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Odu is business management made so simple a kid could explain it.

Odu is business management made so simple a kid could explain it.

Sometimes business software can't talk to other programs, but Odo, funny word, has every program from CRN to HR to accounting in one platform. It should cost a lot, but it doesn't. So you should use Odo because they save you money.

Sometimes business software can't talk to other programs, but Odo, funny word, has every program from CRN to HR to accounting in one platform. It should cost a lot, but it doesn't. So you should use Odo because they save you money.

Odo makes a lot of sense but doesn't cost a lot of sense.

Odo makes a lot of sense but doesn't cost a lot of sense.

Sign up now at odu dot com.

Sign up now at odu dot com.

That's odoo dot com.

That's odoo dot com.

Good job, Thanks, Hey Daniel, how's the podcast email inbox looking? Oh?

Good job, Thanks, Hey Daniel, how's the podcast email inbox looking? Oh?

It's pretty massive massive?

It's pretty massive massive?

You mean like people are asking about masks or are you just getting a lot of emails both?

You mean like people are asking about masks or are you just getting a lot of emails both?

Actually, we're getting many emails about massive topics.

Actually, we're getting many emails about massive topics.

Well, it must be weighing heavily in the minds of our listeners. But do you ever worry that your inbox is going to collapse into a black hole.

Well, it must be weighing heavily in the minds of our listeners. But do you ever worry that your inbox is going to collapse into a black hole.

I'm doing my best to keep it from growing by emitting email Hawking radiation to shrink it.

I'm doing my best to keep it from growing by emitting email Hawking radiation to shrink it.

Ooh, how do you do that? You just like give out Stephen Hawking vibes.

Ooh, how do you do that? You just like give out Stephen Hawking vibes.

Now I try to answer as many of them as I can.

Now I try to answer as many of them as I can.

Well, I don't know if that works. You know that the more emails you write, the more emails you get.

Well, I don't know if that works. You know that the more emails you write, the more emails you get.

Yeah, you might be right, you know. I was hoping to get to some sort of like general relativity singularity, like inbox zero.

Yeah, you might be right, you know. I was hoping to get to some sort of like general relativity singularity, like inbox zero.

But zero is not a singularity, and similarity means one or maybe you mean like all of the emails in the universe crown into one message.

But zero is not a singularity, and similarity means one or maybe you mean like all of the emails in the universe crown into one message.

That would be awesome and I could answer all the questions all at once.

That would be awesome and I could answer all the questions all at once.

But then what happens when you hit reply? Then it's not a singularity anymore.

But then what happens when you hit reply? Then it's not a singularity anymore.

Then I collapse.

Then I collapse.

Hi am Horehem, a cartoonist and the creator of PHP comments.

Hi am Horehem, a cartoonist and the creator of PHP comments.

Hi.

Hi.

I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine, and I love reading your emails. Send me more and more.

I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine, and I love reading your emails. Send me more and more.

And more like all of a person's emails, or just the ones related to physics.

And more like all of a person's emails, or just the ones related to physics.

I love reading the emails they send to me. Emails between other people not interesting to me.

I love reading the emails they send to me. Emails between other people not interesting to me.

I was like, that's kind of nosy there. I love reading's emails.

I was like, that's kind of nosy there. I love reading's emails.

I am not the NSA. I'm not interested in what you wrote to your partner or to your kids, or really do any anybody else. But when you send me emails with questions about the universe, I love seeing those.

I am not the NSA. I'm not interested in what you wrote to your partner or to your kids, or really do any anybody else. But when you send me emails with questions about the universe, I love seeing those.

But wait, if you were the NSA, would you tell us?

But wait, if you were the NSA, would you tell us?

If I was the NSA, I would say exactly what I'm saying now.

If I was the NSA, I would say exactly what I'm saying now.

Which is nothing very suspicious.

Which is nothing very suspicious.

Den I deny. That's the playbook.

Den I deny. That's the playbook.

But anyways, Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

But anyways, Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

In which we dig into our questions about the nature of the universe. Why is it like this, why isn't it some other way? How does it work? What's out there anyway? And can we make sense of it? We marinate in those questions and try to think of answers. We take you to the very forefront of human and scientific knowledge about what we do and do not know. And we also love hearing about your questions about the universe.

In which we dig into our questions about the nature of the universe. Why is it like this, why isn't it some other way? How does it work? What's out there anyway? And can we make sense of it? We marinate in those questions and try to think of answers. We take you to the very forefront of human and scientific knowledge about what we do and do not know. And we also love hearing about your questions about the universe.

Yeah, because it is an amazing universe, but it is kind of questionable. I feel the universe in the sense that it's a kind of a little bit sus you know, like it pretends to be one thing, but then when you dig into it, it's like totally different, very questionable.

Yeah, because it is an amazing universe, but it is kind of questionable. I feel the universe in the sense that it's a kind of a little bit sus you know, like it pretends to be one thing, but then when you dig into it, it's like totally different, very questionable.

That's just your interpretation.

That's just your interpretation.

Man.

Man.

The universe has been consistent this whole time. You just misunderstood what was going on. Well, I see, blame you for being fooled. I guess I blame all of humanity for its misunderstanding of the universe. You know, it's not like the Sun was going around the Earth for thousands of years while we thought that was happening. The Earth was going around the Sun the whole time. We just misunderstood.

The universe has been consistent this whole time. You just misunderstood what was going on. Well, I see, blame you for being fooled. I guess I blame all of humanity for its misunderstanding of the universe. You know, it's not like the Sun was going around the Earth for thousands of years while we thought that was happening. The Earth was going around the Sun the whole time. We just misunderstood.

I see. So all those flat earthers out there, it's not their fault.

I see. So all those flat earthers out there, it's not their fault.

It is their fault, exactly. It's their fault. They're misunderstanding what the universe is doing. The most amazing, incredible thing about the universe is that it does seem to be logically consistent, that it does make some sense, that it can be described at all by mathematical formulas that make sense to humanity. We don't even know why that is, but it gives us the power to unravel some of these mysteries through careful experimentation and.

It is their fault, exactly. It's their fault. They're misunderstanding what the universe is doing. The most amazing, incredible thing about the universe is that it does seem to be logically consistent, that it does make some sense, that it can be described at all by mathematical formulas that make sense to humanity. We don't even know why that is, but it gives us the power to unravel some of these mysteries through careful experimentation and.

Thought, Yeah, that's kind of what I meant also when I said the universe is questionable, but it's like you can ask questions about it, you know, like you can think about it, look at things, and formulate questions about it that then you can kind of confirm or deny it or answer using experiments.

Thought, Yeah, that's kind of what I meant also when I said the universe is questionable, but it's like you can ask questions about it, you know, like you can think about it, look at things, and formulate questions about it that then you can kind of confirm or deny it or answer using experiments.

Yeah. I wish we could directly just ask questions to like an oracle of the universe and get answers that made sense to us. Instead, we have to sort of like corner of the universe into revealing secrets, setting up special circumstances that will answer our question and say like, oh, are you doing this or are you doing that. It's basically what we call experimental science is forcing the universe to reveal some of its secrets. But I wish it would just come right out and tell us.

Yeah. I wish we could directly just ask questions to like an oracle of the universe and get answers that made sense to us. Instead, we have to sort of like corner of the universe into revealing secrets, setting up special circumstances that will answer our question and say like, oh, are you doing this or are you doing that. It's basically what we call experimental science is forcing the universe to reveal some of its secrets. But I wish it would just come right out and tell us.

I guess you could ask Chad GPT that's sort of like an oracle. Have you tried that? Have you tried asking it physics questions?

I guess you could ask Chad GPT that's sort of like an oracle. Have you tried that? Have you tried asking it physics questions?

I have?

I have?

Actually, it's just a nonsense generator. I mean, it's just generates words. It doesn't have any understanding behind it. There's no like mind there, not yet yet.

Actually, it's just a nonsense generator. I mean, it's just generates words. It doesn't have any understanding behind it. There's no like mind there, not yet yet.

Exactly do you think you'll replace physicists someday, No.

Exactly do you think you'll replace physicists someday, No.

Chad GPT is not capable of generating new knowledge. It's like a huge interpolation scheme. It just like reads a bunch of stuff, and when you ask a question, it's like maybe the answers between this thing I read and that other thing that I read.

Chad GPT is not capable of generating new knowledge. It's like a huge interpolation scheme. It just like reads a bunch of stuff, and when you ask a question, it's like maybe the answers between this thing I read and that other thing that I read.

I think you're describing all of the entertainment industry.

I think you're describing all of the entertainment industry.

That's exactly right, Yeah, exactly. It's like Diehard meets Fast and Furious or something. Right, that's exactly what they're up there doing.

That's exactly right, Yeah, exactly. It's like Diehard meets Fast and Furious or something. Right, that's exactly what they're up there doing.

Meets physics. Just mix physics in there, and we've got a blockbuster.

Meets physics. Just mix physics in there, and we've got a blockbuster.

Netflix. We are ready to pitch you the details.

Netflix. We are ready to pitch you the details.

But do you think maybe someday it will be able to do science? Like you know, you could say the same thing about humans that humans can't come up with anything new, but yet humans are still able to do.

But do you think maybe someday it will be able to do science? Like you know, you could say the same thing about humans that humans can't come up with anything new, but yet humans are still able to do.

Humans are definitely capable of coming up with new stuff. We're not just constrained by what we have learned. I think that our neural networks are much further advanced than chat GPT. It is, for example, possible to imagine a neural network which comes up with new theories and then like runs simulations to verify at least that its theories makes sense. So you can imagine a chat GPT based theorist, for example, be.

Humans are definitely capable of coming up with new stuff. We're not just constrained by what we have learned. I think that our neural networks are much further advanced than chat GPT. It is, for example, possible to imagine a neural network which comes up with new theories and then like runs simulations to verify at least that its theories makes sense. So you can imagine a chat GPT based theorist, for example, be.

A chat PhD. Maybe. So you think it is possible then for an AI to do signs in the.

A chat PhD. Maybe. So you think it is possible then for an AI to do signs in the.

Future, Oh, in the future. Absolutely, yes, because.

Future, Oh, in the future. Absolutely, yes, because.

Then you just have to plug it into external sensors and then it's taking data from the universe, and then it could formulate its own theories.

Then you just have to plug it into external sensors and then it's taking data from the universe, and then it could formulate its own theories.

Yeah. Absolutely. I don't think there's a theoretical limit. But large language models are not doing that at all. They don't have a model inside them of how the universe works that they're using to generate hypotheses. They're just generating strings of text.

Yeah. Absolutely. I don't think there's a theoretical limit. But large language models are not doing that at all. They don't have a model inside them of how the universe works that they're using to generate hypotheses. They're just generating strings of text.

But I wonder if right now, like maybe like you know, like the asterisk to the universe is there in all of the literature, all the physics literature that humans have made. We just don't see it right now. Maybe an AI could you know, string together some papers and come up with the one theory.

But I wonder if right now, like maybe like you know, like the asterisk to the universe is there in all of the literature, all the physics literature that humans have made. We just don't see it right now. Maybe an AI could you know, string together some papers and come up with the one theory.

It's certainly possible. There were lots of moments in the history of physics, when great ideas were out there in papers just waiting for somebody to read them and put them together. Like Einstein's formulation of a photon is an explanation for the photoelectric effect. All that dude did is read planks papers and read papers about the photoelectric effect and put those two things together chocolate plus peanut butter, and boom, he had a Nobel prize.

It's certainly possible. There were lots of moments in the history of physics, when great ideas were out there in papers just waiting for somebody to read them and put them together. Like Einstein's formulation of a photon is an explanation for the photoelectric effect. All that dude did is read planks papers and read papers about the photoelectric effect and put those two things together chocolate plus peanut butter, and boom, he had a Nobel prize.

There you go. He just did a is what you're saying, right. He was like, I have a new theory. It's dark matter meets black holes meets electromagnetic force.

There you go. He just did a is what you're saying, right. He was like, I have a new theory. It's dark matter meets black holes meets electromagnetic force.

Boom, Yeah, that's what he did. He was like Vin Diesel plus Bruce Willis equals movie gold.

Boom, Yeah, that's what he did. He was like Vin Diesel plus Bruce Willis equals movie gold.

But speaking about asking questions about the universe, that is sort of how scientists explore the universe. It's by asking questions. And it's not just scientists that ask questions. Everyone has questions, even.

But speaking about asking questions about the universe, that is sort of how scientists explore the universe. It's by asking questions. And it's not just scientists that ask questions. Everyone has questions, even.

Our listeners, especially our listeners. These are folks who think deeply about the nature of the universe and are inherently curious about why things work the way that they do. People who are listening to the podcast are trying to assemble in their minds some understanding of what's going on out there, and sometimes a bit of that like sticks out or doesn't mesh well with another part, and so then they write to us and they ask us about it. Can you explain this to me? Or you said this and I thought you were going to say that and it doesn't make any sense. Please clarify. And I love getting your questions. So if you are thinking about the nature of the universe or don't understand something that we said, please write to us to questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

Our listeners, especially our listeners. These are folks who think deeply about the nature of the universe and are inherently curious about why things work the way that they do. People who are listening to the podcast are trying to assemble in their minds some understanding of what's going on out there, and sometimes a bit of that like sticks out or doesn't mesh well with another part, and so then they write to us and they ask us about it. Can you explain this to me? Or you said this and I thought you were going to say that and it doesn't make any sense. Please clarify. And I love getting your questions. So if you are thinking about the nature of the universe or don't understand something that we said, please write to us to questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

Yeah. I wonder if a lot of people don't know this by now that you can write to that email and actually get an answer. You're sort of like chat gipt for physics and podcasts.

Yeah. I wonder if a lot of people don't know this by now that you can write to that email and actually get an answer. You're sort of like chat gipt for physics and podcasts.

I'm going to try to take that as a compliment. I do, indeed string words together to answer people's questions.

I'm going to try to take that as a compliment. I do, indeed string words together to answer people's questions.

There you go, and you don't do any new research. You're just kind of like parsing old research to give them answers.

There you go, and you don't do any new research. You're just kind of like parsing old research to give them answers.

Well, it's true that answering these emails prevents me from doing research because it takes my time, but I'm very glad to do it. Absolutely.

Well, it's true that answering these emails prevents me from doing research because it takes my time, but I'm very glad to do it. Absolutely.

Maybe you should get chat gypt to do your job and then you can just answer questions.

Maybe you should get chat gypt to do your job and then you can just answer questions.

Maybe all I'm doing right now is reading chat gipt responses to what you say.

Maybe all I'm doing right now is reading chat gipt responses to what you say.

Oh my god, maybe you mean I'm talking to an AI right now.

Oh my god, maybe you mean I'm talking to an AI right now.

Could be? Could be maybe I'm the NSA. Maybe I'm an AI. Maybe I'm a combination.

Could be? Could be maybe I'm the NSA. Maybe I'm an AI. Maybe I'm a combination.

Maybe you're the NSAI. Oh my god, that's greenlight that movie.

Maybe you're the NSAI. Oh my god, that's greenlight that movie.

Maybe e Vin Diesel is talking to an AI and the NSA is spying on them and I'm relaying what the NSA has learned.

Maybe e Vin Diesel is talking to an AI and the NSA is spying on them and I'm relaying what the NSA has learned.

Or you go up being these.

Or you go up being these.

I knew it this whole time.

I knew it this whole time.

I mean, I feel like I need a deeper, more gravelly voice. But anyways, people do have questions, and Danie'll always answer them, and sometimes he pick some of these questions to answer on the podcast.

I mean, I feel like I need a deeper, more gravelly voice. But anyways, people do have questions, and Danie'll always answer them, and sometimes he pick some of these questions to answer on the podcast.

That's right. Sometimes there's a question that requires me to do a little bit of research, or there's a question I imagine a lot of people might be asking and would like to hear any answer to.

That's right. Sometimes there's a question that requires me to do a little bit of research, or there's a question I imagine a lot of people might be asking and would like to hear any answer to.

Do they get a price if they stump you?

Do they get a price if they stump you?

They get to hear their question on the podcast?

They get to hear their question on the podcast?

Yeah?

Yeah?

But do they get a price like a VALUEX? Kidding? You get to have your question heard by tens of thousands and thousands of people.

But do they get a price like a VALUEX? Kidding? You get to have your question heard by tens of thousands and thousands of people.

And you get the warm feeling that other people out there who were curious about the same thing are also hearing an answer.

And you get the warm feeling that other people out there who were curious about the same thing are also hearing an answer.

So to the on the podcast, we'll be tackling listener questions number thirty eight. This is our thirty eight episode where we answer questions.

So to the on the podcast, we'll be tackling listener questions number thirty eight. This is our thirty eight episode where we answer questions.

Indeed, and we have many more of these sucked up. I get these email every single day and they are piling up, so we are trying to work through the backlog.

Indeed, and we have many more of these sucked up. I get these email every single day and they are piling up, so we are trying to work through the backlog.

Well, today we have some awesome questions here about rogue planets, about the dromagnetic force and the event horizon, and also about black holes and hamsters. Our first one comes from Spencer hid Jorge.

Well, today we have some awesome questions here about rogue planets, about the dromagnetic force and the event horizon, and also about black holes and hamsters. Our first one comes from Spencer hid Jorge.

My name is Spencer. I hear the ramillions of rogue planets in the Milky Way? Do we know how close in yours?

My name is Spencer. I hear the ramillions of rogue planets in the Milky Way? Do we know how close in yours?

One?

One?

Is?

Is?

What would happen if one got so close the Sun's gravity pulled it into our solar system? Even if I'm passed by the New York Cloud? Would it cause problems?

What would happen if one got so close the Sun's gravity pulled it into our solar system? Even if I'm passed by the New York Cloud? Would it cause problems?

Thank you all right? Awesome question from Spencer. He sounds young.

Thank you all right? Awesome question from Spencer. He sounds young.

He sounds young and curious.

He sounds young and curious.

Which is the best, which also applies to me. I think he also sounds kind of concerned.

Which is the best, which also applies to me. I think he also sounds kind of concerned.

He's a little bit worried. About what's going to happen to our Solar system if one of these rogue planets comes for a visit.

He's a little bit worried. About what's going to happen to our Solar system if one of these rogue planets comes for a visit.

It does sound a little concerning. Even the name rogue planet. It sounds like a narrow, duel planet or a planet that's up to no good.

It does sound a little concerning. Even the name rogue planet. It sounds like a narrow, duel planet or a planet that's up to no good.

It's kind of sus right, like what are you doing over their planet? Like get in mine?

It's kind of sus right, like what are you doing over their planet? Like get in mine?

They go? She just call them suss planets.

They go? She just call them suss planets.

I don't know why astronomers don't just adopt your names.

I don't know why astronomers don't just adopt your names.

I don't either. But let's dig into this question here. Spencer wanted to know how close is the closest rogue planet out there and what would happen if one came into our Solar system? Would it kind of mess things up? Or would it change things? Would it cause a meteor shower? What would happen? So let's dig into Daniel, what exactly is a rogue planet?

I don't either. But let's dig into this question here. Spencer wanted to know how close is the closest rogue planet out there and what would happen if one came into our Solar system? Would it kind of mess things up? Or would it change things? Would it cause a meteor shower? What would happen? So let's dig into Daniel, what exactly is a rogue planet?

So a rogue planet is the name we give to a planet that's not gravitationally bound to a star. So the Earth, for example, is orbiting the Sun, and you can think of it as like trapped by the Sun's gravitational field. There are other planets out there wandering the Milky Way, just zooming around that are not trapped by any particular star. They feel the tugs of those stars, but they have like enough velocity that they can escape the gravitational attraction of any particular star, so they're sort of like on their own. You might also call them like orphan planets.

So a rogue planet is the name we give to a planet that's not gravitationally bound to a star. So the Earth, for example, is orbiting the Sun, and you can think of it as like trapped by the Sun's gravitational field. There are other planets out there wandering the Milky Way, just zooming around that are not trapped by any particular star. They feel the tugs of those stars, but they have like enough velocity that they can escape the gravitational attraction of any particular star, so they're sort of like on their own. You might also call them like orphan planets.

Oh said a little bit. Can you adopt the planet?

Oh said a little bit. Can you adopt the planet?

It's possible, yeah, absolutely. You can also give up planets for adoption, or you can just sort of like eject them. And in fact, we think that's where most of the rogue planets came from. We think that probably planets are formed in the same process as stars are formed. They have a big cloud of gas and dust which collapses to form a planetary system, and you have the star at the heart, and you form planets also further out in the disk. But in the early days of that formation it can be a little bit chaotic. It's not necessarily the case that gravity forms objects in a way that's going to be stable forever. So sometimes those objects will interact with each other, and like a big planet might even eject little planets from the Solar System.

It's possible, yeah, absolutely. You can also give up planets for adoption, or you can just sort of like eject them. And in fact, we think that's where most of the rogue planets came from. We think that probably planets are formed in the same process as stars are formed. They have a big cloud of gas and dust which collapses to form a planetary system, and you have the star at the heart, and you form planets also further out in the disk. But in the early days of that formation it can be a little bit chaotic. It's not necessarily the case that gravity forms objects in a way that's going to be stable forever. So sometimes those objects will interact with each other, and like a big planet might even eject little planets from the Solar System.

You mean, like every planet, even the rogue planets out there, have to have come from a star. Is it possible to make a planet just out of like gas and debris out there in space without a star forming?

You mean, like every planet, even the rogue planets out there, have to have come from a star. Is it possible to make a planet just out of like gas and debris out there in space without a star forming?

It is possible, And there's a big debate exactly about what constitutes a rogue planet, because, for example, you can imagine a clump of stuff that doesn't have enough mass to turn into a star that ignites in diffusion, something like a brown dwarf right, or like a super jupiter, and so as that clump gets smaller and smaller, it could still form into an object. So there's a bunch of stuff out there that people are wondering like did this come from a solar system or did it form on its own?

It is possible, And there's a big debate exactly about what constitutes a rogue planet, because, for example, you can imagine a clump of stuff that doesn't have enough mass to turn into a star that ignites in diffusion, something like a brown dwarf right, or like a super jupiter, and so as that clump gets smaller and smaller, it could still form into an object. So there's a bunch of stuff out there that people are wondering like did this come from a solar system or did it form on its own?

But the basic answer is that a rope planet is just a planet that's out there in space, but it's not orbiting a star, and it could have come from a star system or it could have maybe just formed out there by itself exactly.

But the basic answer is that a rope planet is just a planet that's out there in space, but it's not orbiting a star, and it could have come from a star system or it could have maybe just formed out there by itself exactly.

And the thing that might be surprising to a lot of people is how not very rare this is. Like in our Solar system, we have good reason to believe that there was once another big planet that got ejected when Jupiter and Saturn wandered into the inner Solar System and then turned around and went back out to their current locations. They probably ejected a big planet out there into the Milky Way, So we probably have lost a planet. If you look out there into the Milky Way. There's evidence that there might be billions or even trillions of these things in the Milky Way.

And the thing that might be surprising to a lot of people is how not very rare this is. Like in our Solar system, we have good reason to believe that there was once another big planet that got ejected when Jupiter and Saturn wandered into the inner Solar System and then turned around and went back out to their current locations. They probably ejected a big planet out there into the Milky Way, So we probably have lost a planet. If you look out there into the Milky Way. There's evidence that there might be billions or even trillions of these things in the Milky Way.

Whoa. Okay, wait, wait, wait. First of all, I mean like there might be like like the Earth might have a twin sibling out there that's out there in space lost.

Whoa. Okay, wait, wait, wait. First of all, I mean like there might be like like the Earth might have a twin sibling out there that's out there in space lost.

Yeah, we don't know if it's an rocky planet like the Earth or another gas giant. But if you look at the history of the Solar System, it makes the most sense sort of gravitationally, if there was another planet which has now been lost.

Yeah, we don't know if it's an rocky planet like the Earth or another gas giant. But if you look at the history of the Solar System, it makes the most sense sort of gravitationally, if there was another planet which has now been lost.

Whoa, it's like that story where you know twins are born and then separated at birth and what if it comes back.

Whoa, it's like that story where you know twins are born and then separated at birth and what if it comes back.

This is more like Joseph and the Technical dream Coade. You know, there were like ten kids and one of them got given up.

This is more like Joseph and the Technical dream Coade. You know, there were like ten kids and one of them got given up.

Mmm. I'm not familiar with that Broadway reference, but take care where for it. Well, the other amazing thing you said was that the Milky Way maybe has trillions, up to possibly trillions of rogue planets in it. That's maybe more than regular planets.

Mmm. I'm not familiar with that Broadway reference, but take care where for it. Well, the other amazing thing you said was that the Milky Way maybe has trillions, up to possibly trillions of rogue planets in it. That's maybe more than regular planets.

Yeah, it's really uncertain because these things are hard to see. You know, Planets in general are difficult to spot because they don't glow right stars you can see in the sky. They send you photons, you know they're there, even if they're distant, and if they're in other galaxies. Planets, of course don't glow, so you can best see them when they're close to stars, so they reflect their light. Even that's tricky, right, because the stars are far away and the planets are pretty close to the stars, so you need really fancy technology to see the planets near the stars. But planets that are just like out there floating in the black, it's pretty hard to spot them. So there's a lot of uncertainty about how many there are.

Yeah, it's really uncertain because these things are hard to see. You know, Planets in general are difficult to spot because they don't glow right stars you can see in the sky. They send you photons, you know they're there, even if they're distant, and if they're in other galaxies. Planets, of course don't glow, so you can best see them when they're close to stars, so they reflect their light. Even that's tricky, right, because the stars are far away and the planets are pretty close to the stars, so you need really fancy technology to see the planets near the stars. But planets that are just like out there floating in the black, it's pretty hard to spot them. So there's a lot of uncertainty about how many there are.

But you're saying it's possible there could be more than there are regular plants orbiting stars.

But you're saying it's possible there could be more than there are regular plants orbiting stars.

Yeah. They did this really cool study looking for micro lensing, looking for examples of when a star's light is distorted because some massive object passes in front of it. So imagine there's some star out there in the Milky Way and a rogue planet like interrupts the path of photons between us and it it can basically create an eclipse or a little gravitational micro lensing event. So people have looked for these and seen a bunch of them, and you, of course can't see every single rogue planet out there using this technique. You have to get very, very lucky. But they saw so many of them that they were able to extrapolate the number of rogue planets and that's where this estimate comes from. But it's a really big extrapolation with a lot of uncertainty.

Yeah. They did this really cool study looking for micro lensing, looking for examples of when a star's light is distorted because some massive object passes in front of it. So imagine there's some star out there in the Milky Way and a rogue planet like interrupts the path of photons between us and it it can basically create an eclipse or a little gravitational micro lensing event. So people have looked for these and seen a bunch of them, and you, of course can't see every single rogue planet out there using this technique. You have to get very, very lucky. But they saw so many of them that they were able to extrapolate the number of rogue planets and that's where this estimate comes from. But it's a really big extrapolation with a lot of uncertainty.

I feel like the fact that they're hard to see is very un brand with the name rogue planets, and.

I feel like the fact that they're hard to see is very un brand with the name rogue planets, and.

They're like, declare your intentions planet? What are you doing out there sneaking around in the dark.

They're like, declare your intentions planet? What are you doing out there sneaking around in the dark.

Yeah, I mean if they were open and invisible, you probably wouldn't call them rogue planets.

Yeah, I mean if they were open and invisible, you probably wouldn't call them rogue planets.

We need to get the Galactic NSA to go spy on these things and figure out what they're up to.

We need to get the Galactic NSA to go spy on these things and figure out what they're up to.

Oh interesting, you mean like a Galactic Physics team or something GPT.

Oh interesting, you mean like a Galactic Physics team or something GPT.

I'm going to send Vin Diesel out there to do this.

I'm going to send Vin Diesel out there to do this.

Well.

Well.

Spencer's question here was what would happen if maybe a rogue planet came into our Solar system? Because that can totally happen, right, These rogue planets are just floating around in between stars and the space between stars, and so it's totally possible that maybe one of them, maybe a big one, could come into our solar system.

Spencer's question here was what would happen if maybe a rogue planet came into our Solar system? Because that can totally happen, right, These rogue planets are just floating around in between stars and the space between stars, and so it's totally possible that maybe one of them, maybe a big one, could come into our solar system.

Yeah, it's definitely possible. And the number of billions maybe trillions is kind of scary. But remember that stars are really far apart, so there's a lot of space out there for planets to be floating around and just never bother anyone. We don't know how close the closest rogue planet is because of course they're very dark, and so there could be one kind of close, so we don't see. The closest one that we have seen is about seven light years away. Now, I remember the closest star is about four light years away, so the closest rogue planet is further than the closest star. But we saw it, and we saw it from its infrared emission. These things are pretty cold, so they don't glow in the visible light, but they do glow in the infrared, so some of our infrared space telescopes can spot these things.

Yeah, it's definitely possible. And the number of billions maybe trillions is kind of scary. But remember that stars are really far apart, so there's a lot of space out there for planets to be floating around and just never bother anyone. We don't know how close the closest rogue planet is because of course they're very dark, and so there could be one kind of close, so we don't see. The closest one that we have seen is about seven light years away. Now, I remember the closest star is about four light years away, so the closest rogue planet is further than the closest star. But we saw it, and we saw it from its infrared emission. These things are pretty cold, so they don't glow in the visible light, but they do glow in the infrared, so some of our infrared space telescopes can spot these things.

Well, wait, we've actually seen one, Like what does it look like? It looks like it's star, but it's really dim and mostly in the infrared. Is that how we detected it?

Well, wait, we've actually seen one, Like what does it look like? It looks like it's star, but it's really dim and mostly in the infrared. Is that how we detected it?

Yeah, exactly. This one is called WYSE eight five fives zero seven one four, and it's called WYSE because it was the Wise telescope, which is an infrared telescope, which spotted this thing. And from its emissions you can estimate its temperature because remember everything in the universe glows, and it glows at a different spectrum based on its temperate. Sure, hotter things glow in the UV, colder things glow in the infrared. So from its emissions they can estimate that this thing surface temperature is like two hundred and sixty kelvin, so like kind of like our temperature. But it's like something between five and ten times the mass of Jupiter.

Yeah, exactly. This one is called WYSE eight five fives zero seven one four, and it's called WYSE because it was the Wise telescope, which is an infrared telescope, which spotted this thing. And from its emissions you can estimate its temperature because remember everything in the universe glows, and it glows at a different spectrum based on its temperate. Sure, hotter things glow in the UV, colder things glow in the infrared. So from its emissions they can estimate that this thing surface temperature is like two hundred and sixty kelvin, so like kind of like our temperature. But it's like something between five and ten times the mass of Jupiter.

Whoa, it's huge. What don't you call that just like a red dwarf or something, or wouldn't it be equivalent to a red dwarf?

Whoa, it's huge. What don't you call that just like a red dwarf or something, or wouldn't it be equivalent to a red dwarf?

A red dwarf has to be bigger because a red dwarf actually has fusion going on in the heart of it it is glowing. But something that isn't big enough to actually ignite fusion is called a brown dwarf, and in order to be called a brown dwarf. You have to have thirteen times the mass of Jupiter, and this thing is like five to ten. So it's drying on the threshold between rogue planet and sort of a failed star.

A red dwarf has to be bigger because a red dwarf actually has fusion going on in the heart of it it is glowing. But something that isn't big enough to actually ignite fusion is called a brown dwarf, and in order to be called a brown dwarf. You have to have thirteen times the mass of Jupiter, and this thing is like five to ten. So it's drying on the threshold between rogue planet and sort of a failed star.

It's a rogue dwarf maybe, which I think is a new kind of dungeons and dragons class of character.

It's a rogue dwarf maybe, which I think is a new kind of dungeons and dragons class of character.

It's got some special spills.

It's got some special spills.

Well, that's interesting. You can see one. And how do we know how big it is? I mean, it's so far away seven point three light years, wouldn't it just look like a pinpoint from here? How can we know how heavy it is?

Well, that's interesting. You can see one. And how do we know how big it is? I mean, it's so far away seven point three light years, wouldn't it just look like a pinpoint from here? How can we know how heavy it is?

It comes from models of brown dwarfs, like we have ideas or how these things form, how they get to be a certain temperature. So from the temperature, basically we infer like how massive it would have to be in order to have that temperature. So that's also very uncertain. We can't measure the physical size of this thing. It is just a pinprick. But just from the spectrum, we could say what's the most likely object to have emitted this kind of photon, and that's where we get the mass from.

It comes from models of brown dwarfs, like we have ideas or how these things form, how they get to be a certain temperature. So from the temperature, basically we infer like how massive it would have to be in order to have that temperature. So that's also very uncertain. We can't measure the physical size of this thing. It is just a pinprick. But just from the spectrum, we could say what's the most likely object to have emitted this kind of photon, and that's where we get the mass from.

Now you said this is the closest one we've observed, do you think this is the closest rope planet to us, or could there be more rogue planets that are closer to us?

Now you said this is the closest one we've observed, do you think this is the closest rope planet to us, or could there be more rogue planets that are closer to us?

Almost certainly there are more rogue planets that are closer to us. Right, we look at a tiny spectrum of the sky. These things are very dim. You basically have to point the telescope right at one of these things in order to see it. So we kind of got lucky. It's almost certainly true that there are other rogue planets that are closer. We just haven't seen them yet. I mean, we haven't even seen every rock in our solar system. Right, Asteroids inside our solar system escape our detection all the time because they just don't reflect light at the right angle for us to spot them. So now we're talking about stuff that's much further away than inside our solar system. It's definitely possible for there to be other rogue planets pretty close by.

Almost certainly there are more rogue planets that are closer to us. Right, we look at a tiny spectrum of the sky. These things are very dim. You basically have to point the telescope right at one of these things in order to see it. So we kind of got lucky. It's almost certainly true that there are other rogue planets that are closer. We just haven't seen them yet. I mean, we haven't even seen every rock in our solar system. Right, Asteroids inside our solar system escape our detection all the time because they just don't reflect light at the right angle for us to spot them. So now we're talking about stuff that's much further away than inside our solar system. It's definitely possible for there to be other rogue planets pretty close by.

Well, let's get into Spenser's idea for a new Netflix movie. What if a rogue planet came into our solar system? What would happen? Would it mess things up or would it just go straight through?

Well, let's get into Spenser's idea for a new Netflix movie. What if a rogue planet came into our solar system? What would happen? Would it mess things up or would it just go straight through?

It would be bad. We do not want a rogue planet to go through our Solar system. There's a whole spectrum from like disastrously terribly vin diesel bad all the way up to dinosaur annihilation of the Earth kind of bad or possibly maybe not very much happens. There's a huge spectrum there. Like the worst case scenario is a rogue planet comes in and smashes into the Earth, like actually collides planet on planet.

It would be bad. We do not want a rogue planet to go through our Solar system. There's a whole spectrum from like disastrously terribly vin diesel bad all the way up to dinosaur annihilation of the Earth kind of bad or possibly maybe not very much happens. There's a huge spectrum there. Like the worst case scenario is a rogue planet comes in and smashes into the Earth, like actually collides planet on planet.

I guess that's a possibility, but it seems almost impossible, right, I mean, the Solar System is a huge place. It's almost like, what are the chances that we'll run into an asteroid or anything like that? Right, it'd be really bad luck.

I guess that's a possibility, but it seems almost impossible, right, I mean, the Solar System is a huge place. It's almost like, what are the chances that we'll run into an asteroid or anything like that? Right, it'd be really bad luck.

It would be really bad luck. Somebody would have to throw a dart from a zillion miles away and hit a bull's eye. Absolutely, this thing would be moving really fast, so it's not like its gravity and Earth's gravity would attract each other. The typical velocity in the Milky Ways, you know, tens of kilometers per second, so it'd be zipping quite a long. On the other hand, you know, Earth has had big collisions in the past. We think that the formation of the Moon came from the collision of Earth and some other planet. So there have been like massive planet planet collisions in the Solar System before.

It would be really bad luck. Somebody would have to throw a dart from a zillion miles away and hit a bull's eye. Absolutely, this thing would be moving really fast, so it's not like its gravity and Earth's gravity would attract each other. The typical velocity in the Milky Ways, you know, tens of kilometers per second, so it'd be zipping quite a long. On the other hand, you know, Earth has had big collisions in the past. We think that the formation of the Moon came from the collision of Earth and some other planet. So there have been like massive planet planet collisions in the Solar System before.

And I guess if these things are maybe five times bigger than Jupiter, that's that's pretty big. That makes it makes it more likely to run into it.

And I guess if these things are maybe five times bigger than Jupiter, that's that's pretty big. That makes it makes it more likely to run into it.

Yeah, and Earth would be like a mosquito on the windshield of this thing. If that happened right, it might not even impact that planet too much. If Earth smashed into.

Yeah, and Earth would be like a mosquito on the windshield of this thing. If that happened right, it might not even impact that planet too much. If Earth smashed into.

It, who that would be a sad death.

It, who that would be a sad death.

That would be a sad death exactly. Remember when that comet hit Jupiter, we saw those big collisions that made fireballs the size of the Earth, and Jupiter just like shrugged it off. So now you're talking about a planet like five or ten times the size of Jupiter and running into Earth. It would just like gobble us up without even noticing, up without noticing. That would be really spectacular. A huge collision between Jupiter and something else would create an enormous light show in our Solar System. And at first it really fascinating because we learned a lot about the interior or Jupiter and this other planet because they would be strewn all over the Solar System. On the other hand, it would create a lot of debris and some of that would probably come down to Earth and rain down on us, which would be bad.

That would be a sad death exactly. Remember when that comet hit Jupiter, we saw those big collisions that made fireballs the size of the Earth, and Jupiter just like shrugged it off. So now you're talking about a planet like five or ten times the size of Jupiter and running into Earth. It would just like gobble us up without even noticing, up without noticing. That would be really spectacular. A huge collision between Jupiter and something else would create an enormous light show in our Solar System. And at first it really fascinating because we learned a lot about the interior or Jupiter and this other planet because they would be strewn all over the Solar System. On the other hand, it would create a lot of debris and some of that would probably come down to Earth and rain down on us, which would be bad.

Yeah, I was gonna say it sounds cool, but not if you live in Jupiter.

Yeah, I was gonna say it sounds cool, but not if you live in Jupiter.

Even if this thing hit the Sun, which is not too unlikely, that would also be dangerous. I mean, the thing would be tiny compared to the Sun, right, but it could cause like a disruption in the Sun, maybe a huge coronal mass ejection, which should like fry all of our satellites.

Even if this thing hit the Sun, which is not too unlikely, that would also be dangerous. I mean, the thing would be tiny compared to the Sun, right, but it could cause like a disruption in the Sun, maybe a huge coronal mass ejection, which should like fry all of our satellites.

All right, maybe step us through some of the possibilities. I mean, you said it can come in and hit us. It could maybe come in and hit another planet and create a bunch of debris that then gets to us. Are there other possibilities like could it disrupt the meteor clouds out there, like Spencer mentioned.

All right, maybe step us through some of the possibilities. I mean, you said it can come in and hit us. It could maybe come in and hit another planet and create a bunch of debris that then gets to us. Are there other possibilities like could it disrupt the meteor clouds out there, like Spencer mentioned.

Even if it doesn't smack into the Sun or smack into any place it's Spencer was totally right that it could cause other disturbances in our Solar system, like number one. It could tug on planets and change their orbits, like it could make the Earth's orbit more elliptical so that we have like weirder seasons, or so that we're like not really in the habitable zone anymore. Or even if it doesn't affect the Earth's orbit directly. Our Sun and our Solar system is surrounded by a huge pile of snowballs out in the Oort cloud that Spencer mentioned, and sometimes things will come by and disturb one of those and it'll fall into the Inner Solar System as a comet. Those comets are spectacular, but they're also dangerous.

Even if it doesn't smack into the Sun or smack into any place it's Spencer was totally right that it could cause other disturbances in our Solar system, like number one. It could tug on planets and change their orbits, like it could make the Earth's orbit more elliptical so that we have like weirder seasons, or so that we're like not really in the habitable zone anymore. Or even if it doesn't affect the Earth's orbit directly. Our Sun and our Solar system is surrounded by a huge pile of snowballs out in the Oort cloud that Spencer mentioned, and sometimes things will come by and disturb one of those and it'll fall into the Inner Solar System as a comet. Those comets are spectacular, but they're also dangerous.

Right.

Right.

We are a downwind of all of those things, and if one of them smacks into the Earth, it's like dinosaur extinction all over again.

We are a downwind of all of those things, and if one of them smacks into the Earth, it's like dinosaur extinction all over again.

So overall, not a good picture to invite a rogue planet into our system exactly.

So overall, not a good picture to invite a rogue planet into our system exactly.

Do not invite any rogue planets.

Do not invite any rogue planets.

Is there a positive outcome, like could we adopt this planet, like coul this planet come in and just join the party and everything's all right.

Is there a positive outcome, like could we adopt this planet, like coul this planet come in and just join the party and everything's all right.

It's possible. I suppose that it comes into the outer Solar System and doesn't really disrupt the inner Solar System that much. But a really big one would have impacts all over the Solar System. I mean, Jupiter, for example, influences every other object in the Solar System gravitationally because of its mass. Now, a small rogue planet in the outer Solar System might not do much damage, and it might just be kind of cool, so the benefits would be like ooh, astronomers would be pretty excited.

It's possible. I suppose that it comes into the outer Solar System and doesn't really disrupt the inner Solar System that much. But a really big one would have impacts all over the Solar System. I mean, Jupiter, for example, influences every other object in the Solar System gravitationally because of its mass. Now, a small rogue planet in the outer Solar System might not do much damage, and it might just be kind of cool, so the benefits would be like ooh, astronomers would be pretty excited.

Hmmm interesting. All right, well, it sounds like the answer is that the closest rogue planet that we know about is seven point three light years away, and if one ever came into our solar system, it would probably not be good.

Hmmm interesting. All right, well, it sounds like the answer is that the closest rogue planet that we know about is seven point three light years away, and if one ever came into our solar system, it would probably not be good.

It would be pretty bad news, but it might make Vin Diesel have a cool adventure for.

It would be pretty bad news, but it might make Vin Diesel have a cool adventure for.

The last time. Unfortunately, we would all have one last adventure.

The last time. Unfortunately, we would all have one last adventure.

It seems the ultimate, fast and furious.

It seems the ultimate, fast and furious.

The last and furious. All right, let's get into some of these other questions from listeners, But first let's take a quick break.

The last and furious. All right, let's get into some of these other questions from listeners, But first let's take a quick break.

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All right, we're answering listener questions today and we just answered the question from Spencer about road planets, and so let's get into some of these other questions. The next question comes from Mark, who's from Belgium.

All right, we're answering listener questions today and we just answered the question from Spencer about road planets, and so let's get into some of these other questions. The next question comes from Mark, who's from Belgium.

Hi, Daniel and Jorge. This is Mark from Belgium. I have a question for you guys. You told us on the podcast that you can know three things of a black hole, namely its mass, its rotation, and its electrical charge. Now, on the other hand, if the electromagnetic force is transmitted by photons but they are not able to escape the event horizon of the black hole, how can any observer ever measure the electrical charge of a black hole?

Hi, Daniel and Jorge. This is Mark from Belgium. I have a question for you guys. You told us on the podcast that you can know three things of a black hole, namely its mass, its rotation, and its electrical charge. Now, on the other hand, if the electromagnetic force is transmitted by photons but they are not able to escape the event horizon of the black hole, how can any observer ever measure the electrical charge of a black hole?

Thank you love the podcasts awesome. Thank you Mark for that great question, and also thank you to Spencer. I forgot to thank him for his question. But Mark has an interesting question here about black holes and their charge.

Thank you love the podcasts awesome. Thank you Mark for that great question, and also thank you to Spencer. I forgot to thank him for his question. But Mark has an interesting question here about black holes and their charge.

Yeah. I love this question from Mark. It gets to the heart of a question that I get all the time about how information can escape the event horizon and if you're feeling a black hole's mass or charge, are you getting information from inside the event horizon?

Yeah. I love this question from Mark. It gets to the heart of a question that I get all the time about how information can escape the event horizon and if you're feeling a black hole's mass or charge, are you getting information from inside the event horizon?

Yeah? It's kind of a tricky question because, as we've mentioned here on the podcast, a black hole is called the hole because information and things like like cannot escape it once it goes in. And so I guess the general question is like, how do we measure anything about black holes because if nothing can come out of them?

Yeah? It's kind of a tricky question because, as we've mentioned here on the podcast, a black hole is called the hole because information and things like like cannot escape it once it goes in. And so I guess the general question is like, how do we measure anything about black holes because if nothing can come out of them?

Yeah, well, you can measure things about black holes the way you can measure things about any other object. You know, you can measure black hole's mass by seeing the gravity that it induces on nearby stuff. That's one way that we detect black holes. We see like stars whizzing around them, being pulled by their gravity, And you could, in theory, do the same thing about its charge. You could see the effect of a black hole on an electron, or on a proton or any other charged particle that would feel its field. The way you can feel a black hole's gravitational field even if you're not inside the event horizon, you can also feel its electric field even if you're not inside the event horizon.

Yeah, well, you can measure things about black holes the way you can measure things about any other object. You know, you can measure black hole's mass by seeing the gravity that it induces on nearby stuff. That's one way that we detect black holes. We see like stars whizzing around them, being pulled by their gravity, And you could, in theory, do the same thing about its charge. You could see the effect of a black hole on an electron, or on a proton or any other charged particle that would feel its field. The way you can feel a black hole's gravitational field even if you're not inside the event horizon, you can also feel its electric field even if you're not inside the event horizon.

That's interesting. It makes me wonder if, like you know, gravity is made out of particles like gravitons, for example, could gravitons escape a black hole?

That's interesting. It makes me wonder if, like you know, gravity is made out of particles like gravitons, for example, could gravitons escape a black hole?

Yeah, that's really the heart of Marx's question. He's imagining that all information about forces is transmitted via particles. And I think he asked his question about an electromagnetism because we know that electromagnetism is communicated via photons. So he's wondering, like, how does that work when a particle flies by a black hole? Can the singularity, if it has electric charge, emit a photon to pull on that particle and affect it. How does that work if the photons are trapped inside the event horizon. I think that's the core of his question.

Yeah, that's really the heart of Marx's question. He's imagining that all information about forces is transmitted via particles. And I think he asked his question about an electromagnetism because we know that electromagnetism is communicated via photons. So he's wondering, like, how does that work when a particle flies by a black hole? Can the singularity, if it has electric charge, emit a photon to pull on that particle and affect it. How does that work if the photons are trapped inside the event horizon. I think that's the core of his question.

Yeah, he's sort of asking how do you measure the charge of a black hole if you can't really talk to a black hole because the black hole can't emit photons.

Yeah, he's sort of asking how do you measure the charge of a black hole if you can't really talk to a black hole because the black hole can't emit photons.

And the short answer to the question is that the event horizon doesn't prevent a field from existing. It sort of freezes the field of the black hole. Like the black hole gets its electric charge from something that fell into the black hole that had electric charge, Like you threw an electron into it, right, Well, what happens when you throw an electron into a black hole is it had a field just before it fell into the black hole. What happens when it falls past the event horizon, is that field is now frozen. Anything else that the electron does inside the event horizon, move around, wiggle, do a little dance, whatever. You don't learn anything about that. You just see the electrons field from the moment before it fell in. That field is frozen, and so you can still feel that field. In fact, it has to freeze, otherwise you would be learning something about what's going on beyond the event horizon.

And the short answer to the question is that the event horizon doesn't prevent a field from existing. It sort of freezes the field of the black hole. Like the black hole gets its electric charge from something that fell into the black hole that had electric charge, Like you threw an electron into it, right, Well, what happens when you throw an electron into a black hole is it had a field just before it fell into the black hole. What happens when it falls past the event horizon, is that field is now frozen. Anything else that the electron does inside the event horizon, move around, wiggle, do a little dance, whatever. You don't learn anything about that. You just see the electrons field from the moment before it fell in. That field is frozen, and so you can still feel that field. In fact, it has to freeze, otherwise you would be learning something about what's going on beyond the event horizon.

Well, I think what you're saying is that when a electron goes into a black hole, the field doesn't disappear, It just kind of gets frozen. But you also said, like you can feel that electric field. But to feel that electric field, you need photons right to feel it, to have it impact something else, it needs to communicate a photon. And so how did that photon escape the event horizon.

Well, I think what you're saying is that when a electron goes into a black hole, the field doesn't disappear, It just kind of gets frozen. But you also said, like you can feel that electric field. But to feel that electric field, you need photons right to feel it, to have it impact something else, it needs to communicate a photon. And so how did that photon escape the event horizon.

Yeah, that's a great question. The short answer is that you don't need photons to feel an electric field. You only need photons to get updates about the electric field. In fact, that's what a photon is. I mean, step away from a black hole for a moment and think about how you make a photon. How would you generate radiation? Take an electron, it's just floating in space. It has an electric field. If it just sits there and keeps its electric field, it's not shooting photons out. It just has a static electric field. To make photons, you got to like wiggle the electron. Wiggling the electron moves that electric field, and so it like changes the electric field. It makes it go up and down and up and down. That's what a photon is. A photon is an update to the electric field. It's a rip in that electric field, a static electric field. You shouldn't think of it as like shooting photons out is just sort of like sitting there unchanging. A photon carries information about a change in the electric field. But once the electron falls into the black hole, there is no change in the electric field has just frozen.