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Hey Daniel, I have a question about smashing things together.

Hey Daniel, I have a question about smashing things together.

Oh well, yeah, came to the right place.

Oh well, yeah, came to the right place.

I know you're a professional smasher. I guess I'm actually wondering if it's the right way to study things.

I know you're a professional smasher. I guess I'm actually wondering if it's the right way to study things.

I don't know, I mean, what could go wrong?

I don't know, I mean, what could go wrong?

I mean, does it work for everything? Like let's say you're trying out a new restaurant. It's smashing two plates together really the best way to test it?

I mean, does it work for everything? Like let's say you're trying out a new restaurant. It's smashing two plates together really the best way to test it?

I mean, I would read that restaurant review, wouldn't you?

I mean, I would read that restaurant review, wouldn't you?

Or what about movies? Like you would smash Blu Ray disc together.

Or what about movies? Like you would smash Blu Ray disc together.

Maybe that's how they came up with awesome crossover events.

Maybe that's how they came up with awesome crossover events.

Maybe that's the origin of the Marvel multiverse.

Maybe that's the origin of the Marvel multiverse.

Somebody had a stack of DVDs on their coffee table and.

Somebody had a stack of DVDs on their coffee table and.

Eureka, somebody smashed two comic books together, or a comic book with a Blu Ray. There you go, that's what happened.

Eureka, somebody smashed two comic books together, or a comic book with a Blu Ray. There you go, that's what happened.

Smash two Hollywood actors together.

Smash two Hollywood actors together.

Hi, I am Horhanry. Cartoonists and the co author of Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe.

Hi, I am Horhanry. Cartoonists and the co author of Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe.

Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine, and I'm the other co author of Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe.

Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine, and I'm the other co author of Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe.

What what a coincidence? What are the chances that we would collide on a podcast like this?

What what a coincidence? What are the chances that we would collide on a podcast like this?

What happens when you smash two co authors together? Do you get one big author?

What happens when you smash two co authors together? Do you get one big author?

You can?

You can?

Do?

Do?

You get a voltron author? Maybe? Can I be like left.

You get a voltron author? Maybe? Can I be like left.

Foot jokes aside? You get a really fun book that neither of us could have written on our own, filled with amazing physics insides, deep revelations about the nature of the universe, and hilarious cartoons.

Foot jokes aside? You get a really fun book that neither of us could have written on our own, filled with amazing physics insides, deep revelations about the nature of the universe, and hilarious cartoons.

Yeah, tagles, really amazing and frequent questions about the universe, like why we can't get to other stars? Or is there an afterlife possible in this universe?

Yeah, tagles, really amazing and frequent questions about the universe, like why we can't get to other stars? Or is there an afterlife possible in this universe?

Or why Daniel doesn't believe in time travel?

Or why Daniel doesn't believe in time travel?

Wait?

Wait?

You don't believe in time travel?

You don't believe in time travel?

Didn't you read the book?

Didn't you read the book?

Man, I'm gonna have to go back in time and read it.

Man, I'm gonna have to go back in time and read it.

It's too late. You're out of time.

It's too late. You're out of time.

I ran out of time, that's why. But anyways, welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which.

I ran out of time, that's why. But anyways, welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which.

We smash up the two most amazing things in the universe, your brain and the entire universe. We try to take everything that's out there, all the craziness, the insanity, the frothing quantum mess that is our reality, and squeeze all of it into your brain because we believe in you. We believe that your beautiful brain, even though it's a tiny part of the universe, can contain within it a whole idea of the universe that we can look out into the depths of space and actually understand what's going on out there. On the podcast, we talk about everything that's happening out there and explain all of it to you.

We smash up the two most amazing things in the universe, your brain and the entire universe. We try to take everything that's out there, all the craziness, the insanity, the frothing quantum mess that is our reality, and squeeze all of it into your brain because we believe in you. We believe that your beautiful brain, even though it's a tiny part of the universe, can contain within it a whole idea of the universe that we can look out into the depths of space and actually understand what's going on out there. On the podcast, we talk about everything that's happening out there and explain all of it to you.

That's right. We smash together scientific ideas and discoveries and collide them with bad puns and a lot of conversation here in order to pick up the pieces and hopefully make sense of this amazing and wonderful cosmos that we live in.

That's right. We smash together scientific ideas and discoveries and collide them with bad puns and a lot of conversation here in order to pick up the pieces and hopefully make sense of this amazing and wonderful cosmos that we live in.

And you give me a hard time for it sometimes, but I really do think that smashing stuff together is really the best way to understand it. I mean, like, who hasn't tried a sample of their neighbor's plate at the table right and mixed it with their own dinner to create something new.

And you give me a hard time for it sometimes, but I really do think that smashing stuff together is really the best way to understand it. I mean, like, who hasn't tried a sample of their neighbor's plate at the table right and mixed it with their own dinner to create something new.

Wow, do you ask for their permission for us? Though? At least?

Wow, do you ask for their permission for us? Though? At least?

I mean usually it's somebody in my family. So yes, I'm reaching over to my wife's plate to try a French fry and dip it in whatever sauce is on my plate. And you never know that could have been a culinary invention that rocked the world.

I mean usually it's somebody in my family. So yes, I'm reaching over to my wife's plate to try a French fry and dip it in whatever sauce is on my plate. And you never know that could have been a culinary invention that rocked the world.

It just seems a little, you know, sort of a destructive way of studying the universe. You know, I'm more of an engineering type. I like to take things apart, not smash it together.

It just seems a little, you know, sort of a destructive way of studying the universe. You know, I'm more of an engineering type. I like to take things apart, not smash it together.

That's because you care about putting them back together. I just want to know what's going on inside.

That's because you care about putting them back together. I just want to know what's going on inside.

Well, I mean, doesn't it seem a little destructive in a way, Like you know, it's sort of like a little kid who smashes things out of anger.

Well, I mean, doesn't it seem a little destructive in a way, Like you know, it's sort of like a little kid who smashes things out of anger.

It is destructive, absolutely, but you know, sometimes that's all you can do. Joking aside, if you have a toaster, yes, you can take it apart carefully, piece by piece and catalog what's inside it. And that probably is a better way to understand how a toaster works. Than taking two toasters and making a toaster collider. But sometimes the forces that hold these things together are so strong and that the only way to break it up, to understand what's going on inside is to smash it up. And that's the case, for example, with protons.

It is destructive, absolutely, but you know, sometimes that's all you can do. Joking aside, if you have a toaster, yes, you can take it apart carefully, piece by piece and catalog what's inside it. And that probably is a better way to understand how a toaster works. Than taking two toasters and making a toaster collider. But sometimes the forces that hold these things together are so strong and that the only way to break it up, to understand what's going on inside is to smash it up. And that's the case, for example, with protons.

Have you actually look, maybe there's a screwdriver for protons. You need to get the right one with the right you know shape.

Have you actually look, maybe there's a screwdriver for protons. You need to get the right one with the right you know shape.

Yeah, the screwdriver for protons is another proton. I guess it's more like a hammer than a screwdriver.

Yeah, the screwdriver for protons is another proton. I guess it's more like a hammer than a screwdriver.

But then, what is that screwdriver made out of Danny Exactly?

But then, what is that screwdriver made out of Danny Exactly?

That's the only tool you have. If everything in the universe is a proton, then basically you're just smashing protons together.

That's the only tool you have. If everything in the universe is a proton, then basically you're just smashing protons together.

Wait, doesn't everything eventually fall apart or break apart? Can you just wait for things to break open?

Wait, doesn't everything eventually fall apart or break apart? Can you just wait for things to break open?

I mean, I have grand deadlines, and you know, I got to get stuff done. I can't just wait till the heat death of the universe when everything collapses.

I mean, I have grand deadlines, and you know, I got to get stuff done. I can't just wait till the heat death of the universe when everything collapses.

I see, it's a lack of patience, not a lack of better methods.

I see, it's a lack of patience, not a lack of better methods.

You're encouraging procrastination to the heat death of the universe. Right, that's really on brand for you.

You're encouraging procrastination to the heat death of the universe. Right, that's really on brand for you.

That there you go and in the meantime, the grant could support you right while you wait.

That there you go and in the meantime, the grant could support you right while you wait.

That's right, I'm going to write a grant for waiting for ten to the fourteen years until the universe does its experiments for me. We'll see how that goes. I'll cut you in if it gets funded.

That's right, I'm going to write a grant for waiting for ten to the fourteen years until the universe does its experiments for me. We'll see how that goes. I'll cut you in if it gets funded.

Yeah. Yeah, as long as it's for ten to the fourteen dollars, I'm totally in now. But a smashing things together does seem to be the preferred way Physicists like to explore things at the smallest levels because there is no screwdriver for opening things like protons or even quarts.

Yeah. Yeah, as long as it's for ten to the fourteen dollars, I'm totally in now. But a smashing things together does seem to be the preferred way Physicists like to explore things at the smallest levels because there is no screwdriver for opening things like protons or even quarts.

There is no screwdriver, there are no tweezers, and it's something that we can actually do. We can manipulate protons, we can tune in their energy, we can smash them together to see what's going on inside. And the same thing is true for even bigger stuff. We can't take stars apart. We don't have the machinery to understand what's inside a planet, so the best way to learn about it is to watch collisions of enormous astronomical objects to see what's going on inside.

There is no screwdriver, there are no tweezers, and it's something that we can actually do. We can manipulate protons, we can tune in their energy, we can smash them together to see what's going on inside. And the same thing is true for even bigger stuff. We can't take stars apart. We don't have the machinery to understand what's inside a planet, so the best way to learn about it is to watch collisions of enormous astronomical objects to see what's going on inside.

Yeah, I guess sometimes it's hard to take things apart, Like you said, right, like it's hard to take a star apart. That would be pretty difficult.

Yeah, I guess sometimes it's hard to take things apart, Like you said, right, like it's hard to take a star apart. That would be pretty difficult.

It's pretty hard to take a star apart. It's even hard to look inside a star. We had the Parker Solar Probe recently, which came super close to the Sun and almost freed itself but not quite. And it gives us a picture of what's going on in the surface and helps map a little bit of the insides. But you know, we have questions about what's going on deep deep in the heart of our Sun that we could only really answer by smashing it into another star.

It's pretty hard to take a star apart. It's even hard to look inside a star. We had the Parker Solar Probe recently, which came super close to the Sun and almost freed itself but not quite. And it gives us a picture of what's going on in the surface and helps map a little bit of the insides. But you know, we have questions about what's going on deep deep in the heart of our Sun that we could only really answer by smashing it into another star.

Yeah, I guess sometimes it's hard to look inside of the things, so you kind of have to break them apart because they don't open up so easily, and to be honest in the engineering, and we do sometimes things together until they break. Just trust test them.

Yeah, I guess sometimes it's hard to look inside of the things, so you kind of have to break them apart because they don't open up so easily, and to be honest in the engineering, and we do sometimes things together until they break. Just trust test them.

Now, don't worry. I don't know how to build a star collider, so I'm not going to shoot Proxima Centauri at our star anytime soon. That's a grand proposal that will never be funded. But we don't have to build these colliders ourselves. We don't have to construct cosmic colliders to smash planets together. Because the universe is doing it for us. We just have to look out there into the skies and find the experiment already underway.

Now, don't worry. I don't know how to build a star collider, so I'm not going to shoot Proxima Centauri at our star anytime soon. That's a grand proposal that will never be funded. But we don't have to build these colliders ourselves. We don't have to construct cosmic colliders to smash planets together. Because the universe is doing it for us. We just have to look out there into the skies and find the experiment already underway.

Yeah, because it is a pretty big universe, and even though it's huge and empty, it's pretty big and pretty full stuff, And so there's always something going on in the universe, and some things that going on is a big collusion.

Yeah, because it is a pretty big universe, and even though it's huge and empty, it's pretty big and pretty full stuff, And so there's always something going on in the universe, and some things that going on is a big collusion.

We have seen comets slam into planets. We have seen binary stars collapse into each other. We've seen all sorts of crazy stuff smash into itself and learned an incredible amount in the process.

We have seen comets slam into planets. We have seen binary stars collapse into each other. We've seen all sorts of crazy stuff smash into itself and learned an incredible amount in the process.

Yeah, we've seen galaxy smash together, right, that's sort of how dark matter was confirmed.

Yeah, we've seen galaxy smash together, right, that's sort of how dark matter was confirmed.

Yeah, we can see galaxies merging in the middle of this process of swirling around each other and their stars forming one new elliptic galaxy. And you're right, we've even seen galaxy clusters collide. The Bullet cluster is two big groups of galaxies, enormous piles of galaxies smashing into each other, dark matter coming out on either side, which tells us, as you said, dark matter is its own thing and not just some weird twist on gravity.

Yeah, we can see galaxies merging in the middle of this process of swirling around each other and their stars forming one new elliptic galaxy. And you're right, we've even seen galaxy clusters collide. The Bullet cluster is two big groups of galaxies, enormous piles of galaxies smashing into each other, dark matter coming out on either side, which tells us, as you said, dark matter is its own thing and not just some weird twist on gravity.

Yeah. I guess smashing things together is a good way to explore things, especially if they're sort of mysterious and kind of hard to know that they're there or what's going on inside of them. Right, Like smashing things with dark matter in them, so it helps you see the dark matter.

Yeah. I guess smashing things together is a good way to explore things, especially if they're sort of mysterious and kind of hard to know that they're there or what's going on inside of them. Right, Like smashing things with dark matter in them, so it helps you see the dark matter.

Yeah, it helps you separate the dark matter from the rest of the stuff because different things smash differently. Right, The gas and the dust in those galaxies smashed into each other, making huge explosions and bright flashes of light, but the dark matter passed right through. So that tells you that dark matter really is different from normal kind of matter. So yeah, absolutely, smashing stuff together great way to figure out what's going on.

Yeah, it helps you separate the dark matter from the rest of the stuff because different things smash differently. Right, The gas and the dust in those galaxies smashed into each other, making huge explosions and bright flashes of light, but the dark matter passed right through. So that tells you that dark matter really is different from normal kind of matter. So yeah, absolutely, smashing stuff together great way to figure out what's going on.

Great way to support physicists. We like to smash things as little kids.

Great way to support physicists. We like to smash things as little kids.

Yeah, but you know, don't like smash your kids together if you're not sure what they're up to. There is a limit to this idea.

Yeah, but you know, don't like smash your kids together if you're not sure what they're up to. There is a limit to this idea.

I see, Well, I think they usually smash themselves pretty good without your help or direction.

I see, Well, I think they usually smash themselves pretty good without your help or direction.

All right, But in no way am I endorsing kids smashing on the podcast.

All right, But in no way am I endorsing kids smashing on the podcast.

I don't even know why you would bring it up. I guess you don't. I guess kids are mysterious. Also, they're hard to understand.

I don't even know why you would bring it up. I guess you don't. I guess kids are mysterious. Also, they're hard to understand.

Yes, absolutely, kids are hard to understand. But there are better ways to understand what's going on inside your children than smashing them together.

Yes, absolutely, kids are hard to understand. But there are better ways to understand what's going on inside your children than smashing them together.

All right, I guess you could talk to them.

All right, I guess you could talk to them.

I guess you could just make references to them on the podcast and hope they listen.

I guess you could just make references to them on the podcast and hope they listen.

Yeah, maybe, like twenty years from now, when they're in therapy, they'll be like, what did my father think of me?

Yeah, maybe, like twenty years from now, when they're in therapy, they'll be like, what did my father think of me?

Oh?

Oh?

It's right here on this podcast. What But anyways, there is something mysterious out there in the universe that we would like to know more about it. We would like to know what's going on inside of them, but so far they are one of the hardest things to look at and figure out.

It's right here on this podcast. What But anyways, there is something mysterious out there in the universe that we would like to know more about it. We would like to know what's going on inside of them, but so far they are one of the hardest things to look at and figure out.

And a lot of people write to me and ask what happens when these two mysterious objects in the universe come together? Is it just like other collisions or are some of the fundamental rules of the universe broken?

And a lot of people write to me and ask what happens when these two mysterious objects in the universe come together? Is it just like other collisions or are some of the fundamental rules of the universe broken?

So today on the podcast, we'll be tackling the question what happens when black holes collide? This is a very sensation of this question. I feel what happens when black holes collie.

So today on the podcast, we'll be tackling the question what happens when black holes collide? This is a very sensation of this question. I feel what happens when black holes collie.

It's sort of like shark versus shark, Like which shark eats the other one? You know? On black holes sucking in the other one, the sucking each other. What does that even mean? Man?

It's sort of like shark versus shark, Like which shark eats the other one? You know? On black holes sucking in the other one, the sucking each other. What does that even mean? Man?

Yeah, I know, it's like can a hole fall into another hole? Like, you know, Holy moly, that's a complicated question. That is a whole lot of holes there in that theory.

Yeah, I know, it's like can a hole fall into another hole? Like, you know, Holy moly, that's a complicated question. That is a whole lot of holes there in that theory.

We need a holistic understanding of how this works.

We need a holistic understanding of how this works.

But this is sort of part of our I guess a recent theme we've had going on in the podcast. We can almost call it like Smash month or smash week exactly.

But this is sort of part of our I guess a recent theme we've had going on in the podcast. We can almost call it like Smash month or smash week exactly.

We've got smashing on the brain over here at the podcast headquarters.

We've got smashing on the brain over here at the podcast headquarters.

Hopefully will be a smashing success. But we have been smashing things together, photons together last time and we smashed what else did we smash?

Hopefully will be a smashing success. But we have been smashing things together, photons together last time and we smashed what else did we smash?

We did a whole listener episode's question about smashing stuff together. That was the theme annihilation questions.

We did a whole listener episode's question about smashing stuff together. That was the theme annihilation questions.

And then we smashed light together, which turns out you can't smash together. And now we're smashing black holes. What's next, Daniel smashing universes?

And then we smashed light together, which turns out you can't smash together. And now we're smashing black holes. What's next, Daniel smashing universes?

Oh wow, universe collisions. Actually, there is a theory about different bubbles in the multiverse and bumping into each other and leaving an imprint on the cosmic microwave background radiation.

Oh wow, universe collisions. Actually, there is a theory about different bubbles in the multiverse and bumping into each other and leaving an imprint on the cosmic microwave background radiation.

I just read about this theory. Yeah, oh you're big bounce.

I just read about this theory. Yeah, oh you're big bounce.

Yeah, there was a theory by Roger Penrose and he claimed to see evidence for it in the cosmic microwave background radiation, but nobody could confirm it. So it's definitely not something we've seen, but a pretty awesome idea. Yeah.

Yeah, there was a theory by Roger Penrose and he claimed to see evidence for it in the cosmic microwave background radiation, but nobody could confirm it. So it's definitely not something we've seen, but a pretty awesome idea. Yeah.

Also, it's called the Big Bounce, not the Big smash, so we can't talk about it.

Also, it's called the Big Bounce, not the Big smash, so we can't talk about it.

This episode sponsored by a Smashburger by smash Now. But I remember the first time I heard about black holes being collided and I thought, Wow, that's incredible, like two things that we definitely do not understand. And I thought to myself, I want to see what happens, what comes out, what's revealed in the shards of that collision, Like, show me the answer, universe.

This episode sponsored by a Smashburger by smash Now. But I remember the first time I heard about black holes being collided and I thought, Wow, that's incredible, like two things that we definitely do not understand. And I thought to myself, I want to see what happens, what comes out, what's revealed in the shards of that collision, Like, show me the answer, universe.

Yeah, what are the shards of the two sharks when they collide?

Yeah, what are the shards of the two sharks when they collide?

And it's sort of amazing you know that it happens out there in the universe and that we can see it. So to me, it feels like we are peeking under the rug of nature, really understanding something deep about the nature of space and time by looking for these extreme collisions when nature has to tell us how things work.

And it's sort of amazing you know that it happens out there in the universe and that we can see it. So to me, it feels like we are peeking under the rug of nature, really understanding something deep about the nature of space and time by looking for these extreme collisions when nature has to tell us how things work.

Yeah, because black holes are pretty extreme in the universe, right, there are some of the most extreme conditions imaginable. Maybe they're breaking the laws of physics inside, or at least the laws that we know, and so you can't imagine amazing things are going to happen when you smash two of them together.

Yeah, because black holes are pretty extreme in the universe, right, there are some of the most extreme conditions imaginable. Maybe they're breaking the laws of physics inside, or at least the laws that we know, and so you can't imagine amazing things are going to happen when you smash two of them together.

Yeah, they're probably going to smash the laws of physics.

Yeah, they're probably going to smash the laws of physics.

And I guess maybe a more philosophical question is, is Daniel two holes actually collide? Like, what's actually hitting each other? Nothing's going to hit each other. Is there just two holes?

And I guess maybe a more philosophical question is, is Daniel two holes actually collide? Like, what's actually hitting each other? Nothing's going to hit each other. Is there just two holes?

You could think of them as like merging, right, if you and a friend are both digging holes in the ground, you just keep digging, then eventually you just get one big hole, right, so those two holes can sort of merge.

You could think of them as like merging, right, if you and a friend are both digging holes in the ground, you just keep digging, then eventually you just get one big hole, right, so those two holes can sort of merge.

Hmmm, so it's more of a black hole merger.

Hmmm, so it's more of a black hole merger.

It is, But actually the math doesn't quite work that way because the black hole that comes out is a little bit smaller than the sum of the two black holes that went in, which is pretty weird.

It is, But actually the math doesn't quite work that way because the black hole that comes out is a little bit smaller than the sum of the two black holes that went in, which is pretty weird.

Wait, what, well you just spoiled it, you said, another hole comes out. I guess the two holes don't cancel each other.

Wait, what, well you just spoiled it, you said, another hole comes out. I guess the two holes don't cancel each other.

Yeah, they do an amazing dance of relativity to form something new that comes out.

Yeah, they do an amazing dance of relativity to form something new that comes out.

Well, then, as you said, this kind of thing happens all the time in the years, and we get too observe it.

Well, then, as you said, this kind of thing happens all the time in the years, and we get too observe it.

Right, we certainly do, and we learn a lot about the nature of space and time in the process.

Right, we certainly do, and we learn a lot about the nature of space and time in the process.

All right, Well, as usual, we were curious how many people out there had heard of black holes colliding and what maybe they think happens when they do.

All right, Well, as usual, we were curious how many people out there had heard of black holes colliding and what maybe they think happens when they do.

So thank you to everybody who participates in these segments for our podcast. We hope you have a good time answering random questions without any chance to prepare. If you like to participate and hear your speculator on the podcast for everybody else to enjoy, please don't be shy. Write to us two questions at Danielandhorge dot com.

So thank you to everybody who participates in these segments for our podcast. We hope you have a good time answering random questions without any chance to prepare. If you like to participate and hear your speculator on the podcast for everybody else to enjoy, please don't be shy. Write to us two questions at Danielandhorge dot com.

So think about it for a second. What do you think happens when two black holes collide? Here's what people had to say. Yeah, I think we know this right.

So think about it for a second. What do you think happens when two black holes collide? Here's what people had to say. Yeah, I think we know this right.

So if two black holes collide, a they make a bigger black hole. But be I think some people have discovered that they make gravitational waves. But that seems like too simple announswer.

So if two black holes collide, a they make a bigger black hole. But be I think some people have discovered that they make gravitational waves. But that seems like too simple announswer.

So I read black Hole Blues by Jan eleven, and my best guess is when black holes collide, they circle around each other faster and faster, and as they get closer to each other, they're circling almost at the speed of light at the very last split second, and when they collide, the force has enough energy to overpower the energy that an entire galaxy might put out, and that's why we can sense the gravitational waves galaxies away here on Earth with the the new instruments we have.

So I read black Hole Blues by Jan eleven, and my best guess is when black holes collide, they circle around each other faster and faster, and as they get closer to each other, they're circling almost at the speed of light at the very last split second, and when they collide, the force has enough energy to overpower the energy that an entire galaxy might put out, and that's why we can sense the gravitational waves galaxies away here on Earth with the the new instruments we have.

In general, I don't think there is a direct collision of a black hole, but rather they orbit each other closer and closer and closer, with probably the stronger one feeding off of the weaker one. Ultimately, after all the fireworks are done, I would assume that the smaller one would be eventually absorbed into the larger one, and you have one substantially larger black hole.

In general, I don't think there is a direct collision of a black hole, but rather they orbit each other closer and closer and closer, with probably the stronger one feeding off of the weaker one. Ultimately, after all the fireworks are done, I would assume that the smaller one would be eventually absorbed into the larger one, and you have one substantially larger black hole.

When two black holes collide, I think they just merge into a larger one. We can observe gravitational waves happening while this occurs, but other than that, I think they just merge.

When two black holes collide, I think they just merge into a larger one. We can observe gravitational waves happening while this occurs, but other than that, I think they just merge.

When black holes collide, gravity waves make their way to our clever listening devices here on Earth, and I think probably there's a lot of energy released and they become one black hole.

When black holes collide, gravity waves make their way to our clever listening devices here on Earth, and I think probably there's a lot of energy released and they become one black hole.

When black holes collide, I mean you have very very heavy, heavily dent, and very strong gravity coming from these things. So when they collide, it's got it kind of one win's out, which everyone is a more dense and be strongly have stronger gravitational forces, and then it kind of absorbs.

When black holes collide, I mean you have very very heavy, heavily dent, and very strong gravity coming from these things. So when they collide, it's got it kind of one win's out, which everyone is a more dense and be strongly have stronger gravitational forces, and then it kind of absorbs.

They make a lot of gravity waves and then they make one big black hole.

They make a lot of gravity waves and then they make one big black hole.

All right, A lot of fun answers here. I like the one that said when they collide they eat each other kind of like sharks.

All right, A lot of fun answers here. I like the one that said when they collide they eat each other kind of like sharks.

But who is eating who? Man, that doesn't really answer.

But who is eating who? Man, that doesn't really answer.

But if one shark starts eating the tail of the other shark, and then the other sharks starts eating the tail of the other shark, what's going to happen?

But if one shark starts eating the tail of the other shark, and then the other sharks starts eating the tail of the other shark, what's going to happen?

It's like a Yin yang shark somehow, Yeah, a ying shark. Yeah, maybe the shark ends up eating itself.

It's like a Yin yang shark somehow, Yeah, a ying shark. Yeah, maybe the shark ends up eating itself.

When you get a shark nado because they're spinning around so fast.

When you get a shark nado because they're spinning around so fast.

That's probably how that crossover event happened. Right, A Shark DVD and a Tornado DVD. Boom, that's right.

That's probably how that crossover event happened. Right, A Shark DVD and a Tornado DVD. Boom, that's right.

Yeah, one bad idea smashed another bad idea.

Yeah, one bad idea smashed another bad idea.

Yeah, why not?

Yeah, why not?

Right?

Right?

Who knows what happens when you collide the craziest things in the universe. So I love the creativity there, thank you.

Who knows what happens when you collide the craziest things in the universe. So I love the creativity there, thank you.

Yeah, why not? Maybe that should be the die of the podcast.

Yeah, why not? Maybe that should be the die of the podcast.

Why not, let's get smashing.

Why not, let's get smashing.

Well, let's break it down for people here, Daniel. Maybe let's start with the basics. What is a black hole?

Well, let's break it down for people here, Daniel. Maybe let's start with the basics. What is a black hole?

Black hole, as you said, is a hole in space and time. But it's a really strange hole, you know. Really, what it is is a location where there's so much mass and energy in one spot that it's dense enough that particles that are near it are doomed to fall in. You know, mass and energy tells space how to bend, and then space tells particles and mass and other things how to move. So the more mass and energy you have somewhere, the more space curve, which is why, for example, satellites orbit the Earth instead of just flying away. You could think of all of gravity in fact, as the invisible curvature of space rather than like a Newtonian tugging. And so black holes are where space is curved so much that there are particles that can never escape.

Black hole, as you said, is a hole in space and time. But it's a really strange hole, you know. Really, what it is is a location where there's so much mass and energy in one spot that it's dense enough that particles that are near it are doomed to fall in. You know, mass and energy tells space how to bend, and then space tells particles and mass and other things how to move. So the more mass and energy you have somewhere, the more space curve, which is why, for example, satellites orbit the Earth instead of just flying away. You could think of all of gravity in fact, as the invisible curvature of space rather than like a Newtonian tugging. And so black holes are where space is curved so much that there are particles that can never escape.

So there's sort of holes in space, and there are sort of holes caused by gravity, right, Like that's another way to do sort of think about it, right, It's like there's so much stuff and energy in them that it just sucks everything in, and it sucks them so much they can never get out.

So there's sort of holes in space, and there are sort of holes caused by gravity, right, Like that's another way to do sort of think about it, right, It's like there's so much stuff and energy in them that it just sucks everything in, and it sucks them so much they can never get out.

Yeah. Mostly you can think about gravity in two different ways. You can think about it like a force something is pulling on you, and like the Earth is tugging on you. That's sort of Newton's idea of gravity. But black holes come out of general relativity, which encourage you to think about gravity in a very different way. It says that gravity isn't a force, it's just that space is curved. But you can't see that curvature. The only thing you can see is the effect of that curvature on the motion of objects. So you shine a flashlight, for example, through curved space, then it seems to you to bend, But that bending is just because it's moving in a straight line through curved space you can't see. So when you apply that to black holes, you don't get like a really strong force of gravity. You get a place where space is bent so much that now it's just one directional. Things inside the event of horizon of a black hole always end up at the singularity. According to general relativity, because that's the only direction left in space.

Yeah. Mostly you can think about gravity in two different ways. You can think about it like a force something is pulling on you, and like the Earth is tugging on you. That's sort of Newton's idea of gravity. But black holes come out of general relativity, which encourage you to think about gravity in a very different way. It says that gravity isn't a force, it's just that space is curved. But you can't see that curvature. The only thing you can see is the effect of that curvature on the motion of objects. So you shine a flashlight, for example, through curved space, then it seems to you to bend, But that bending is just because it's moving in a straight line through curved space you can't see. So when you apply that to black holes, you don't get like a really strong force of gravity. You get a place where space is bent so much that now it's just one directional. Things inside the event of horizon of a black hole always end up at the singularity. According to general relativity, because that's the only direction left in space.

Right. Yeah, but general relativity might be wrong too, right, Like there's this possibility that maybe gravity is a force and there are force gravity particles in everything. Right.

Right. Yeah, but general relativity might be wrong too, right, Like there's this possibility that maybe gravity is a force and there are force gravity particles in everything. Right.

General relativity almost certainly wrong at some level, not in the sense that it's making mistakes about GPS or that we're getting the numbers wrong, but it can't really be the true description of nature, as you said, because, for example, it predicts singularities at the hearts of black hole, and you know that's not as much a physical prediction, like general relativity doesn't say there is a point of infinite density as much as it's a breakdown of the theory. It says, well, here's what I predict, and that seems sort of nonsense. So at this point, replace me with a better theory. So we don't know what's going on at the heart of black holes. It could be that the right picture of gravity is as a sort of quantum field, the way we have all the other forces. You can think about gravity as the exchange of gravitons. So yeah, you're right, general relativity almost certainly wrong. On the other hand, it predicts black holes and we see them so it's right about a lot of stuff.

General relativity almost certainly wrong at some level, not in the sense that it's making mistakes about GPS or that we're getting the numbers wrong, but it can't really be the true description of nature, as you said, because, for example, it predicts singularities at the hearts of black hole, and you know that's not as much a physical prediction, like general relativity doesn't say there is a point of infinite density as much as it's a breakdown of the theory. It says, well, here's what I predict, and that seems sort of nonsense. So at this point, replace me with a better theory. So we don't know what's going on at the heart of black holes. It could be that the right picture of gravity is as a sort of quantum field, the way we have all the other forces. You can think about gravity as the exchange of gravitons. So yeah, you're right, general relativity almost certainly wrong. On the other hand, it predicts black holes and we see them so it's right about a lot of stuff.

Well, black holes are really strange and there are a couple of really strange things about them, like first of all, like can't escape, so they just look like a giant whole aud in space. But it also does interesting things like slow down time.

Well, black holes are really strange and there are a couple of really strange things about them, like first of all, like can't escape, so they just look like a giant whole aud in space. But it also does interesting things like slow down time.

Yeah, there are two different kinds of time dilation in our universe from relativity. One is much more commonly talked about, which is velocity based time dilation. If you see somebody moving fast through the universe relative to you, you see their clocks slowing down, and that kind of time dilation is relative because if they look back at you, they see your clocks slowing down, so you too, disagree about whose clock is slowing down, which is really weird and confusing makes you doubt like you know truth and the existence of reality. But the kind of time dilation that happens to near a black hole is different. The more space is curved where you are, the more your clock will slow down. And that's not a relative effect, it's absolute. So if your friend gets near a black hole where space is curved more, you will see their clocks slow down because they're in more curved space. They will see your clock going faster. Right, it's the opposite of the relative time dilation that happens due to velocity. Here is absolute because everybody agrees. So if you are falling near a black hole, your friend will see you slow down and you will see them sped up.

Yeah, there are two different kinds of time dilation in our universe from relativity. One is much more commonly talked about, which is velocity based time dilation. If you see somebody moving fast through the universe relative to you, you see their clocks slowing down, and that kind of time dilation is relative because if they look back at you, they see your clocks slowing down, so you too, disagree about whose clock is slowing down, which is really weird and confusing makes you doubt like you know truth and the existence of reality. But the kind of time dilation that happens to near a black hole is different. The more space is curved where you are, the more your clock will slow down. And that's not a relative effect, it's absolute. So if your friend gets near a black hole where space is curved more, you will see their clocks slow down because they're in more curved space. They will see your clock going faster. Right, it's the opposite of the relative time dilation that happens due to velocity. Here is absolute because everybody agrees. So if you are falling near a black hole, your friend will see you slow down and you will see them sped up.

Yeah, it's a pretty cool effect. And you will literally see them moving slow motion, right, and they will literally see the entire rest of the universe moving in fast forward.

Yeah, it's a pretty cool effect. And you will literally see them moving slow motion, right, and they will literally see the entire rest of the universe moving in fast forward.

Yeah. And so if you see somebody falling towards a black hole, the closer they get, the more their time slows down. And so it actually takes an infinite amount of time for the last thing to fall into a black hole. Like you toss a banana into a black hole, you don't actually see it enter the black hole past the event horizon until time equals infinity.

Yeah. And so if you see somebody falling towards a black hole, the closer they get, the more their time slows down. And so it actually takes an infinite amount of time for the last thing to fall into a black hole. Like you toss a banana into a black hole, you don't actually see it enter the black hole past the event horizon until time equals infinity.

Right. We've had I think whole podcast about this because it's sort of a little bit mind bending because you do sort of see black holes growing over time, right, and at some point they're going to overtake the banana. Right.

Right. We've had I think whole podcast about this because it's sort of a little bit mind bending because you do sort of see black holes growing over time, right, and at some point they're going to overtake the banana. Right.

Yeah, that seems confusing because it suggests that black holes could never grow because nothing could actually fall into them. That's why I said it's only true for the last thing to fall into a black hole, because as the banana falls towards the black hole, the event horizon actually grows before the banana crosses over. A black hole isn't like a pet where you need to put something in it for it to get bigger. It does not have to like eat the banana. Besides, the event horizon reflects the total gravitational energy of the system, so as the banana falls into the black hole, the event horizon actually grows out to meet it. And then if you throw something else like an apple after the banana, that also pulls out the event horizon, so it will come and encompass the banana. So that's how we see black holes actually grow out there in the universe. There's a continuous stream of stuff falling into it and pulling out the event horizon.

Yeah, that seems confusing because it suggests that black holes could never grow because nothing could actually fall into them. That's why I said it's only true for the last thing to fall into a black hole, because as the banana falls towards the black hole, the event horizon actually grows before the banana crosses over. A black hole isn't like a pet where you need to put something in it for it to get bigger. It does not have to like eat the banana. Besides, the event horizon reflects the total gravitational energy of the system, so as the banana falls into the black hole, the event horizon actually grows out to meet it. And then if you throw something else like an apple after the banana, that also pulls out the event horizon, so it will come and encompass the banana. So that's how we see black holes actually grow out there in the universe. There's a continuous stream of stuff falling into it and pulling out the event horizon.

Right.

Right.

Right, You don't have to feed them, but it's nice to feed them, right. You don't want a black hole to starve.

Right, You don't have to feed them, but it's nice to feed them, right. You don't want a black hole to starve.

I don't know. It depends where the black hole lives. If it lives in your basement, I don't think it's a good idea to feed it.

I don't know. It depends where the black hole lives. If it lives in your basement, I don't think it's a good idea to feed it.

I think if it lives in your basement, it's game over for you. For your house.

I think if it lives in your basement, it's game over for you. For your house.

You know, there is some size of a black hole where it's radiating away energy, and you could feed it at the same rate. So you could have a stable black hole that you keep as a pet.

You know, there is some size of a black hole where it's radiating away energy, and you could feed it at the same rate. So you could have a stable black hole that you keep as a pet.

You can have a pet. Then you just contradict it yourself. Just don't pet it. I guess, don't touch it.

You can have a pet. Then you just contradict it yourself. Just don't pet it. I guess, don't touch it.

I wouldn't recommend it. But theoretically it's possible to keep a black hole stable.

I wouldn't recommend it. But theoretically it's possible to keep a black hole stable.

I see. And so something else that's interesting about a black hole is that there are only a few things we can know about them, right, I mean, there are a black hole. Stuff falls in and we never see it again, but there are a few things that you can tell about them.

I see. And so something else that's interesting about a black hole is that there are only a few things we can know about them, right, I mean, there are a black hole. Stuff falls in and we never see it again, but there are a few things that you can tell about them.

Yeah, everything that falls into the event horizon is lost to us and what happens to it. We cannot know information about what's inside the event horizon. Can't escape. But that doesn't mean we can't measure things about the global black hole. Like a black hole has mass, it tugs on you even though you're out side the event horizon. So you can use that to measure how much stuff is inside the event horizon. How much mass does this black hole have? So there are a few things you can measure from outside the event horizon, and that's the mass of the black hole. Also the electric charge of the black hole, because charge is conserved in the universe. You drop an electron into a black hole, that changes its charge and its electric field. The same thing for its spin. Black holes can spin. So there's this theorem called the no hair theorem that says those are the only three things you can know about a stable black hole, mass, spin, and charge.

Yeah, everything that falls into the event horizon is lost to us and what happens to it. We cannot know information about what's inside the event horizon. Can't escape. But that doesn't mean we can't measure things about the global black hole. Like a black hole has mass, it tugs on you even though you're out side the event horizon. So you can use that to measure how much stuff is inside the event horizon. How much mass does this black hole have? So there are a few things you can measure from outside the event horizon, and that's the mass of the black hole. Also the electric charge of the black hole, because charge is conserved in the universe. You drop an electron into a black hole, that changes its charge and its electric field. The same thing for its spin. Black holes can spin. So there's this theorem called the no hair theorem that says those are the only three things you can know about a stable black hole, mass, spin, and charge.

Wait, why is it called the no hair theorem? How does hair fall fit into this?

Wait, why is it called the no hair theorem? How does hair fall fit into this?

I think it's a joke that says that you can't know whether black holes are hairy, Like, you can't know what's going on inside the black hole. Does it have blonde hair? Does that have a mohawk? It's like, you know, just an example of something you can't know about a black hole. It could have been called the no tattoos theorem. Also, yeah, that makes no sense to me.

I think it's a joke that says that you can't know whether black holes are hairy, Like, you can't know what's going on inside the black hole. Does it have blonde hair? Does that have a mohawk? It's like, you know, just an example of something you can't know about a black hole. It could have been called the no tattoos theorem. Also, yeah, that makes no sense to me.

But that's all right. Well that's a black hole. And so now the big question is what happens if I take two black holes and I smushed them or smashed them or merged them together. Apparently a lot of things happen, So let's get into that. But first, let's take a quick break.

But that's all right. Well that's a black hole. And so now the big question is what happens if I take two black holes and I smushed them or smashed them or merged them together. Apparently a lot of things happen, So let's get into that. But first, let's take a quick break.

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All Right, we're talking about smashing black holes together, and this happens all the time, right, Like, we've recently been able to listen to black holes colliding and a lot of the they happened more often than we thought.

All Right, we're talking about smashing black holes together, and this happens all the time, right, Like, we've recently been able to listen to black holes colliding and a lot of the they happened more often than we thought.

Yeah, black hole collisions were first observed in twenty fifteen, but it was a very very long search for black holes. People started decades and decades before that trying to invent systems that were sensitive enough to the radiation emitted from black hole collisions so that we could see it here on Earth. This is something predicted by Albert Einstein, though he thought we could never actually observe it. This is a cool effect. Too bad, it's too tiny for us to ever see.

Yeah, black hole collisions were first observed in twenty fifteen, but it was a very very long search for black holes. People started decades and decades before that trying to invent systems that were sensitive enough to the radiation emitted from black hole collisions so that we could see it here on Earth. This is something predicted by Albert Einstein, though he thought we could never actually observe it. This is a cool effect. Too bad, it's too tiny for us to ever see.

Oh I see, so before we could listen to them with gravitational waves. People were trying to see them, but they never found any right, Yeah.

Oh I see, so before we could listen to them with gravitational waves. People were trying to see them, but they never found any right, Yeah.

People were trying to listen to them with gravitational waves for a long time. That was Einstein's prediction that they would create from gravitational waves, but that would be impossible for us to see these gravitational waves, to observe them. And you know, I'm in the company who agreed with Einstein for a long time. When I was thinking about grad school, I had a few different choices, and one was going to university that was deep into LEGO, that was developing the technology and trying to observe gravitational waves. And I remember thinking, that's cool, but they're never going to make that happen, and so I'm going to go do particle physics instead.

People were trying to listen to them with gravitational waves for a long time. That was Einstein's prediction that they would create from gravitational waves, but that would be impossible for us to see these gravitational waves, to observe them. And you know, I'm in the company who agreed with Einstein for a long time. When I was thinking about grad school, I had a few different choices, and one was going to university that was deep into LEGO, that was developing the technology and trying to observe gravitational waves. And I remember thinking, that's cool, but they're never going to make that happen, and so I'm going to go do particle physics instead.

Yeah. Yeah, I'm in the company of Einstein as well. I have crazy hair as well.

Yeah. Yeah, I'm in the company of Einstein as well. I have crazy hair as well.

But Einstein was wrong and so was I. Because they did see gravitational waves. They did see this crazy pattern of radiation emitted from the collisions of black.

But Einstein was wrong and so was I. Because they did see gravitational waves. They did see this crazy pattern of radiation emitted from the collisions of black.

Holes Yeah, I think what I was asking is, like, could you see two black holes merging together? I mean, we can sort of see black holes out there in the universe, and we can definitely see their effect on the stars or the galaxy around them. Could you ever hope to detect the black hole collision without the gravitational waves detection? Like, could you ever see two black holes actually colliding?

Holes Yeah, I think what I was asking is, like, could you see two black holes merging together? I mean, we can sort of see black holes out there in the universe, and we can definitely see their effect on the stars or the galaxy around them. Could you ever hope to detect the black hole collision without the gravitational waves detection? Like, could you ever see two black holes actually colliding?

You can't actually see them, but you're right, you don't see the black holes themselves colliding. Black holes are surrounded by accretion disks, all sorts of matter. They're sort of on deck for falling into the black holes, and so sometimes when two black holes collide, their accretion discs also collide and create light. They've seen this a couple of times where they've seen flashes of bright light at the same time and in the same direction as they've observed gravitational waves. So they have seen in a couple of occasions bright flashes of light emitted from black hole collisions.

You can't actually see them, but you're right, you don't see the black holes themselves colliding. Black holes are surrounded by accretion disks, all sorts of matter. They're sort of on deck for falling into the black holes, and so sometimes when two black holes collide, their accretion discs also collide and create light. They've seen this a couple of times where they've seen flashes of bright light at the same time and in the same direction as they've observed gravitational waves. So they have seen in a couple of occasions bright flashes of light emitted from black hole collisions.

Right, but before twenty fifteen, like, maybe you would see the bright flash of light, but you wouldn't be able to know if it was a black hole collision.

Right, but before twenty fifteen, like, maybe you would see the bright flash of light, but you wouldn't be able to know if it was a black hole collision.

Yeah, exactly. It just seemed like a flash of light, and there's lots of weird flashes of light in the universe, and you can't necessarily tell that one is from a black hole or from something else, or just from two stars colliding or two blobs of gas colliding. So really the unique signature, the thing that told us that black holes were colliding were these patterns of gravitational waves, which are like ripples in space and time itself.

Yeah, exactly. It just seemed like a flash of light, and there's lots of weird flashes of light in the universe, and you can't necessarily tell that one is from a black hole or from something else, or just from two stars colliding or two blobs of gas colliding. So really the unique signature, the thing that told us that black holes were colliding were these patterns of gravitational waves, which are like ripples in space and time itself.

And so far since twenty fifteen, we've seen a whole bunch or have heard, but a whole bunch of these black hole collisions, like maybe like ten a year or something.

And so far since twenty fifteen, we've seen a whole bunch or have heard, but a whole bunch of these black hole collisions, like maybe like ten a year or something.

Right, it's incredible, we have like fifty examples now. Preciate how amazing that is realized that we didn't know how often black holes collided. When Lego turned on, it was like a new kind of instrument, and we're listening to something new in the universe, or a new kind of eyeball. We're looking for things in the universe. It's all just an analogy, because gravitational radiation is not something you can see or hear. We're just trying to translate it into sort of human experience. But we didn't know if this kind of thing happened once in a century, once in a millennium, or like ten times a second. So when they turned this thing on, it could have been that they were waiting for years to hear the first one, or that they came fast and hard and amazingly. We were lucky, and they're pretty common. And they saw a gravitational wave in the first test run, Like they turned this thing on and they were just like doing calibration runs just to make sure everything was working, and boom, they saw a signal in the first calibration run. So they were like off to the races, writing a paper and week two.

Right, it's incredible, we have like fifty examples now. Preciate how amazing that is realized that we didn't know how often black holes collided. When Lego turned on, it was like a new kind of instrument, and we're listening to something new in the universe, or a new kind of eyeball. We're looking for things in the universe. It's all just an analogy, because gravitational radiation is not something you can see or hear. We're just trying to translate it into sort of human experience. But we didn't know if this kind of thing happened once in a century, once in a millennium, or like ten times a second. So when they turned this thing on, it could have been that they were waiting for years to hear the first one, or that they came fast and hard and amazingly. We were lucky, and they're pretty common. And they saw a gravitational wave in the first test run, Like they turned this thing on and they were just like doing calibration runs just to make sure everything was working, and boom, they saw a signal in the first calibration run. So they were like off to the races, writing a paper and week two.

Yeah, it's pretty amazing, pretty cool. And they happened pretty often, maybe like once a month, once every month and a half. And do they happen here in our galaxy or are we listening to these collisions from all over the universe.

Yeah, it's pretty amazing, pretty cool. And they happened pretty often, maybe like once a month, once every month and a half. And do they happen here in our galaxy or are we listening to these collisions from all over the universe.

They happen all over the universe, and we can see these things really far away, like billions of light years. Now, the further you are away from these things, of course, the fainter they are. And so if they're closer, it's easier for us to see them. They're further away, then that need to be more dramatic, more powerful for us to observe them. But we've detected these collisions from black holes that are billions of light years away, But.