.

Yeah, I mean it all used to be philosophy, right, all of it grew out of philosophy.

It all just used to be thinking. That's you know, like love of thinking.

It all just used to be thinking. That's you know, like love of thinking.

What's your job, dad? Oh, I'm a thinker.

What's your job, dad? Oh, I'm a thinker.

I'm a lover of think all day.

I'm a lover of think all day.

Yeah, so, but I think that's it's interesting that, you know, a huge part of the answer this question what is the world made out of? Is answered by what people said atoms. You know that you can even take the stuff around you and break it into a fairly small number of bits then explain all of it.

Yeah, so, but I think that's it's interesting that, you know, a huge part of the answer this question what is the world made out of? Is answered by what people said atoms. You know that you can even take the stuff around you and break it into a fairly small number of bits then explain all of it.

Right, And this idea kind of, like you said, goes back to the Greeks, Like the Greeks positive they wondered, like is everything made out of tiny little bits?

Right, And this idea kind of, like you said, goes back to the Greeks, Like the Greeks positive they wondered, like is everything made out of tiny little bits?

Yeah? I think that gives the Greeks way too much credit. I mean, I think there was a Greek Democratis who had a lot of ideas, one of which was this one, which happened to be correct. I think he had a lot of other crazy ideas which were not correct. And it's not like this idea was, you know, took the Greeks by storm and had a lot of consensus. You know, sort of like if a thousand monkeys are typing on typewriters, one of them will predict a correct theory of physics, and you could look back later and say, Wow, this monkey was a genius.

Yeah? I think that gives the Greeks way too much credit. I mean, I think there was a Greek Democratis who had a lot of ideas, one of which was this one, which happened to be correct. I think he had a lot of other crazy ideas which were not correct. And it's not like this idea was, you know, took the Greeks by storm and had a lot of consensus. You know, sort of like if a thousand monkeys are typing on typewriters, one of them will predict a correct theory of physics, and you could look back later and say, Wow, this monkey was a genius.

But that doesn't make all monkeys geniuses.

But that doesn't make all monkeys geniuses.

I would saying that kind of sprayed a lot of intellectual ideas of the board there, you know, and yeah, one of them stuck and turned out to be sort of true. But doesn't mean they necessarily need to get credit for it.

I would saying that kind of sprayed a lot of intellectual ideas of the board there, you know, and yeah, one of them stuck and turned out to be sort of true. But doesn't mean they necessarily need to get credit for it.

But they sort of try to categorize these little bits, right, Like they had ideas that there were five or four kinds of stuff that the rest of the stuff was made of, right, like earth, air, water, fire.

But they sort of try to categorize these little bits, right, Like they had ideas that there were five or four kinds of stuff that the rest of the stuff was made of, right, like earth, air, water, fire.

I think that those were really two separate ideas that now we've kind of combined. I mean, one idea, it was there's a few basic kinds of stuff and everything is made out of those, right, That's a really fascinating idea. The other idea that everything is made out of small pieces, you know, atoms, bits of stuff. That's a totally different idea.

I think that those were really two separate ideas that now we've kind of combined. I mean, one idea, it was there's a few basic kinds of stuff and everything is made out of those, right, That's a really fascinating idea. The other idea that everything is made out of small pieces, you know, atoms, bits of stuff. That's a totally different idea.

Like stuff can be made out of a small number of other stuff like earth, fire, wind, but those things don't necessarily need to be in little bits.

Like stuff can be made out of a small number of other stuff like earth, fire, wind, but those things don't necessarily need to be in little bits.

Yeah, they could be you know, earth and fire and water could be elemental, you know, on their own. They could It can't be divided into little pieces. They could be like perfectly smooth no matter how much you zoom in, they could always just be themselves. Right, there's this other idea that if you zoom in on stuff, it turns out it's made out of little building blocks. That's a different idea. And now we have kind of both of them, right, we have both of them, where like, oh, it turns out stuff it's made out of little building blocks, and there's a few kinds of them.

Yeah, they could be you know, earth and fire and water could be elemental, you know, on their own. They could It can't be divided into little pieces. They could be like perfectly smooth no matter how much you zoom in, they could always just be themselves. Right, there's this other idea that if you zoom in on stuff, it turns out it's made out of little building blocks. That's a different idea. And now we have kind of both of them, right, we have both of them, where like, oh, it turns out stuff it's made out of little building blocks, and there's a few kinds of them.

Right, But I guess the question is what is that building block? Our thinking? Is a species as involved in that, right, Like maybe we used to think we were made out of little bits of dust, and then we got smaller into atoms, and we've been getting smaller and smaller.

Right, But I guess the question is what is that building block? Our thinking? Is a species as involved in that, right, Like maybe we used to think we were made out of little bits of dust, and then we got smaller into atoms, and we've been getting smaller and smaller.

Right, Yeah, absolutely, And I think it's incredible, as I was saying earlier, and I can't stop talking about this because I think it's underrated as a sort of human intellectual achievement that you can boil down everything you've ever eaten or sat on or tripped over or any humans ever interacted with in terms of just the atoms, right, the hundred basic building blocks. I mean, you go from like almost infinite complexity down to just one hundred things. It blows my mind that that's even possible, Like why does the universe work that way? Right?

Right, Yeah, absolutely, And I think it's incredible, as I was saying earlier, and I can't stop talking about this because I think it's underrated as a sort of human intellectual achievement that you can boil down everything you've ever eaten or sat on or tripped over or any humans ever interacted with in terms of just the atoms, right, the hundred basic building blocks. I mean, you go from like almost infinite complexity down to just one hundred things. It blows my mind that that's even possible, Like why does the universe work that way? Right?

Right?

Right?

And if you need a reminder of your high school physics. So, atoms are the ones in the periodic table of elements like carbon, iron, oxygen, those are atoms. Yeah, and not that long ago people thought that that's the universe. Everything you see is made out of these hundred little things.

And if you need a reminder of your high school physics. So, atoms are the ones in the periodic table of elements like carbon, iron, oxygen, those are atoms. Yeah, and not that long ago people thought that that's the universe. Everything you see is made out of these hundred little things.

Right, Yeah, And as impressive as that was, right, I think some people were wondering, why are there these patterns? Right, like, yeah, you have these hundred bas things and maybe that's it, but maybe there are things inside those, like maybe those things are made out of even smaller things. And the clues we had there is that if you look at the periodic table of the elements, it's not just one hundred different things that are totally separate from each other. There are patterns like things near each other in the periodic table act in similar ways, which suggest that they're made out of some smaller bits, and that small changes in how you assemble them make different atoms.

Right, Yeah, And as impressive as that was, right, I think some people were wondering, why are there these patterns? Right, like, yeah, you have these hundred bas things and maybe that's it, but maybe there are things inside those, like maybe those things are made out of even smaller things. And the clues we had there is that if you look at the periodic table of the elements, it's not just one hundred different things that are totally separate from each other. There are patterns like things near each other in the periodic table act in similar ways, which suggest that they're made out of some smaller bits, and that small changes in how you assemble them make different atoms.

Right.

Right.

It's like they had all these different elements and then they started to characterize their properties. They started to like measure how they reacted to different things and how much they weighed, and it turned out, to their surprise that you can put them on a table you can order them in a certain way.

It's like they had all these different elements and then they started to characterize their properties. They started to like measure how they reacted to different things and how much they weighed, and it turned out, to their surprise that you can put them on a table you can order them in a certain way.

Yeah, And I love when a huge advance in science comes from something that's basic, as like how you write it on a piece of paper. The first person to make the periodic tables, like, let's organize our knowledge in this way. Oh my gosh, that makes this obvious that there's a gap here, there's a pattern here. Right. Yeah, Sometimes notation or just the way you write things can lead to huge advances, right, And I think that's just an extension of what we were talking about earlier. Right. You know, why did people even ever wonder how the universe was made? It's because they looked at stuff and they wanted to understand it, and they look for patterns, and they organized it, and then they wondered, you know, these things are similar. It's the same logic that you just described applied to the periodic table. You know, these things are gases and they're active, and these things are really inactive, and these guys are metallic and all that stuff. Why are there those patterns? Why are these things similar to each other and different from others?

Yeah, And I love when a huge advance in science comes from something that's basic, as like how you write it on a piece of paper. The first person to make the periodic tables, like, let's organize our knowledge in this way. Oh my gosh, that makes this obvious that there's a gap here, there's a pattern here. Right. Yeah, Sometimes notation or just the way you write things can lead to huge advances, right, And I think that's just an extension of what we were talking about earlier. Right. You know, why did people even ever wonder how the universe was made? It's because they looked at stuff and they wanted to understand it, and they look for patterns, and they organized it, and then they wondered, you know, these things are similar. It's the same logic that you just described applied to the periodic table. You know, these things are gases and they're active, and these things are really inactive, and these guys are metallic and all that stuff. Why are there those patterns? Why are these things similar to each other and different from others?

Because patterns tell you that there are rules, right, Like there's some kind of underlying order.

Because patterns tell you that there are rules, right, Like there's some kind of underlying order.

We certainly hope so otherwise physics would be impossible. And yeah, patterns are the clues, right you, So like why is this like this? It could have been different, So why is it in this way? Why are these things all similar and they're all different from those things or the opposite of those things, right, And they use those patterns as clues as hints to say, you know, what could be inside here?

We certainly hope so otherwise physics would be impossible. And yeah, patterns are the clues, right you, So like why is this like this? It could have been different, So why is it in this way? Why are these things all similar and they're all different from those things or the opposite of those things, right, And they use those patterns as clues as hints to say, you know, what could be inside here?

What's making these things act in this way? Like that's the goal of science, right.

What's making these things act in this way? Like that's the goal of science, right.

Yeah, exactly, And it could just be there is no answer. It is just the way it is, right, That's that's possible.

Yeah, exactly, And it could just be there is no answer. It is just the way it is, right, That's that's possible.

You know.

You know.

At some point we could run up against the wall we said, like the universe is this way and there is no explanation, and some people like that. I think that's a cop out, Like we.

At some point we could run up against the wall we said, like the universe is this way and there is no explanation, and some people like that. I think that's a cop out, Like we.

Could have stopped the periodic ta once be like, Okay, that's it. The universe is made out of these hundred things and that's all we know.

Could have stopped the periodic ta once be like, Okay, that's it. The universe is made out of these hundred things and that's all we know.

Yeah, and nobody ask any more questions. Shh, yeah, exactly. That doesn't seem to be very scientific. You know, I don't know if you know about the anthropic principle, but that's the kind of argument behind the anthropic principle. You know that the universe is the way it is, and some things are just randomly set, and there's no point in asking any more questions, So go away, please slam. Oh, I see, but I feel like, what's the point of science. It's to look for explanations, So never give up, right, just keep looking and eventually you're going to find the reason. And we did that, and turns out everything in the periodic table is made out of smaller bits and not just that. But then complexity goes down. Right, you can explain all the crazy stuff in your environment, the huge numbers of things in terms of just one hundred building blocks. You can explain those hundred building blocks in terms of a smaller number of smaller particles, not a larger number.

Yeah, and nobody ask any more questions. Shh, yeah, exactly. That doesn't seem to be very scientific. You know, I don't know if you know about the anthropic principle, but that's the kind of argument behind the anthropic principle. You know that the universe is the way it is, and some things are just randomly set, and there's no point in asking any more questions, So go away, please slam. Oh, I see, but I feel like, what's the point of science. It's to look for explanations, So never give up, right, just keep looking and eventually you're going to find the reason. And we did that, and turns out everything in the periodic table is made out of smaller bits and not just that. But then complexity goes down. Right, you can explain all the crazy stuff in your environment, the huge numbers of things in terms of just one hundred building blocks. You can explain those hundred building blocks in terms of a smaller number of smaller particles, not a larger number.

But that wasn't necessarily the case, right, Like what helped scientists at the time think that there were such a thing as atoms, Like that there was a minimal bit of the stuff we call carbon.

But that wasn't necessarily the case, right, Like what helped scientists at the time think that there were such a thing as atoms, Like that there was a minimal bit of the stuff we call carbon.

Yeah, that's a great question, and again the answer is chemistry. People were noticing, oh, if you mix these things together, you need equal proportions of this or this happens in ratios of three to two. And so it's a guy named Dalton who came up with this idea. He's like, hm, turns out that there are these exact ratios, and so it made sense then that things were made out of these tiny pieces that they were then reorganizing and fitting together.

Yeah, that's a great question, and again the answer is chemistry. People were noticing, oh, if you mix these things together, you need equal proportions of this or this happens in ratios of three to two. And so it's a guy named Dalton who came up with this idea. He's like, hm, turns out that there are these exact ratios, and so it made sense then that things were made out of these tiny pieces that they were then reorganizing and fitting together.

Interesting.

Interesting.

So that was the first indirect piece of evidence.

So that was the first indirect piece of evidence.

Because like, if carbon was let's say, infinitely divisible, you wouldn't have these kind of exact ratios in chemical reactions.

Because like, if carbon was let's say, infinitely divisible, you wouldn't have these kind of exact ratios in chemical reactions.

Right, exactly, right, Yeah, you could mix it with some thing else, so you just get a blend.

Right, exactly, right, Yeah, you could mix it with some thing else, so you just get a blend.

Like you need the idea of a unit of this stuff in order to explain these ratios and chemical reactions.

Like you need the idea of a unit of this stuff in order to explain these ratios and chemical reactions.

Yeah, exactly, I about that. Yeah, So that was the first clue, and then people discovered the first particles. It was actually with JJ Thompson he discovered the electron. He was looking at cathode ray tubes, which at the time was just this weird thing. Cathod ray tubes are what used to be in televisions. They shoot these electrons from one one side or the other and they would make these glowing like rays inside them, and at time it was just like this weird effect. People would show inside shows and you know, magic shows and stuff. Nobody understood it, but he started looking into it and he discovered, oh, these rays are actually made out of tiny little particles. He called them. He didn't call them particles though, he called them corpuscules. And I'm really glad that that name did not stick because it's ugly and hard to say.

Yeah, exactly, I about that. Yeah, So that was the first clue, and then people discovered the first particles. It was actually with JJ Thompson he discovered the electron. He was looking at cathode ray tubes, which at the time was just this weird thing. Cathod ray tubes are what used to be in televisions. They shoot these electrons from one one side or the other and they would make these glowing like rays inside them, and at time it was just like this weird effect. People would show inside shows and you know, magic shows and stuff. Nobody understood it, but he started looking into it and he discovered, oh, these rays are actually made out of tiny little particles. He called them. He didn't call them particles though, he called them corpuscules. And I'm really glad that that name did not stick because it's ugly and hard to say.

We should just go back to that. I mean, why why why wouldn't you want to be a corp corpuscule.

We should just go back to that. I mean, why why why wouldn't you want to be a corp corpuscule.

Physically because you can't even say it, And that's exactly why you see it's our mouth. One of my favorite things about that discovery, though, is that he discovered this one particle and then immediately he thought maybe everything in the world is built out of my corpus gules. He like generalized to infinity. He's like, oh, I found one particle. This is the particle that answers all the questions, right, And of course not everything is built out of electrons.

Physically because you can't even say it, And that's exactly why you see it's our mouth. One of my favorite things about that discovery, though, is that he discovered this one particle and then immediately he thought maybe everything in the world is built out of my corpus gules. He like generalized to infinity. He's like, oh, I found one particle. This is the particle that answers all the questions, right, And of course not everything is built out of electrons.

I guess why wouldn't he make that deep, right, like why would some things be made out of little things? And why would some other things not be made out of little things?

I guess why wouldn't he make that deep, right, like why would some things be made out of little things? And why would some other things not be made out of little things?

Yeah? Well, I guess he couldn't imagine that there might be other kinds of particles out there also, wow, And he was hoping that his discovery was at the root of all knowledge, right, which I guess is part of the scientific fantasy for everybody, So we can forgive it. And you know, he is the first guy to discover a particle, so you know, credit to him.

Yeah? Well, I guess he couldn't imagine that there might be other kinds of particles out there also, wow, And he was hoping that his discovery was at the root of all knowledge, right, which I guess is part of the scientific fantasy for everybody, So we can forgive it. And you know, he is the first guy to discover a particle, so you know, credit to him.

So he thought, well, what if everything's made out of little things? And then we had the periodic table, and then we've ordered it and we got the table, and then people started noticing patterns, and that's when people thought, maybe these things are made out of something else.

So he thought, well, what if everything's made out of little things? And then we had the periodic table, and then we've ordered it and we got the table, and then people started noticing patterns, and that's when people thought, maybe these things are made out of something else.

Yeah, that started to be a pretty compelling idea because you have all these elements of periodic table. They're organized in that way. They nicely slot into the periodic table that way. And then people started busting the atoms open to see what's inside. And it was Rutherford who first did that. He's like, let's shoot a beam of radiation at some matter and see what comes out. And so he was the first one to really break the atom open and to see that there was that the atom. It wasn't just like a continuous blob that had a hard center, this nucleus of something inside of it.

Yeah, that started to be a pretty compelling idea because you have all these elements of periodic table. They're organized in that way. They nicely slot into the periodic table that way. And then people started busting the atoms open to see what's inside. And it was Rutherford who first did that. He's like, let's shoot a beam of radiation at some matter and see what comes out. And so he was the first one to really break the atom open and to see that there was that the atom. It wasn't just like a continuous blob that had a hard center, this nucleus of something inside of it.

Oh the what is it? The gold X ray experiment.

Oh the what is it? The gold X ray experiment.

Gold foil gold shot radiation had a really thin sheet of gold foil, and he figured it would just go right through and he was going to measure, like, you know, how much it got bent whatever. But occasionally when he shot it at the gold foil, some radiation would bounce right back, directly back. And he said famously that it's like shooting a bullet at a piece of tissue paper and having it reflect back in your face. Right, made no sense if you thought of the tissue was just like smooth and continuous. It made a lot more sense if you thought of it is like a chain link fence, right, a bunch of really condensed little points with big gaps in between, and occasionally you hit one of those points.

Gold foil gold shot radiation had a really thin sheet of gold foil, and he figured it would just go right through and he was going to measure, like, you know, how much it got bent whatever. But occasionally when he shot it at the gold foil, some radiation would bounce right back, directly back. And he said famously that it's like shooting a bullet at a piece of tissue paper and having it reflect back in your face. Right, made no sense if you thought of the tissue was just like smooth and continuous. It made a lot more sense if you thought of it is like a chain link fence, right, a bunch of really condensed little points with big gaps in between, and occasionally you hit one of those points.

That's when we realized that matter is not continues like a jelly, but actually like little thoughts that are kind of arranged together.

That's when we realized that matter is not continues like a jelly, but actually like little thoughts that are kind of arranged together.

Right, these little dots and the atom itself, it has this tiny little hardcore.

Right, these little dots and the atom itself, it has this tiny little hardcore.

The nucleus atoms are hardcore.

The nucleus atoms are hardcore.

I totally set you up without even realizing it. I'm glad we don't live in a soft core world, you know.

I totally set you up without even realizing it. I'm glad we don't live in a soft core world, you know.

No, no, we're veering into not safe for chemistry.

No, no, we're veering into not safe for chemistry.

Not safe for chemistry.

Not safe for chemistry.

On that note, let's take a quick break.

On that note, let's take a quick break.

With big wireless providers. What you see is never what you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again. When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and so clear. I can recommend it to you, So say bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number along with your existing contacts. So ditch your overpriced wireless with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At mintmobile dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes on unlimited plan. Additional taxi, s, fees, and restrictions apply. See mint Mobile for details.

With big wireless providers. What you see is never what you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again. When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and so clear. I can recommend it to you, So say bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number along with your existing contacts. So ditch your overpriced wireless with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At mintmobile dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes on unlimited plan. Additional taxi, s, fees, and restrictions apply. See mint Mobile for details.

AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now you can train your AI models at twice the speed and less than half the cost of other clouds. If you want to do more and spend less, like Uber eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic that's Oracle dot com. Slash Strategic Oracle dot Com Slash Strategic.

AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now you can train your AI models at twice the speed and less than half the cost of other clouds. If you want to do more and spend less, like Uber eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic that's Oracle dot com. Slash Strategic Oracle dot Com Slash Strategic.

If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash back that can earn four point four zero percent annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDICE terms and more at applecard dot com.

If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash back that can earn four point four zero percent annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDICE terms and more at applecard dot com.

So that's kind of amazing that they came up with this idea of the atomic nuclears and protons and electrons without actually like seeing this stuff right, just from seeing the effects of it in experiments.

So that's kind of amazing that they came up with this idea of the atomic nuclears and protons and electrons without actually like seeing this stuff right, just from seeing the effects of it in experiments.

Yeah, but that was the last time you could really see things. I mean, when you're talking about like visualizing, these things are so tiny, so small that they're really impossible to see directly in any sort of way. And the only kind of seeing you can do is indirect Right. You're like an idea of what it looks like. You do an experiment, You think about the result of the experiment based if your idea is correct, and you see the results. So even today, when we're smashing protons together at the Large Hadron Collider, we have these huge detectors that take pictures of the collisions. Well, we can't see the particles directly, you know, they're too small and things happen too fast, and so direct imaging is all but impossible at this scale.

Yeah, but that was the last time you could really see things. I mean, when you're talking about like visualizing, these things are so tiny, so small that they're really impossible to see directly in any sort of way. And the only kind of seeing you can do is indirect Right. You're like an idea of what it looks like. You do an experiment, You think about the result of the experiment based if your idea is correct, and you see the results. So even today, when we're smashing protons together at the Large Hadron Collider, we have these huge detectors that take pictures of the collisions. Well, we can't see the particles directly, you know, they're too small and things happen too fast, and so direct imaging is all but impossible at this scale.

But these days we can see atoms, right.

But these days we can see atoms, right.

Yeah, but depends what you mean by seeing, right, you need them to see an atom, you need to bounce electrons off of it in order to see its shape. And so that is that really seeing? I mean you're again you're using your bouncing particles off of it, you're making measurements, and you're translating that into an image later. I don't know if you know if that really counts as scene. But that's a whole different philosophical discussion.

Yeah, but depends what you mean by seeing, right, you need them to see an atom, you need to bounce electrons off of it in order to see its shape. And so that is that really seeing? I mean you're again you're using your bouncing particles off of it, you're making measurements, and you're translating that into an image later. I don't know if you know if that really counts as scene. But that's a whole different philosophical discussion.

You're smaller than the wavelength of light, so you start to say you're seeing it.

You're smaller than the wavelength of light, so you start to say you're seeing it.

Yeah, I think it's reasonable to say you're seeing it, but it requires you expand slightly your whole definition of what it means to see something.

Yeah, I think it's reasonable to say you're seeing it, but it requires you expand slightly your whole definition of what it means to see something.

Okay, so well let's break it down for the listener then, So everything around you, the universe that you can see in touch and smells made out of atoms, and atoms are made out of nuclei with electrons flying around it, and then the nucleus is made out of more things, right.

Okay, so well let's break it down for the listener then, So everything around you, the universe that you can see in touch and smells made out of atoms, and atoms are made out of nuclei with electrons flying around it, and then the nucleus is made out of more things, right.

Right, exactly, so, the atoms are made out of protons and neutrons and electrons, protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The electrons, we think so far, are just made of themselves. There's nothing inside the electron. The electrons are just tiny dots. As far as we know. We could be wrong, we probably are wrong, But as far as we know, electrons are not made out of anything else inside the nucleus. However, the proton and the neutron, these we already know are made out of tinier stuff. And so the proton and the neutron are both made out of quarks. And there's two kinds of quarks that you need to make the proton and the neutron. There's the upcork and the down cork. Take two upquarks in a down and you get a proton, or two down quarks and up and you got a neutron.

Right, exactly, so, the atoms are made out of protons and neutrons and electrons, protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The electrons, we think so far, are just made of themselves. There's nothing inside the electron. The electrons are just tiny dots. As far as we know. We could be wrong, we probably are wrong, But as far as we know, electrons are not made out of anything else inside the nucleus. However, the proton and the neutron, these we already know are made out of tinier stuff. And so the proton and the neutron are both made out of quarks. And there's two kinds of quarks that you need to make the proton and the neutron. There's the upcork and the down cork. Take two upquarks in a down and you get a proton, or two down quarks and up and you got a neutron.

How do we know electrons are not made out of smaller things, maybe like electron quarks or something.

How do we know electrons are not made out of smaller things, maybe like electron quarks or something.

Yeah, little electronitos or something. Yeah, Well, we don't know. All we can say is that we've tried to look inside them and we haven't seen anything yet.

Yeah, little electronitos or something. Yeah, Well, we don't know. All we can say is that we've tried to look inside them and we haven't seen anything yet.

I mean, like, how would you how would you even look inside of an electron?

I mean, like, how would you how would you even look inside of an electron?

The same way we looked inside the atom and saw that it had a nucleus, right, we saw that it was made out of smaller pieces. You shoot particles at it and you try to resolve some structure. You say, oh, if I shoot at this part of the electron, it bounces straight back, and if I shoot at this part, it goes right through. So then you can tell if the electron has some structure to it, you like, poke it, Yeah, But in order to see that structure, you have to poke it with a fine enough needle, which means a high enough energy particle.

The same way we looked inside the atom and saw that it had a nucleus, right, we saw that it was made out of smaller pieces. You shoot particles at it and you try to resolve some structure. You say, oh, if I shoot at this part of the electron, it bounces straight back, and if I shoot at this part, it goes right through. So then you can tell if the electron has some structure to it, you like, poke it, Yeah, But in order to see that structure, you have to poke it with a fine enough needle, which means a high enough energy particle.

And so far, so far.

And so far, so far.

Tune in next week for the final story of the electron. Right, so far, we haven't been able to break the electron into pieces or to use a needle that's fine enough to understand that there's more stuff here in the electron than there. So far, it only looks like a point to us. You imagine you have you're looking at the Earth from space right using Google Earth. You know, can you tell that town is made out of tiny houses? Well, you keep zooming in and zooming in, and as long as you have more resolution, you can see, oh, the town is made of houses, and houses made of rooms, and rooms are made of furniture. But that's only if you actually have that resolution. So for the electron, we've zoomed in as far as we can and we can't see anything smaller. But we haven't zoomed in all the way, right, we can build bigger colliders and zoom in further, and maybe we'll find something.

Tune in next week for the final story of the electron. Right, so far, we haven't been able to break the electron into pieces or to use a needle that's fine enough to understand that there's more stuff here in the electron than there. So far, it only looks like a point to us. You imagine you have you're looking at the Earth from space right using Google Earth. You know, can you tell that town is made out of tiny houses? Well, you keep zooming in and zooming in, and as long as you have more resolution, you can see, oh, the town is made of houses, and houses made of rooms, and rooms are made of furniture. But that's only if you actually have that resolution. So for the electron, we've zoomed in as far as we can and we can't see anything smaller. But we haven't zoomed in all the way, right, we can build bigger colliders and zoom in further, and maybe we'll find something.

Like you zoom in and it still acts like just one thing, except there's no weirdness about the way it acts at different scales, Like there's no texture there.

Like you zoom in and it still acts like just one thing, except there's no weirdness about the way it acts at different scales, Like there's no texture there.

That's right. There's no texture to the electron so far, right exactly, But that's purely limited by how powerful our microscopes are, how powerful our particle accelerators are, which are modern day microscopes.

That's right. There's no texture to the electron so far, right exactly, But that's purely limited by how powerful our microscopes are, how powerful our particle accelerators are, which are modern day microscopes.

But for the proton and the neutron, there is texture there, like there's actually little bits inside of it that you can see.

But for the proton and the neutron, there is texture there, like there's actually little bits inside of it that you can see.

Yeah, exactly, and we can break them up and we can interact with those little bits, and we can measure them and study them. So those are upquarks and down quarks. And we know that if you if you arrange upquarks and down quirks in one way, you get a proton. You arrange another way, you get a neutron. And so that means that everything in the periodic table can be made out of upquarks, down quarks, and electrons. Right, So mixtures of those three things make every atom, which makes anything that anybody's ever eaten. It's to me, it's incredible that all this complexity of stuff around us can be described in just three particles.

Yeah, exactly, and we can break them up and we can interact with those little bits, and we can measure them and study them. So those are upquarks and down quarks. And we know that if you if you arrange upquarks and down quirks in one way, you get a proton. You arrange another way, you get a neutron. And so that means that everything in the periodic table can be made out of upquarks, down quarks, and electrons. Right, So mixtures of those three things make every atom, which makes anything that anybody's ever eaten. It's to me, it's incredible that all this complexity of stuff around us can be described in just three particles.

So what do we even still talk about protons? I mean, a proton is just you're saying, it's just the word for arrangement A of these two quarks, and a neutron is just arrangement number B of the quarks.

So what do we even still talk about protons? I mean, a proton is just you're saying, it's just the word for arrangement A of these two quarks, and a neutron is just arrangement number B of the quarks.

You know. Yeah, Well, sometimes arrangements can be interesting. For example, Orge is a particular arrangement of protons and neutrons in Pasadena. Right, I think you'd like to be referred to as Jorge and not individually. Talk to your protons, right, Yeah, don't talk to my protons. Talk to me like I'm a person.

You know. Yeah, Well, sometimes arrangements can be interesting. For example, Orge is a particular arrangement of protons and neutrons in Pasadena. Right, I think you'd like to be referred to as Jorge and not individually. Talk to your protons, right, Yeah, don't talk to my protons. Talk to me like I'm a person.

Ey's up here, eyes up here, Daniel.

Ey's up here, eyes up here, Daniel.

Yeah, Well, it turns out that the quarks are not just like hanging out near each other and we call it a proton. They are tightly bound together. They are held really firmly together, move like a single thing. So unless you have a huge amount of energy to look inside, to zoom in to see that texture, to break it up, you're just going to see a proton as a proton. Even if it's made out of three quarks. It's like three tiny lego pieces jam together so hard that you need an expert to pry them apart.

Yeah, Well, it turns out that the quarks are not just like hanging out near each other and we call it a proton. They are tightly bound together. They are held really firmly together, move like a single thing. So unless you have a huge amount of energy to look inside, to zoom in to see that texture, to break it up, you're just going to see a proton as a proton. Even if it's made out of three quarks. It's like three tiny lego pieces jam together so hard that you need an expert to pry them apart.

Well, this is a perfect point to take a break.

Well, this is a perfect point to take a break.

When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite, But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite, But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio Music Festival, preceded by Capital On.

We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio Music Festival, preceded by Capital On.

The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over to Mobile Arena, Las Vegas.

The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over to Mobile Arena, Las Vegas.

Lost sub special surprises of moments you are not going to want to miss.

Lost sub special surprises of moments you are not going to want to miss.

Stream only on Hulu.

Stream only on Hulu.

The Irradio Music Festival.

The Irradio Music Festival.

And listen on iHeartRadio.

And listen on iHeartRadio.

The most anticipated live music events of the.

The most anticipated live music events of the.

Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern seven thirty Pacific.

Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern seven thirty Pacific.

Parents, Are you looking for a screen free, engaging way to teach your kids the Bible, one that's easy to understand and enjoyable from all ages. Kids Bible Stories Podcast is here to help. I created this for my own children and it's now a favorite among thousands of families. Kids love the vivid imagery, scriptures, and sound effects, while parents appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We have hundreds and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the Bible to life when you simply press play. It's a sound and practical resource that walks alongside you as you teach your kids. We want kids to see how incredible God's word is in an engaging and memorable way with Kids' Bible Stories Podcast. Listen to Kids Bible Stories Podcast on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Parents, Are you looking for a screen free, engaging way to teach your kids the Bible, one that's easy to understand and enjoyable from all ages. Kids Bible Stories Podcast is here to help. I created this for my own children and it's now a favorite among thousands of families. Kids love the vivid imagery, scriptures, and sound effects, while parents appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We have hundreds and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the Bible to life when you simply press play. It's a sound and practical resource that walks alongside you as you teach your kids. We want kids to see how incredible God's word is in an engaging and memorable way with Kids' Bible Stories Podcast. Listen to Kids Bible Stories Podcast on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

But yeah, that's a really cool point you were making just now, which is that everything that we know about in the universe is just three things to arrange in a bazillion different ways. That's all we are. We're just electrons up quarts, down quarks.

But yeah, that's a really cool point you were making just now, which is that everything that we know about in the universe is just three things to arrange in a bazillion different ways. That's all we are. We're just electrons up quarts, down quarks.

Yeah, it's all about the arrangements. And you know, there's a lot of information in the arrangements. You know, if I rearranged all of your particles into it just a puddle on the floor, you would not be the same person. So who you are is your arrangements, you know, It's not just the elements that make you. You know, I like to joke with my friends that if you ask the particle physicist to write a cookbook, it will only have three ingredients in every single recipe, right up quarks, down quarks, and electrons.

Yeah, it's all about the arrangements. And you know, there's a lot of information in the arrangements. You know, if I rearranged all of your particles into it just a puddle on the floor, you would not be the same person. So who you are is your arrangements, you know, It's not just the elements that make you. You know, I like to joke with my friends that if you ask the particle physicist to write a cookbook, it will only have three ingredients in every single recipe, right up quarks, down quarks, and electrons.

And every recipe would just say mix.

And every recipe would just say mix.

No, that's exactly the point, and all the hard work is in the arrangements. Right who you are is not just upquarks, down quirks, and electrons. It's your particular arrangement of those and assembling those and into the particular thing that makes you you. Right. And so that's the answer, is that the things that we see around us in the universe are not defined by the particles that make them up, but by the arrangements of those particles. And so if the whole goal of particle physics or asking this question is to get some deep insight into the universe, then that's it. You know, that the universe, that the complexity in the universe comes from arrangements. That's fascinating to me.

No, that's exactly the point, and all the hard work is in the arrangements. Right who you are is not just upquarks, down quirks, and electrons. It's your particular arrangement of those and assembling those and into the particular thing that makes you you. Right. And so that's the answer, is that the things that we see around us in the universe are not defined by the particles that make them up, but by the arrangements of those particles. And so if the whole goal of particle physics or asking this question is to get some deep insight into the universe, then that's it. You know, that the universe, that the complexity in the universe comes from arrangements. That's fascinating to me.

Well, I feel like this point is kind of maybe hard to grasp, So I was just thinking that maybe the way to really grasp it is that imagine if it wasn't just three particles. Let's say everything in the universe was made out of just one particle, like particle Bob and everything, you mean televisions, Like, imagine if it was just one particle and everything you see around you was just different arrangements of Bob, you know.

Well, I feel like this point is kind of maybe hard to grasp, So I was just thinking that maybe the way to really grasp it is that imagine if it wasn't just three particles. Let's say everything in the universe was made out of just one particle, like particle Bob and everything, you mean televisions, Like, imagine if it was just one particle and everything you see around you was just different arrangements of Bob, you know.

And that might still be the case, right. We could discover that the electron, the upcoork and the down cork and all the other particles, which by the way, we haven't even talked about yet, are made out of one kind of tiniest little particle. That could be the answer.

And that might still be the case, right. We could discover that the electron, the upcoork and the down cork and all the other particles, which by the way, we haven't even talked about yet, are made out of one kind of tiniest little particle. That could be the answer.

Yeah, but it's not that different from three, right, Like three still fascinating, Like it's not just Bob. It's like Bob, Sue and Marry. Everything you know is just Bob, Sue and Merry doing different things, and then you get this incredible, amazing complexity.

Yeah, but it's not that different from three, right, Like three still fascinating, Like it's not just Bob. It's like Bob, Sue and Marry. Everything you know is just Bob, Sue and Merry doing different things, and then you get this incredible, amazing complexity.

Right Yeah, And as you say, it could have been different. It could have been that everything is made out of its own thing, and either that it was made out of particles or not. You know, you could have a world where every kind of thing, every kind of person is made out of a different kind of particles. You know, you have like tree particles and air particles and cat particles.

Right Yeah, And as you say, it could have been different. It could have been that everything is made out of its own thing, and either that it was made out of particles or not. You know, you could have a world where every kind of thing, every kind of person is made out of a different kind of particles. You know, you have like tree particles and air particles and cat particles.

And that's why cats are so weird.

And that's why cats are so weird.

Yeah, exactly. That's a huge clue about the universe. You know that the universe at its core is kind of simple, and to me, that gives me a lot of motivation. It tells me we can understand it. It can be boiled down into a simple explanation. You'd be disappointing if, you know, if you said, oh, I want to understand the whole universe, and the explanation for the universe was like a five million page long document. I had to describe all these complicated things.

Yeah, exactly. That's a huge clue about the universe. You know that the universe at its core is kind of simple, and to me, that gives me a lot of motivation. It tells me we can understand it. It can be boiled down into a simple explanation. You'd be disappointing if, you know, if you said, oh, I want to understand the whole universe, and the explanation for the universe was like a five million page long document. I had to describe all these complicated things.

It's just bopsu very mixed.

It's just bopsu very mixed.

Yeah, and it's all sort of emergent phenomena, right, the consequences of these small set of rules. It's like the game Go right. I love that game because there's a very small number pieces, just black and white, and there's a very small number of rules for how you play. But the number of games you can play is incredible. It's much more complicated than chess, right, and all of the gameplay, all the complexity arises from how you arrange the pieces on the board, right, not from having like a million different kinds of pieces and special rules and cards you can draw.

Yeah, and it's all sort of emergent phenomena, right, the consequences of these small set of rules. It's like the game Go right. I love that game because there's a very small number pieces, just black and white, and there's a very small number of rules for how you play. But the number of games you can play is incredible. It's much more complicated than chess, right, and all of the gameplay, all the complexity arises from how you arrange the pieces on the board, right, not from having like a million different kinds of pieces and special rules and cards you can draw.

I think you should talk to all physicists, like the American Physical Society or the World Physics Congress and just convince them to rename the electron, the upcork, and the downcourt Bob, Sue and Marry. Like. I feel like that would happen a tremendous impact on people's understanding.

I think you should talk to all physicists, like the American Physical Society or the World Physics Congress and just convince them to rename the electron, the upcork, and the downcourt Bob, Sue and Marry. Like. I feel like that would happen a tremendous impact on people's understanding.

The point you make is interesting because it seems like it hasn't seeped into everyday knowledge. Like the people we talked to on the street, everybody knew about atoms. We all k know about atoms, but almost nobody could even name the kind of particles that was inside the atom or anything deeper than that. That's what I'm saying. Yes, you're saying it's a marketing failure.

The point you make is interesting because it seems like it hasn't seeped into everyday knowledge. Like the people we talked to on the street, everybody knew about atoms. We all k know about atoms, but almost nobody could even name the kind of particles that was inside the atom or anything deeper than that. That's what I'm saying. Yes, you're saying it's a marketing failure.

It's a branding problem, Bobs, you and Mary and I bet in three years you'd ask people on the street what does the universe made off? And people would be like, Bob, Sue and Marry.

It's a branding problem, Bobs, you and Mary and I bet in three years you'd ask people on the street what does the universe made off? And people would be like, Bob, Sue and Marry.

Exactly, And then you would get a one cent royalty every time that happened. Right, that's really your that's your secret plan here twenty eighteen. Everything is branding.

Exactly, And then you would get a one cent royalty every time that happened. Right, that's really your that's your secret plan here twenty eighteen. Everything is branding.

So that's where we are as a human species. Right. First we didn't know what thing for made up. Then we made up stuff like earth, fire and wind, and then we figured out atoms, electrons, protons, and that's what we're down to. And you're saying there could be more. We could still break things down, possibly even further.

So that's where we are as a human species. Right. First we didn't know what thing for made up. Then we made up stuff like earth, fire and wind, and then we figured out atoms, electrons, protons, and that's what we're down to. And you're saying there could be more. We could still break things down, possibly even further.

That's right. And as far as we know, the upcork, the down cork, and the electron are not made of anything smaller as far as we know. But that's only because we have limited capacity to look. You know, our little zoom in knob is maxed out and we haven't seen anything yet, but we have lots of hints that probably they are made out of something smaller. And those hints are just like the hints we had we were looking at the periodic table one hundred years ago, or when people were just looking at stuff around them a thousand years ago.

That's right. And as far as we know, the upcork, the down cork, and the electron are not made of anything smaller as far as we know. But that's only because we have limited capacity to look. You know, our little zoom in knob is maxed out and we haven't seen anything yet, but we have lots of hints that probably they are made out of something smaller. And those hints are just like the hints we had we were looking at the periodic table one hundred years ago, or when people were just looking at stuff around them a thousand years ago.

Oh, you mean like there's a pattern between Bopsu and Mary. You're saying like there's suspiciously something going on there.

Oh, you mean like there's a pattern between Bopsu and Mary. You're saying like there's suspiciously something going on there.

Yeah, there's a lot of unexplained patterns and phenomena that we don't understand. And one of our greatest strategies for figuring out what's inside upcork down cork an electron is expanding the table, is saying like, let's make a new periodic table this time of the fundamental particles, because there are other kinds of particles out there. It's not just the upcork the down cork in the electron. When we smash particles together, sometimes we make other kinds of quarks and other kinds of electrons.

Yeah, there's a lot of unexplained patterns and phenomena that we don't understand. And one of our greatest strategies for figuring out what's inside upcork down cork an electron is expanding the table, is saying like, let's make a new periodic table this time of the fundamental particles, because there are other kinds of particles out there. It's not just the upcork the down cork in the electron. When we smash particles together, sometimes we make other kinds of quarks and other kinds of electrons.

You mean, like sometimes a peter will pop out or a thread will pop.

You mean, like sometimes a peter will pop out or a thread will pop.

Out, yeah, or a fat albert or something like that exactly because some of these particles are big and heavy.

Out, yeah, or a fat albert or something like that exactly because some of these particles are big and heavy.

Oh I see, But do you only need bops who'd married to make stuff? But there are other particles out there.

Oh I see, But do you only need bops who'd married to make stuff? But there are other particles out there.

Yeah, So one question is what is the stuff around us made out of? That's definitely you know, upcork, down cork electron. Another question is what kinds of stuff can there be? Right? Because remember we're fourteen billion years into the universe, when the universe is kind of cold and dispersed and everything is spread out a lot earlier, you know, when things were hot and dense, it could have been that other kinds of stuff was dominant, that there was enough energy to make heavier particles and they were flying around all the time. And so we don't just want an answer for today, you know, we want an answer for a general answer when that tells us deep things about the universe itself, not just what is it like now.

Yeah, So one question is what is the stuff around us made out of? That's definitely you know, upcork, down cork electron. Another question is what kinds of stuff can there be? Right? Because remember we're fourteen billion years into the universe, when the universe is kind of cold and dispersed and everything is spread out a lot earlier, you know, when things were hot and dense, it could have been that other kinds of stuff was dominant, that there was enough energy to make heavier particles and they were flying around all the time. And so we don't just want an answer for today, you know, we want an answer for a general answer when that tells us deep things about the universe itself, not just what is it like now.

You mean back then when things were more hardcore. Exactly what you're saying is that right now, everything's made out of Bob, Sue and Mary. But maybe at some point in the universe things were made out of other kinds of particles.

You mean back then when things were more hardcore. Exactly what you're saying is that right now, everything's made out of Bob, Sue and Mary. But maybe at some point in the universe things were made out of other kinds of particles.

Yeah, maybe the particles upcork down cork, electron or Bob Soo and Mary weren't as common, and more common were other particles that we can create now in particle colliders and study to get a clues to like what the possibilities are.

Yeah, maybe the particles upcork down cork, electron or Bob Soo and Mary weren't as common, and more common were other particles that we can create now in particle colliders and study to get a clues to like what the possibilities are.

Wow.

Wow.

And so that's the strategy, is like, let's try to make all the different kind of particles that are possible, and that gives us a better handle on the patterns. You know, you can see more of the pattern You're like putting together the weave and you get more and more stitches and you get an idea for how it's fitting together, and that gives you more clues to figure out like what could be underlying all.