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Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting. To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

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Hey or Hey, what image do you get in your mind if I say the phrase mysteries of the universe?

Hey or Hey, what image do you get in your mind if I say the phrase mysteries of the universe?

Hmmm?

Hmmm?

I think I think of you know, black holes and what's inside of them and what happened at the beginning of time and where is the universe going to.

I think I think of you know, black holes and what's inside of them and what happened at the beginning of time and where is the universe going to.

Go, those are all wonderful mysteries, and I'd love to dig into them. But what if I told you you don't have to go so far away to find mysteries.

Go, those are all wonderful mysteries, and I'd love to dig into them. But what if I told you you don't have to go so far away to find mysteries.

Hmmm, you mean, like, why is a cartoon is hosting a podcast about science?

Hmmm, you mean, like, why is a cartoon is hosting a podcast about science?

Yeah?

Yeah?

I think that's exactly the point. It turns out that there are deep unanswered physics questions all around us. You don't have to travel to the edge of the galaxy to find something we don't understand.

I think that's exactly the point. It turns out that there are deep unanswered physics questions all around us. You don't have to travel to the edge of the galaxy to find something we don't understand.

Yeah, I've heard about this, that in the objects we use every day there might be things that even physicists don't know how it works.

Yeah, I've heard about this, that in the objects we use every day there might be things that even physicists don't know how it works.

Yeah, it turns out physicists don't know what we're talking about all the time.

Yeah, it turns out physicists don't know what we're talking about all the time.

Wait, you don't know what you're talking about, or you know what you're talking about, but you don't understand them.

Wait, you don't know what you're talking about, or you know what you're talking about, but you don't understand them.

No, that's the exact job of physics is to look around us and say, do we really know how this works? Can we actually understand it? And sometimes we think this is a simple explanation, but we sit down to work it out and it turns out it's much more complicated than we thought.

No, that's the exact job of physics is to look around us and say, do we really know how this works? Can we actually understand it? And sometimes we think this is a simple explanation, but we sit down to work it out and it turns out it's much more complicated than we thought.

Yeah, it turns out there are big mysteries even in the things that a lot of us ride to work every day.

Yeah, it turns out there are big mysteries even in the things that a lot of us ride to work every day.

That's right. Hi, I'm Morehe and I'm Daniel, and.

That's right. Hi, I'm Morehe and I'm Daniel, and.

Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

In which we look around for weird things in the universe that don't make sense and try to explain them to you. Sometimes we look far, sometimes we look pretty close to home.

In which we look around for weird things in the universe that don't make sense and try to explain them to you. Sometimes we look far, sometimes we look pretty close to home.

That's right. Today in the episode, we're going to try something a little bit different. So usually we talk about the big things out there in the universe, all the big fundamental questions about what the universe is made out of and where's it going, and what happens inside of crazy things like black holes. But today we're going to try something a little different.

That's right. Today in the episode, we're going to try something a little bit different. So usually we talk about the big things out there in the universe, all the big fundamental questions about what the universe is made out of and where's it going, and what happens inside of crazy things like black holes. But today we're going to try something a little different.

That's right. Some of those are big sexy questions that affect the human condition and the context of your life. But we think sometimes there are mysteries of physics right here in front of us that can give us deep insights into the way things work and how we live our lives.

That's right. Some of those are big sexy questions that affect the human condition and the context of your life. But we think sometimes there are mysteries of physics right here in front of us that can give us deep insights into the way things work and how we live our lives.

So this might be the first of a series of episodes in which we tackle a question that's kind of close to us, or in maybe hidden in everyday objects.

So this might be the first of a series of episodes in which we tackle a question that's kind of close to us, or in maybe hidden in everyday objects.

That's right. So look around you think about whether you understand the way the world works around you. Why doesn't your house fall down? How do the lightning rods work? All these things that are happening around you. Do you really know how they work? Do physicists even know how they work?

That's right. So look around you think about whether you understand the way the world works around you. Why doesn't your house fall down? How do the lightning rods work? All these things that are happening around you. Do you really know how they work? Do physicists even know how they work?

So today on the podcast, we're going to talk about why don't bicycles fall over?

So today on the podcast, we're going to talk about why don't bicycles fall over?

No, the bicycle has been around for a long time. People have been putting their butts on those funny seats and pedaling around for decades and decades and decades. But the physics of a bicycle is fascinating. If you just hold a bicycle and let go, it's gonna fall over, right, But if you push your bicycle so that it's going fast, it doesn't fall over. It can ride by itself.

No, the bicycle has been around for a long time. People have been putting their butts on those funny seats and pedaling around for decades and decades and decades. But the physics of a bicycle is fascinating. If you just hold a bicycle and let go, it's gonna fall over, right, But if you push your bicycle so that it's going fast, it doesn't fall over. It can ride by itself.

It's kind of a ridiculous situation if you think about it, Like, who thought to take two wheels and ride around in them?

It's kind of a ridiculous situation if you think about it, Like, who thought to take two wheels and ride around in them?

That's right? It seems like it wouldn't balance, right. It seems much more natural to have three wheels or four wheels. Right. Maybe somebody was just short of wheels and they were like, dang it, I ordered three wheels on the internet only to a ride I guess i'mone haves to invent something.

That's right? It seems like it wouldn't balance, right. It seems much more natural to have three wheels or four wheels. Right. Maybe somebody was just short of wheels and they were like, dang it, I ordered three wheels on the internet only to a ride I guess i'mone haves to invent something.

They couldn't afford a third wheel.

They couldn't afford a third wheel.

I would they only had the raw materials enough for two wheels or something. You were like inventing a new myth of the genesis of the bicycle, right.

I would they only had the raw materials enough for two wheels or something. You were like inventing a new myth of the genesis of the bicycle, right.

Yeah, Well it seems implausible because it's hard to balance, right, You need at least, you know, like a chair needs to least three legs to stand on. It's kind of weird to think that someone would think of a vehicle that only rides on two wheels.

Yeah, Well it seems implausible because it's hard to balance, right, You need at least, you know, like a chair needs to least three legs to stand on. It's kind of weird to think that someone would think of a vehicle that only rides on two wheels.

Yeah, that's right. Not many people invent chairs with just two legs, right, for that same reason. That would be pretty odd. Yeah, there's so there's two wheel all these two wheel contraptions. We have motorcycles, we have bicycles. It is amazing. It's not something that I would have considered inventing, but it works. You see bikes everywhere, and you go to Europe and India and China and there's all over the world. There's thousands and millions and millions of bicycles being used every day. But the physics of it is still a bit of a mystery. Yeah, how do bicycles stay up? Apparently physicists don't really have a good answer, right, yeah, that's right. It's it's fascinating. But you know, do this experiment in your head. You remember riding a bike, probably, and the faster you go, the more stable the bike. Seems that at some point you could even lean back and take your hands off the handlebars. And that seems like a ridiculous thing to do. You're going twenty miles an hour, and if the if the handlebars flipped over, you would fly over the front of the bike and hurt yourself. But miraculously, almost it seems pretty stable. And I remember discovering this as a kid, that you could ride your bike without holding onto the handlebars because at high speeds it's so stable.

Yeah, that's right. Not many people invent chairs with just two legs, right, for that same reason. That would be pretty odd. Yeah, there's so there's two wheel all these two wheel contraptions. We have motorcycles, we have bicycles. It is amazing. It's not something that I would have considered inventing, but it works. You see bikes everywhere, and you go to Europe and India and China and there's all over the world. There's thousands and millions and millions of bicycles being used every day. But the physics of it is still a bit of a mystery. Yeah, how do bicycles stay up? Apparently physicists don't really have a good answer, right, yeah, that's right. It's it's fascinating. But you know, do this experiment in your head. You remember riding a bike, probably, and the faster you go, the more stable the bike. Seems that at some point you could even lean back and take your hands off the handlebars. And that seems like a ridiculous thing to do. You're going twenty miles an hour, and if the if the handlebars flipped over, you would fly over the front of the bike and hurt yourself. But miraculously, almost it seems pretty stable. And I remember discovering this as a kid, that you could ride your bike without holding onto the handlebars because at high speeds it's so stable.

Yeah, wearing a helmet though, right, we should.

Yeah, wearing a helmet though, right, we should.

Wearing a helmet, and only you know, off the street. Of course, never ride without holding the handlebars on the street, because you could cause an accident. Or it's so amazing, or that's right. Actually, my dad used to commute to work on a bicycle, and we lived up in the mountains in New Mexico, and so it could get pretty snowy, and I remember that he would put nails and studs in his wheels on purpose, like sticking out so that he could grip the ice. Yeah, he was a pretty hardcore commute commute to work. He was like, I'm going to commute to work no matter what the weather is. Sounds like a Matt Max modification there. Yeah. I asked him once if it was good for the ice, and he said, actually, it's pretty good for pedestrians too.

Wearing a helmet, and only you know, off the street. Of course, never ride without holding the handlebars on the street, because you could cause an accident. Or it's so amazing, or that's right. Actually, my dad used to commute to work on a bicycle, and we lived up in the mountains in New Mexico, and so it could get pretty snowy, and I remember that he would put nails and studs in his wheels on purpose, like sticking out so that he could grip the ice. Yeah, he was a pretty hardcore commute commute to work. He was like, I'm going to commute to work no matter what the weather is. Sounds like a Matt Max modification there. Yeah. I asked him once if it was good for the ice, and he said, actually, it's pretty good for pedestrians too.

It's good for clearing the road off the desk.

It's good for clearing the road off the desk.

D exactly exactly. Yeah, So we understand that, but we don't understand why bikes stand up.

D exactly exactly. Yeah, So we understand that, but we don't understand why bikes stand up.

Yeah, it's kind of a mystery. You ride it, and I mean you do. You're doing a lot of the balancing with your the handleballs, right, but a lot of the balancing and staying up is kind of done for you when you're riding a bicycle.

Yeah, it's kind of a mystery. You ride it, and I mean you do. You're doing a lot of the balancing with your the handleballs, right, but a lot of the balancing and staying up is kind of done for you when you're riding a bicycle.

Yeah, that's right. A lot of it is done for you. And I think there's also a fascinating area there where your brain has like incorporated the mechanics of a bicycle into your into itself. Right. It's like learning how to ride a bike is basically learning how to map where you want the bike to go to, how to how to move your hands and shift your weight, et cetera. To ride the bike right. It's amazing seeing seeing a kid learn to do that. It's a really complicated thing. Like imagine a robot learning to ride a bicycle. That's a really hard task. That's something that robots still can't do.

Yeah, that's right. A lot of it is done for you. And I think there's also a fascinating area there where your brain has like incorporated the mechanics of a bicycle into your into itself. Right. It's like learning how to ride a bike is basically learning how to map where you want the bike to go to, how to how to move your hands and shift your weight, et cetera. To ride the bike right. It's amazing seeing seeing a kid learn to do that. It's a really complicated thing. Like imagine a robot learning to ride a bicycle. That's a really hard task. That's something that robots still can't do.

Because it's very counterintuitive right to ride a bicycle. Yeah, that's I mean, like if you're starting to lean to the right, then you actually have to teach your body to turn the wheel towards the right to balance in.

Because it's very counterintuitive right to ride a bicycle. Yeah, that's I mean, like if you're starting to lean to the right, then you actually have to teach your body to turn the wheel towards the right to balance in.

Yeah, yeah, exactly, and you have to lean just the right way, and sometimes you have to lean left to turn right. It can get pretty complicated. It's sort of in its most extreme form in those crazy motorcycle races. You see those guys whizzing around turns like one hundred and something miles an hour, and their bikes are leaning so far over that their knees almost scrape the ground. Right.

Yeah, yeah, exactly, and you have to lean just the right way, and sometimes you have to lean left to turn right. It can get pretty complicated. It's sort of in its most extreme form in those crazy motorcycle races. You see those guys whizzing around turns like one hundred and something miles an hour, and their bikes are leaning so far over that their knees almost scrape the ground. Right.

But basically, if you're at home, and maybe you don't have a lot of experience of bicycles, try this experiment at home. Borrow a bicycle, or if you have one, take it out and then hold it out either on the street or on the sidewalk, or maybe ideally kind of in a little bit of a downhill and then just give it a big push forward and you'll see that the bike keeps going straight. It doesn't immediately fall over exactly.

But basically, if you're at home, and maybe you don't have a lot of experience of bicycles, try this experiment at home. Borrow a bicycle, or if you have one, take it out and then hold it out either on the street or on the sidewalk, or maybe ideally kind of in a little bit of a downhill and then just give it a big push forward and you'll see that the bike keeps going straight. It doesn't immediately fall over exactly.

And so that's the topic we want to address today, why does the bike stay up? And so before we dug into it, I thought, well, let's find out what people think. Let's see what people think the ants or might be.

And so that's the topic we want to address today, why does the bike stay up? And so before we dug into it, I thought, well, let's find out what people think. Let's see what people think the ants or might be.

Yeah, so you went to your local mecca of bicycles right at college campus.

Yeah, so you went to your local mecca of bicycles right at college campus.

That's right, that's right, and ask people on the street. Actually, today's sort of a special edition because this quarter at U SEE Irvine, I'm teaching freshman physics, which is mechanics, and the week before we did these interviews, I just taught about rotation ankular momentum, and so my students were primed for this topic, and so I asked students in my freshman physics class this question. So the interviews you'll hear are with students in my class. Cool.

That's right, that's right, and ask people on the street. Actually, today's sort of a special edition because this quarter at U SEE Irvine, I'm teaching freshman physics, which is mechanics, and the week before we did these interviews, I just taught about rotation ankular momentum, and so my students were primed for this topic, and so I asked students in my freshman physics class this question. So the interviews you'll hear are with students in my class. Cool.

So think for a moment, and if you think you know the answer, why a bicycle stays upright, So think about it for a second and then listen to these answers. Here's what they had to say.

So think for a moment, and if you think you know the answer, why a bicycle stays upright, So think about it for a second and then listen to these answers. Here's what they had to say.

Why does a bicycle balance?

Why does a bicycle balance?

Oh?

Oh?

You have to get the motion going.

You have to get the motion going.

You got to get you know, centrifugal forces, you gotta.

You got to get you know, centrifugal forces, you gotta.

Get your balance, are your physics professor? Definitely not?

Get your balance, are your physics professor? Definitely not?

Would it be because since there's two wheels like the fourth and one goes to the other, that's why it still keeps going forward something like that?

Would it be because since there's two wheels like the fourth and one goes to the other, that's why it still keeps going forward something like that?

Now, okay, thanks.

Now, okay, thanks.

Uh, because there's a torque from the tire way or rotate, Uh, the talk will support the rotation from.

Uh, because there's a torque from the tire way or rotate, Uh, the talk will support the rotation from.

Okay because it's is it because it's moving?

Okay because it's is it because it's moving?

Because like aude like standing up and whant it it wantn't like stand up by itself.

Because like aude like standing up and whant it it wantn't like stand up by itself.

So I'm not sure.

So I'm not sure.

Actually great, I'm not exactly sure, but I'm thinking it has something to do with maybe centripetal forces. The fact that there's constantly like pushing in or like towards the center of the bicycle wheels, so as opposed to where it's not rotating, it's kind of unstable because it doesn't have any like other points of contact.

Actually great, I'm not exactly sure, but I'm thinking it has something to do with maybe centripetal forces. The fact that there's constantly like pushing in or like towards the center of the bicycle wheels, so as opposed to where it's not rotating, it's kind of unstable because it doesn't have any like other points of contact.

I think that this has to do with either the angular momentum or rotational inertia the bike. So if something is rotating like a giant, because it's angular momentum, you will continue to rotate more easily rather than starting or stopping it from rotating.

I think that this has to do with either the angular momentum or rotational inertia the bike. So if something is rotating like a giant, because it's angular momentum, you will continue to rotate more easily rather than starting or stopping it from rotating.

Great, thanks very much advice.

Great, thanks very much advice.

I was moving was easier still, Jesus Christ.

I was moving was easier still, Jesus Christ.

It's not because of Jesus Christ. I have no idea.

It's not because of Jesus Christ. I have no idea.

Thanks all right, So were you impressed with your students or not impressed?

Thanks all right, So were you impressed with your students or not impressed?

I think the scores on the final tell you how impressed I should be with these students. Yeah, they seem pretty perplexed, like they could not really apply the concepts of rotation and angleer momentum to this topic.

I think the scores on the final tell you how impressed I should be with these students. Yeah, they seem pretty perplexed, like they could not really apply the concepts of rotation and angleer momentum to this topic.

I like how they one of them even god religious. Did you just want, like Jesus Christ, what I don't even know?

I like how they one of them even god religious. Did you just want, like Jesus Christ, what I don't even know?

It's tricky. Yeah, it turns out it to be tricky. But a few folks, you know, repeated what I think a lot of people imagine is the answer, which is angler momentum.

It's tricky. Yeah, it turns out it to be tricky. But a few folks, you know, repeated what I think a lot of people imagine is the answer, which is angler momentum.

Yeah.

Yeah.

A lot of people think, oh, it's some gyroscope effect, some conservation angler momentum. Yeah, maybe they haven't worked through the details in their mind, but that's sort of the most common answer.

A lot of people think, oh, it's some gyroscope effect, some conservation angler momentum. Yeah, maybe they haven't worked through the details in their mind, but that's sort of the most common answer.

Yeah.

Yeah.

I imagine a lot of people listen to this podcast. You know, you've probably read a few science books maybe or are into signs, and you probably think you know the answer. And I imagine most people think it has something to do with angular momentum. And so before you click off because you think you know the answer, you should know that the answer is not angular momentum.

I imagine a lot of people listen to this podcast. You know, you've probably read a few science books maybe or are into signs, and you probably think you know the answer. And I imagine most people think it has something to do with angular momentum. And so before you click off because you think you know the answer, you should know that the answer is not angular momentum.

You just gave it away.

You just gave it away.

Well, I just don't want it to click away.

Well, I just don't want it to click away.

That's right, Keep listening. Trust us. There's more to it than just angular momentum.

That's right, Keep listening. Trust us. There's more to it than just angular momentum.

I mean it's not even close. It's not like there dominating factor in why bicycles stay upright.

I mean it's not even close. It's not like there dominating factor in why bicycles stay upright.

Yeah, that's right, But let's dig into it a little bit. Let's talk about what angle momentum is, how it contributes to bike staying upright, and then what else is going on. But first a quick break. With big wireless providers, what you see is never what you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill. The price you thought you were paying magically skyrock. With mint Mobile, you'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again. When mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a three month plan, they really need it. I've used Mintmobile and the call quality is always so crisp and so clear. I can recommend it to you, So say bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans. Jaw dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number along with your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At mintmobile dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes. On unlimited plan. Additional taxi speeds and restrictions apply. See mint mobile for details.

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What exactly is angular momentum.

What exactly is angular momentum.

Yeah, so let's do it one step a time. Let's just make sure we have clear in our heads what momentum is, and then we'll extrapolate from that to angular momentum. Okay, right, So momentum is just you know, the property of some object to keep going when you've pushed it, or to you know, not go when you haven't pushed it. It's you know, essentially, it's the same as inertia, right.

Yeah, so let's do it one step a time. Let's just make sure we have clear in our heads what momentum is, and then we'll extrapolate from that to angular momentum. Okay, right, So momentum is just you know, the property of some object to keep going when you've pushed it, or to you know, not go when you haven't pushed it. It's you know, essentially, it's the same as inertia, right.

Like if you if you got something going, it doesn't let's keep it going.

Like if you if you got something going, it doesn't let's keep it going.

It wants to keep going, yeah, exactly. So we say momentum is conserved. That just means if something is moving, right, it has a certain amount of momentum. That momentum is not going to change unless you apply a force to it, right, And that's really what forces are. Forces are changes in momentum. And so momentum is just this property is something if it's moving, it likes to stay moving, and it comes it's connected to inertia. It comes from the inertia. The mathematical expression for momentum is mass, which is inertia times velocity. Right, So something with more mass has more inertia and therefore more momentum for the same velocity.

It wants to keep going, yeah, exactly. So we say momentum is conserved. That just means if something is moving, right, it has a certain amount of momentum. That momentum is not going to change unless you apply a force to it, right, And that's really what forces are. Forces are changes in momentum. And so momentum is just this property is something if it's moving, it likes to stay moving, and it comes it's connected to inertia. It comes from the inertia. The mathematical expression for momentum is mass, which is inertia times velocity. Right, So something with more mass has more inertia and therefore more momentum for the same velocity.

And that's a weird thing about the universe. Right, Like I was talking to a pretty high level physicism. They were saying that we don't really know kind of what.

And that's a weird thing about the universe. Right, Like I was talking to a pretty high level physicism. They were saying that we don't really know kind of what.

Inertia hold on you talk to other high levels. I'm finding out about this.

Inertia hold on you talk to other high levels. I'm finding out about this.

On the podcast What Physics Cheating on You? Daniel.

On the podcast What Physics Cheating on You? Daniel.

Well, okay, I'm putting on a duty list find other cartoonists to talk to.

Well, okay, I'm putting on a duty list find other cartoonists to talk to.

Technically happened while we were while we were on a break, Daniels, So, okay, all.

Technically happened while we were while we were on a break, Daniels, So, okay, all.

Right, I find a flaunch your relationship with other physicists. Go ahead, ohead, doesn't hurt my feelings at all. Go ahead.

Right, I find a flaunch your relationship with other physicists. Go ahead, ohead, doesn't hurt my feelings at all. Go ahead.

It happened before we signed a contract together. But no, no, this was this was Alam Grows. He's like the head one of the head physicist Dcern.

It happened before we signed a contract together. But no, no, this was this was Alam Grows. He's like the head one of the head physicist Dcern.

Right, he is a prominent member of the Atlas collaboration and a serious Higgs physicist. Yeah, so he's thought a lot about mass. That's probably where where you're going.

Right, he is a prominent member of the Atlas collaboration and a serious Higgs physicist. Yeah, so he's thought a lot about mass. That's probably where where you're going.

Yeah, he said, physicists don't really know what inertia is, like, why do things keep going the way if you don't apply force to them?

Yeah, he said, physicists don't really know what inertia is, like, why do things keep going the way if you don't apply force to them?

Yeah, you're right, it's an observation. Right. We call these things laws sometimes as if we like know why they happen or why the universe works this way, But a lot of times it's just observation. We'd like, well, we noticed this, and we'd be able to describe it mathematically and writes down. That doesn't mean we know why, right, doesn't mean we couldn't imagine the universe that was different. So we don't know why things have inertia.

Yeah, you're right, it's an observation. Right. We call these things laws sometimes as if we like know why they happen or why the universe works this way, But a lot of times it's just observation. We'd like, well, we noticed this, and we'd be able to describe it mathematically and writes down. That doesn't mean we know why, right, doesn't mean we couldn't imagine the universe that was different. So we don't know why things have inertia.

Right.

Right.

We have the Higgs boson, which tells us how things get mass, and that tells us where mass comes from, but we don't know why mass means inertia, right, We don't know how that all works.

We have the Higgs boson, which tells us how things get mass, and that tells us where mass comes from, but we don't know why mass means inertia, right, We don't know how that all works.

Yeah, Or like why if we have more mass it's harder to stop and or to get going.

Yeah, Or like why if we have more mass it's harder to stop and or to get going.

Yeah, exactly. Deep mystery of the universe such a basic question, we don't even know how to test it or grapple with it. Right, So it's just one of those things we just sort of accept and move on, and maybe someday somebody's going to figure it out, probably by like poking some other mystery, maybe even by trying to solve the mystery of an everyday object that's around us.

Yeah, exactly. Deep mystery of the universe such a basic question, we don't even know how to test it or grapple with it. Right, So it's just one of those things we just sort of accept and move on, and maybe someday somebody's going to figure it out, probably by like poking some other mystery, maybe even by trying to solve the mystery of an everyday object that's around us.

Yeah, like the bicycle.

Yeah, like the bicycle.

Yeah, that's why it's important to never let go of mysteries, right, Even things that seem mundane, right, blenders and bicycles and whatever, they can hide secrets to the universe.

Yeah, that's why it's important to never let go of mysteries, right, Even things that seem mundane, right, blenders and bicycles and whatever, they can hide secrets to the universe.

I mean, the unicycle, that's all news. But the bicycles where the frontier of science is at.

I mean, the unicycle, that's all news. But the bicycles where the frontier of science is at.

That's right, all right, So that's momentum, right. People are pretty familiar with momentum. Well, there's another kind of momentum, right, Things like to keep moving forward if you push them. Things also like to keep spinning, right, And that's what we call angular And this is one of my favorite tricks in physics. It's like, let's be lazy. Let's not describe something new with a whole new concept. Let's just extrapolate from something else we already know. So we have this concept of linear momentum, let's just use the same kind of stuff, the same ideas to describe spinning, right.

That's right, all right, So that's momentum, right. People are pretty familiar with momentum. Well, there's another kind of momentum, right, Things like to keep moving forward if you push them. Things also like to keep spinning, right, And that's what we call angular And this is one of my favorite tricks in physics. It's like, let's be lazy. Let's not describe something new with a whole new concept. Let's just extrapolate from something else we already know. So we have this concept of linear momentum, let's just use the same kind of stuff, the same ideas to describe spinning, right.

And I think something that I would always find interesting is that angler momentum is kind of just linear momentum. But if you apply to things that are kind of connected to each other, right, Like a wheel is really just a bunch of atoms stuck together.

And I think something that I would always find interesting is that angler momentum is kind of just linear momentum. But if you apply to things that are kind of connected to each other, right, Like a wheel is really just a bunch of atoms stuck together.

A wheel is a bunch of atoms stuck together. Yes, I can confirm that here on the show Hold Away, I'm getting an update. Yes, yes, yes, that's true.

A wheel is a bunch of atoms stuck together. Yes, I can confirm that here on the show Hold Away, I'm getting an update. Yes, yes, yes, that's true.

Okay, good the experiment to check out. Okay good. But what I mean is like the angler momentum of a wheel is really just the linear momentum of all the particles inside of it, but because they're connected together, it sort of becomes becomes almost something else.

Okay, good the experiment to check out. Okay good. But what I mean is like the angler momentum of a wheel is really just the linear momentum of all the particles inside of it, but because they're connected together, it sort of becomes becomes almost something else.

Yeah, that's right. You have all these objects you can think of a wheels, they're just a bunch of atoms. But if the atom weren't connected to each other when you spun it, then it wouldn't hold together, right, And so it's the bonds between the atoms that hold them together. You think of like you know the moon going around the Earth, Right, why does it move in a circle. It moves in a circle because there's a force. That force is gravity, that keeps it from just flying off into space. So in the case of the wheel, why do the bits of the wheel stay together and not just fly off. It's because the atoms are holding them together. So yeah, right, there's forces there moving it in a circle. But like all things, you can you can describe it in different levels, right, you can describe it as a single wheel, you can describe it as eleven d billion particles. Right. The physics should work in every case. It's just sometimes the math is really hairy, and sometimes the math is really simple.

Yeah, that's right. You have all these objects you can think of a wheels, they're just a bunch of atoms. But if the atom weren't connected to each other when you spun it, then it wouldn't hold together, right, And so it's the bonds between the atoms that hold them together. You think of like you know the moon going around the Earth, Right, why does it move in a circle. It moves in a circle because there's a force. That force is gravity, that keeps it from just flying off into space. So in the case of the wheel, why do the bits of the wheel stay together and not just fly off. It's because the atoms are holding them together. So yeah, right, there's forces there moving it in a circle. But like all things, you can you can describe it in different levels, right, you can describe it as a single wheel, you can describe it as eleven d billion particles. Right. The physics should work in every case. It's just sometimes the math is really hairy, and sometimes the math is really simple.

And so the end result is that it behaves as if the spinning was like linear momentum. Right, So you spin it, it's going to keep spinning in space for forever unless you slow it down and apply some force or torque to it.

And so the end result is that it behaves as if the spinning was like linear momentum. Right, So you spin it, it's going to keep spinning in space for forever unless you slow it down and apply some force or torque to it.

That's right. Angular momentum is also conserved, right, So if something is spinning, it's going to keep spinning until you apply the rotational version of force, which we call torque. Right, And so that's why, for example, the Moon doesn't fall into the Earth right because it has too much angular momentum. Right. That's why the Solar system hasn't collapsed into a black hole because the spinning keeps it from falling in right, And so there's lots of consequences of angle momentum and the conservation of angle momentum. So it's definitely a thing plays a big role in the shape and structure of the universe and our everyday lives. Right, So angle momentum is definitely a thing, and it seems relevant to the bicycle because the bicycle has big spinning things on it, right, right.

That's right. Angular momentum is also conserved, right, So if something is spinning, it's going to keep spinning until you apply the rotational version of force, which we call torque. Right, And so that's why, for example, the Moon doesn't fall into the Earth right because it has too much angular momentum. Right. That's why the Solar system hasn't collapsed into a black hole because the spinning keeps it from falling in right, And so there's lots of consequences of angle momentum and the conservation of angle momentum. So it's definitely a thing plays a big role in the shape and structure of the universe and our everyday lives. Right, So angle momentum is definitely a thing, and it seems relevant to the bicycle because the bicycle has big spinning things on it, right, right.

And angler momentum is also kind of different. It's not just because it's hard to speed up or slow down when something is spinning in space, but it's kind of hard to change the orientation of it. Right When once something is spinning like a wheel out in space, it's kind of hard. It likes to be It likes to not just keep spinning, but it likes to keep spinning in that direction.

And angler momentum is also kind of different. It's not just because it's hard to speed up or slow down when something is spinning in space, but it's kind of hard to change the orientation of it. Right When once something is spinning like a wheel out in space, it's kind of hard. It likes to be It likes to not just keep spinning, but it likes to keep spinning in that direction.

That's right. Angler momentum is defined a long a spin axis, right, Yeah, And just like if you push something in a certain direction, it likes to go not just in any direction, but in that direction. If you spin something, then it likes to keep spinning around the same axis of rotation that it started.

That's right. Angler momentum is defined a long a spin axis, right, Yeah, And just like if you push something in a certain direction, it likes to go not just in any direction, but in that direction. If you spin something, then it likes to keep spinning around the same axis of rotation that it started.

Yeah, Like around the same line that goes through the hub of the wheel.

Yeah, Like around the same line that goes through the hub of the wheel.

Yeah, exactly. And so if you have it spinning one way and you want it to spin the other way, right, that takes a lot of torque. Or if you have it spinning in one direction and you want it spinning around an axis that's like rotated by ninety degrees, that also takes a lot of torque, right, So yeah, it's not just that it spins, you're already it likes to spin in the same direction.

Yeah, exactly. And so if you have it spinning one way and you want it to spin the other way, right, that takes a lot of torque. Or if you have it spinning in one direction and you want it spinning around an axis that's like rotated by ninety degrees, that also takes a lot of torque, right, So yeah, it's not just that it spins, you're already it likes to spin in the same direction.

And so that's why people assume that's the reason bikes tape upwards. Is that upwards, up right, up right, up right.

And so that's why people assume that's the reason bikes tape upwards. Is that upwards, up right, up right, up right.

Right, yeah, yeah, exactly, because you imagine that this has an application of the bicycle that the wheels are spinning, and so the wheels have angler momentum, and then a momentum is around the axis or the hub around which the wheels are spinning. And so if if the bike just goes in the same direction, and then it's going to resist falling over because it has some angler momentum around that axis and for that for the wheels to spin in another direction would require some sort of torque.

Right, yeah, yeah, exactly, because you imagine that this has an application of the bicycle that the wheels are spinning, and so the wheels have angler momentum, and then a momentum is around the axis or the hub around which the wheels are spinning. And so if if the bike just goes in the same direction, and then it's going to resist falling over because it has some angler momentum around that axis and for that for the wheels to spin in another direction would require some sort of torque.

And it's kind of like if you just take one wheel and you roll it down the hill or roll it down the street, it's gonna mostly stay upright, you know, kind of like a coin when you coin, because a coin or roll a coin on the table, it just kind of likes to keep rolling and stay up right.

And it's kind of like if you just take one wheel and you roll it down the hill or roll it down the street, it's gonna mostly stay upright, you know, kind of like a coin when you coin, because a coin or roll a coin on the table, it just kind of likes to keep rolling and stay up right.

Yeah. And you can see this effect and lots of other things in your life, like if you if you ever have it like a spinning top, right, you know, you can spin a top and it'll stay upright, and it can even like do crazy things like you know, move, you can balance it on the tip of your finger, right, stuff like that. You could never balance a top that wasn't spinning on your finger unless you're some sort of magician or juggler. But if it's spinning, then it's really pretty easy to keep it on your finger. And that's because it resists changing its direction because the angler momentum is going in a certain direction already, right, So the same thing, the same effect is in place for the bicycle.

Yeah. And you can see this effect and lots of other things in your life, like if you if you ever have it like a spinning top, right, you know, you can spin a top and it'll stay upright, and it can even like do crazy things like you know, move, you can balance it on the tip of your finger, right, stuff like that. You could never balance a top that wasn't spinning on your finger unless you're some sort of magician or juggler. But if it's spinning, then it's really pretty easy to keep it on your finger. And that's because it resists changing its direction because the angler momentum is going in a certain direction already, right, So the same thing, the same effect is in place for the bicycle.

And if you are a few too many levels into your inception dream, then the top would just keep spinning forever.

And if you are a few too many levels into your inception dream, then the top would just keep spinning forever.

Right, That's right, yeah, exactly. And so what happens on a bicycle, Well, on a bicycle, for example, if your bicycle starts to fall over, right, then the gyroscope effect is essentially going to turn the wheel. It's going to turn the wheel a little bit in the direction that the bike is falling, and that'll keep the bike stable. So it's not like the gyroscope effect keeps the bike from leaning over. It's more that it it turns the wheel in such a way that if the bike does start to lean over, it corrects itself right right. If it falls over to the right, then the forces work out just the right way so that the bike, the bike turn, the wheel turns to the right, and then the bike stays up right.

Right, That's right, yeah, exactly. And so what happens on a bicycle, Well, on a bicycle, for example, if your bicycle starts to fall over, right, then the gyroscope effect is essentially going to turn the wheel. It's going to turn the wheel a little bit in the direction that the bike is falling, and that'll keep the bike stable. So it's not like the gyroscope effect keeps the bike from leaning over. It's more that it it turns the wheel in such a way that if the bike does start to lean over, it corrects itself right right. If it falls over to the right, then the forces work out just the right way so that the bike, the bike turn, the wheel turns to the right, and then the bike stays up right.

Well, I mean that's what happens when you're the angler momentum thing is what happens when you just toss one wheel down the street, right. Angler momentum is keeping that one wheel upward. But you're saying when I put two of them together on a bicycle, that's not the main thing that's keeping the bicycle upright.

Well, I mean that's what happens when you're the angler momentum thing is what happens when you just toss one wheel down the street, right. Angler momentum is keeping that one wheel upward. But you're saying when I put two of them together on a bicycle, that's not the main thing that's keeping the bicycle upright.

All right. Well, I'm saying that the gyroscope effect, this anglementum does have a role in keeping the bike upright, like you said, for a single wheel, But turns out they did some studies and it's not enough. Right, The effect is there, it's real, but it's not enough to keep a bicycle upright. And that kind of makes sense. I mean, the wheel is not very heavy on a bicycle and it doesn't go that fast, so it's not a huge amount of momentum there.

All right. Well, I'm saying that the gyroscope effect, this anglementum does have a role in keeping the bike upright, like you said, for a single wheel, But turns out they did some studies and it's not enough. Right, The effect is there, it's real, but it's not enough to keep a bicycle upright. And that kind of makes sense. I mean, the wheel is not very heavy on a bicycle and it doesn't go that fast, so it's not a huge amount of momentum there.

Like if you just take a bicycle and you lock the steering wheel, meaning you can't steer it. Or like if you just connect to wheels with a bar and toss it down the street, it would keep going, but it wouldn't keep going upright as far as a bicycle would.

Like if you just take a bicycle and you lock the steering wheel, meaning you can't steer it. Or like if you just connect to wheels with a bar and toss it down the street, it would keep going, but it wouldn't keep going upright as far as a bicycle would.

That's right exactly. The front wheel has to be free to make these corrections right, so that the gyroscope effect and the other effects will talk about in a minute can correct it can turn the wheel to correct for any leaning. That's the key staying upright that if you start to lean, you want to turn the wheel. Like imagine you're riding a bike and you start to fall over to the left. What are you going to do? Well, if you turn the wheel a little bit to the left, then you're sort of going to ride into it and you'll stabilize.

That's right exactly. The front wheel has to be free to make these corrections right, so that the gyroscope effect and the other effects will talk about in a minute can correct it can turn the wheel to correct for any leaning. That's the key staying upright that if you start to lean, you want to turn the wheel. Like imagine you're riding a bike and you start to fall over to the left. What are you going to do? Well, if you turn the wheel a little bit to the left, then you're sort of going to ride into it and you'll stabilize.

Right.

Right.

If you turn the wheel to the right, then you're just gonna fall over. So the key to staying up riding a bicycle is that the front wheel turns in the direction that you're falling.

If you turn the wheel to the right, then you're just gonna fall over. So the key to staying up riding a bicycle is that the front wheel turns in the direction that you're falling.

Okay, so that's hold on, I think I just fill off my bike.

Okay, so that's hold on, I think I just fill off my bike.

You're making a mental bike. I hope you're wearing a helmet.

You're making a mental bike. I hope you're wearing a helmet.

Just wearing a mental helmet. Well, let's see, let's get let's really dig into it, because I'm a bit confused. But we'll get into it, but first, let's take a quick break.

Just wearing a mental helmet. Well, let's see, let's get let's really dig into it, because I'm a bit confused. But we'll get into it, but first, let's take a quick break.

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Okay, so, Daniel, we know that we're trying to figure out why bicycles stay upright, and we know that angler momentum has something to do with it. But it's not you're telling me, it's not the main factor why bicycles stay upright.

Okay, so, Daniel, we know that we're trying to figure out why bicycles stay upright, and we know that angler momentum has something to do with it. But it's not you're telling me, it's not the main factor why bicycles stay upright.

Yeah, that's right. And they did this really cool experiment to discover that. They said, can we build a bicycle that doesn't have angler momentum. You might think that's impossible because the bike has a spinning wheel and that's definitely going to have angler momentum. So what they did was they build a bike with two more wheels. All right, and these wheels spin the other way. Okay, it's a crazy looking bicycle, but you know, if you attach to if you put two wheels together and one spins clockwise and the other one's going to spin counterclockwise right because of the way they rub, And so if you just attach two more wheels that touch the original wheels, then they're going to spin the opposite way, which gives the opposite angler momentum and the opposite gyroscope effect. So you basically have a bicycle with no groscope effect.

Yeah, that's right. And they did this really cool experiment to discover that. They said, can we build a bicycle that doesn't have angler momentum. You might think that's impossible because the bike has a spinning wheel and that's definitely going to have angler momentum. So what they did was they build a bike with two more wheels. All right, and these wheels spin the other way. Okay, it's a crazy looking bicycle, but you know, if you attach to if you put two wheels together and one spins clockwise and the other one's going to spin counterclockwise right because of the way they rub, And so if you just attach two more wheels that touch the original wheels, then they're going to spin the opposite way, which gives the opposite angler momentum and the opposite gyroscope effect. So you basically have a bicycle with no groscope effect.

No angler momentum, or like zero angler momentum. And so you would think that it would just fall over, right, because it's kind of like a bicycle. If you don't push it or anything and just take your hands off it, it's going to fall over because it doesn't have any angler momentum, or it's not going that's right.

No angler momentum, or like zero angler momentum. And so you would think that it would just fall over, right, because it's kind of like a bicycle. If you don't push it or anything and just take your hands off it, it's going to fall over because it doesn't have any angler momentum, or it's not going that's right.

But the universe came up with the surprise for us, right, which is why we do experiments. This is why we don't just sit in a cave somewhere like the Greeks and think about the universe. We go out and test these ideas because the universe is full of surprises. And it turns out that that bike balance is almost as well as a normal bicycle, which is like mind blowing. And for decades people thought, oh, it's angle momentum, it's anglermentum, until somebody finally went out there and did the experiment and checked. And you know another experiment you can do is you can shrink the wheels. Right, if the wheels are really really small, like the size of skateboard wheels or something, or roller blade wheels, then they're gonna have much less angle momentum. And those bikes are also pretty well balanced. They still stay up, they still stay up. So this sort of like blew up the Cole concept. People would assume for a long time that it was angler momentum, it's gyroscope. Yeah, yeah, that makes sense, but nobody really tried it for a while, and so people went out and did the experiments and turns out, nope, that's not the answer.

But the universe came up with the surprise for us, right, which is why we do experiments. This is why we don't just sit in a cave somewhere like the Greeks and think about the universe. We go out and test these ideas because the universe is full of surprises. And it turns out that that bike balance is almost as well as a normal bicycle, which is like mind blowing. And for decades people thought, oh, it's angle momentum, it's anglermentum, until somebody finally went out there and did the experiment and checked. And you know another experiment you can do is you can shrink the wheels. Right, if the wheels are really really small, like the size of skateboard wheels or something, or roller blade wheels, then they're gonna have much less angle momentum. And those bikes are also pretty well balanced. They still stay up, they still stay up. So this sort of like blew up the Cole concept. People would assume for a long time that it was angler momentum, it's gyroscope. Yeah, yeah, that makes sense, but nobody really tried it for a while, and so people went out and did the experiments and turns out, nope, that's not the answer.

Were there actual like physics conferences around this topic.

Were there actual like physics conferences around this topic.

Yeah, somebody got a paper in science about this. Really, I mean this is a big deal. Yeah, I mean talk about like low hanging fruit, right, And it's not that hard to build this bicycle. You know, you struggled in grad school for years and years. Did you get a science paper? I didn't. I had to work on a ten billion dollar collider. I still didn't get a science paper. You can make a funky bicycle, you know, with one hundred bucks and get enough information for a science paper. That's pretty good.

Yeah, somebody got a paper in science about this. Really, I mean this is a big deal. Yeah, I mean talk about like low hanging fruit, right, And it's not that hard to build this bicycle. You know, you struggled in grad school for years and years. Did you get a science paper? I didn't. I had to work on a ten billion dollar collider. I still didn't get a science paper. You can make a funky bicycle, you know, with one hundred bucks and get enough information for a science paper. That's pretty good.

So somebody made a bicycle with no angler momentum and it's still stay upright.

So somebody made a bicycle with no angler momentum and it's still stay upright.

Yeah, it's still a good balance. You could push it by itself and it would have all those same behaviors. It could balance by itself.

Yeah, it's still a good balance. You could push it by itself and it would have all those same behaviors. It could balance by itself.

Yeah, okay, So the secret is something else about a bicycle. And you were telling me a little bit earlier that the secret is this that one of the wheels can move.

Yeah, okay, So the secret is something else about a bicycle. And you were telling me a little bit earlier that the secret is this that one of the wheels can move.

The secret is definitely you have to have the front wheel being able to move. And there's lots of reasons why that's important, and one of them is the angle of the forks. Right. So the forks are the thing on the whole the front wheel in place right connected to the handlebars. It's how you steer, and on most bikes, the angle of the forks is forwards, right, So the wheel sits a little bit in front of the handlebars.

The secret is definitely you have to have the front wheel being able to move. And there's lots of reasons why that's important, and one of them is the angle of the forks. Right. So the forks are the thing on the whole the front wheel in place right connected to the handlebars. It's how you steer, and on most bikes, the angle of the forks is forwards, right, So the wheel sits a little bit in front of the handlebars.

Yeah, it's it's kind of curved forward, right, It's not like a street fork down. It's kind of angled and it's it kind of curves up.

Yeah, it's it's kind of curved forward, right, It's not like a street fork down. It's kind of angled and it's it kind of curves up.

Yeah.

Yeah.

And I always wondered why that was, and I always thought, oh, that's just like it looks cool or I don't know, it's sort of a nice design or whatever, fancy.

And I always wondered why that was, and I always thought, oh, that's just like it looks cool or I don't know, it's sort of a nice design or whatever, fancy.

Just like you know, like a whimsy like a little whimsical touch.

Just like you know, like a whimsy like a little whimsical touch.

But no, it turns out that's actually an ancient part of the design. Like if you look back at pictures of old bicycles, even really old bicycles had that sort of slant. And the reason is that that also helps the bike stay upright.

But no, it turns out that's actually an ancient part of the design. Like if you look back at pictures of old bicycles, even really old bicycles had that sort of slant. And the reason is that that also helps the bike stay upright.

You know.

You know.

What it means is that the axis that you're steering on right, the fork the direction is in front of it, hits the ground. A line along that axis hits the ground in front of where the bike is actually touching the ground. M right, the bike touches the ground the bottom of the front wheel, but the steering axis hits the ground ahead of that. And so what that means is that it's sort of following it.

What it means is that the axis that you're steering on right, the fork the direction is in front of it, hits the ground. A line along that axis hits the ground in front of where the bike is actually touching the ground. M right, the bike touches the ground the bottom of the front wheel, but the steering axis hits the ground ahead of that. And so what that means is that it's sort of following it.

It's not perfectly aligned these two things.

It's not perfectly aligned these two things.

Yeah, yeah, And so what that means is that it's one is sort of following the other. It's sort of like you know those wheels on a grocery cart, those things that are like impossible to turn around and you kind of go backwards to painting.

Yeah, yeah, And so what that means is that it's one is sort of following the other. It's sort of like you know those wheels on a grocery cart, those things that are like impossible to turn around and you kind of go backwards to painting.

Right, I always get the chopping cart with the broken castor wheel, you know, that goes out.

Right, I always get the chopping cart with the broken castor wheel, you know, that goes out.

You probably are the one who breaks them, right, and you just turn them to the store and don't say anything, right, exactly, No. You know, those wheels they do this funny thing where if you push forward words, then they follow the direction of motion. Right, because they're sort of behind the steering axis, right, they go backwards.

You probably are the one who breaks them, right, and you just turn them to the store and don't say anything, right, exactly, No. You know, those wheels they do this funny thing where if you push forward words, then they follow the direction of motion. Right, because they're sort of behind the steering axis, right, they go backwards.

They always align in the direction where you're pushing.

They always align in the direction where you're pushing.

Yes, exactly right, which is why it's so hard to turn them around because they're aligned in some other direction. Well, it's just similar effect for the bicycle. Right. What that means is that if the bicycle starts to lean to the left, for example, then because of this angle gravity in the force from the ground is going to turn the wheel in such a way that the wheel turns in the direction that you're falling, which again helps the bike right itself. And so because this angle axis is tilted, then you get that same effect.

Yes, exactly right, which is why it's so hard to turn them around because they're aligned in some other direction. Well, it's just similar effect for the bicycle. Right. What that means is that if the bicycle starts to lean to the left, for example, then because of this angle gravity in the force from the ground is going to turn the wheel in such a way that the wheel turns in the direction that you're falling, which again helps the bike right itself. And so because this angle axis is tilted, then you get that same effect.

Okay, So what you're saying, Okay, I'm riding my bicycle. Okay, I'm going down the sidewalk and suddenly I start to lean a little bit to the left, so I'm falling, falling, falling, And you're saying, there's a because of this axis cast or effect. Then my wheel automatically without me having to steer, it is going to turn to the left.

Okay, So what you're saying, Okay, I'm riding my bicycle. Okay, I'm going down the sidewalk and suddenly I start to lean a little bit to the left, so I'm falling, falling, falling, And you're saying, there's a because of this axis cast or effect. Then my wheel automatically without me having to steer, it is going to turn to the left.

Turn to the left, yeah, exactly. You know how if you pick up a bicycle right the front of the front, the handlebars always turn right. They never stay balanced. If you pick up a bicycle, it's always like the front wheel is spinning in some crazy direction. That's because this caster effect, and also because the center of mass of the handlebars and the wheel are not quite on top of each other, and that's another effect that contributes to the wheel turning in the direction that you're falling.