Across Africa, the face of warfare is rapidly changing. Traditional battles between armies are now joined by drones delivering precision strikes, disinformation campaigns spreading false narratives, and private military companies, guns-for-hire, shaping conflicts behind the scenes.

 In his new book Money for Mayhem, Dr Alessandro Arduino from King's College London explores how these evolving tactics and actors-from Russia's Wagner Group to Turkish and Chinese private forces - are fueling instability and influencing power across the continent.

Tsepiso Makwetla spoke to Dr Alessandro Arduino from King's College London..